FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER)

(Section 6, ChE Handbook) Fluid and Particle Dynamics

(Section 10, ChE Handbook) Transport and Storage of Fluids

1.) Fluid Head, H

where Hf =head of the fluid inside the pipe, m (ft)

Hm=head of the fluid used in manometer, m (ft)
f= density of the fluid inside the pipe, kg/m3 (lb/ft3)
m= density of the fluid inside the pipe, kg/m3 (lb/ft3)

2.) Continuity Equation

where m= mass, kg (lbm)

A=area, m2 (ft2)
v= velocity, m/s (ft/s)

3.) Overall Energy Balance

Used when there is temperature change

For OPEN SYSTEM

where Q= heat, [absorbed (+), released (-)], J/kg (ft-lbf/lbm)

W= Work, [done to the system (+), done by the system (-)], J/kg (ft-lbf/lbm)
z= z2-z1 , m, ft
gc=1kg-m/(N-s2) SI
32.2 lbm-ft/(lbf-s2) English

4.) Mechanical Energy Balance

can be used in fans, (can be assumed that gases involved in the process follows Incompressible
Theory)

Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

Shaft work delivered by the equipment (e.g. pump) to the fluid
Shaft work of the fluid
Mechanical energy delivered to the fluid

Shaft work of the equipment (e.g. pump, compressors) delivered by the fluid
applicable to + work

5.) Frictional Losses

 ( )

( )

Moody Chart, Fig. 6-9 (ChE Handbook)

For laminar flow,

For smooth pipe with 4000 < Re <105, Blasius Equation,

For smooth and rough pipes with Re > 4000, Churchill equation, [ [ ( ) ]]

Note:
For Non-circular channels:

Hydraulic diameter - if the flow is TURBULENT

- Four times the channel cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter

For annulus:
For rectangular duct:
Hydraulic radius = DH

FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER) rev01

Prepared by Engr. Christian Pagsinohin
 Equivalent diameter if the flow is LAMINAR

For ellipse: semi-axes a and b ( ) Eq. 6-50

For rectangle: width a, height b ( ) Eq. 6-51;

K values are given in p. 6-12

For annulus { [ ]} Eq. 6-52

6.) Meters, Fm

Meters Coefficient, C Description

Orifice 0.61 Maximum losses
Venturi 0.98
Nozzle 0.95-0.99
Pitot Tube 1 M
velocity

Friction losses due to meters

where y-> 0.1 ( ) (orifice)

Eqn 10-20 (7th), 10-22 (8th) (ChE Handbook)- applicable to orifice and venturi

Y=1 if liquids
=d2/d1
d=diameter, m (ft)
P= pressure, Pa
Eqn 10-7 (7th), 10-13 (8th) ChE Handbook for pitot tube

FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER) rev01

Prepared by Engr. Christian Pagsinohin
7.) Transportation of Fluids
a.) Compressors
See p. 10-39 (7th), p. 10-45 (8th) ChE Handbook

Adiabatic Process

[( ) ]

where n -> no of compression stages

k-> specific heat ratio = Cp/Cv , Table 2-199 (7th), Table 2-157 (8th) (ChE Handbook)
R -> ideal gas constant
T -> absolute temperature

Isothermal Process

Note: If not stated in the problem, assume the process is ADIABATIC.

b.) Turbines
use Energy Balance

c.) Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
[ ]
where Psuction=suction pressure
Po= vapor pressure
F= friction losses from the initial point to the pump suction

8.) Compressible Flow

Eqn. 6-114 (ChE Handbook)

[ ]

9.) Differential flow of fluid (Unsteady-state)

where A1(h)= area of the container as a function of h

A2= area of the orifice or the hole, usually constant
v(h)= velocity of the fluid as function of h

FLUID FLOW (MOMENTUM TRANSFER) rev01

Prepared by Engr. Christian Pagsinohin