Trn Yn Thanh MSSV: 81303617

1. Excavation Method
Description Advantag Disadvanta
e ge
1.1. Full open
cut
method
1.1.a. Sloped Quite In deep
open cut cheap if excavation
method the or slopes
excavatio are very
n is not gentle, the
deep cost in not
low
1.1.b. Not Requiring
Cantilevered necessitat the
open cut e the slope constructio
method and n of
backfillin retaining
g walls
1.2. Braced Any Struts and
excavatio excavatio center
n method n depth or posts
width. obstruct the
excavation
process
Deficiency
of lateral
resistance
1.3. Anchore Short Not
d constructi application
excavatio on period. to weak
n Large soil layer
methods areas and Large
shallow settlement
depths if anchors
excavatio is not good
n projects
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1.4. Island Efficiency Water
excavatio and the leakage
n method shortened and weak
constructi structural
on period. joints.
In large
area
excavatio
ns, it can
avoid the
drawbacks
both of
the braced
excavatio
n and
anchored
method
1.5. Top- The Higher cost
down shortened If the
construct constructi constructio
ion on period n period of
method More basement is
operationa lengthened,
l space the lateral
The safety displaceme
of nt may
excavatio increase
n The
worsened
ventilation
and
illuminatio
n
1.6. Zoned Reduce
excavatio wall
n method deformati
on or
ground
settlement
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2. Strutting system
According to the material of a strut

Strutting systems Excavations Advantage Disadvantage

Wood struts Narrow and not Low cost (in The axial stiffness
deep countries that are is low
abundant in wood)
RC struts Various shapes The axial stiffness Heavy weight
is high Waste times
Steel struts -no information- Easy to install, Cannot easily be
dismantle, and be used in site of great
preloaded topographical
Low cost undulation or of
Short construction great width
period
According to the function of a strut
Strutting systems Material Excavation methods
Earth berm Soil Island
Horizontal strut Wood, RC, Steel All
Raker Wood, RC, Steel Island

3. Retaining Wall Dimension:

3.1.Wall Penetration Depth:

Trn Yn Thanh MSSV: 81303617

Where:

su: the undrained shear strength (kPa)

v: vertical effective stress (kPa)

As shown in the above figure, if the normalized strength of the soil is su/ v=0.36, the
deformations for wall penetration depth Hp=15m and Hp=20m are the same. When
Hp=10.0m, though the deformation increases a little, the excavation system is still
basically stable.

The above figure also shows the relationships between the ddeformations and penetration
depths with normalized strength su/ v=0.28 under the same excavation conditions. The
deformation is slightly larger for Hp=15m than that for Hp=20m. When Hp=10m, the
phenomenon of kicking at the bottom of the retaining wall grows worse and the
excavation fails.

Therefore, we can see that as long as the retaining wall is in a stable state, the growth of
the penetration depth does not affect the deformation of the retaining wall.

We can use the finite element method to analyse the stable state of retaining wall and the
relationship between wall deformations and penetration depths. Besides, we must care
about the possibility of the decrease groundwater in basement construction process as
well as the decreased flow go into the excavation.

The depth of retaining wall is dependent on the above analytic resault.

3.2.Wall Thickness:

Theoretically, the increase of wall thickness will increase the wall stiffness and reduce
wall deformation. However, the amount decrease does not have a linear relationship with
the increment of stiffness, so it is only decreased to a certain extent.

So we can choose the wall thickness dependent on lateral wall deformation condition.