Libro: Stanley Grossman

Ejercicios 3.1

En los problemas del 1 al12 encuentre la magnitud y direccin del vector dado.

. = (, )

4
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 45
4

|| = 2 + 2 || = (4)2 + (4)2 = 32

. = (, )
4
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 45
4

|| = 2 + 2 || = (4)2 + (4)2 = 32

= 180 45 = 135

. = (, )
4
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 45
4

|| = 2 + 2 || = (4)2 + (4)2 = 32

= 360 45 = 315

. = (, )
4
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 45
4

|| = 2 + 2 || = (4)2 + (4)2 = 32

= 180 + 45 = 225

. = (, )
1
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 30

 2
|| = 2 + 2 || = ( ) + (1)2 = 4 = 2

. = ( , )

= 1 ( ) = 1 ( 1 ) = 60

2
|| = 2 + 2 || = (1)2 + ( ) = 4 = 2

. = ( , )

= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 60
1

2
|| = 2 + 2 || = (1)2 + ( ) = 4 = 2

= 180 60 = 120

. = ( , )

= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 60
1

2
|| = 2 + 2 || = (1)2 + ( ) = 4 = 2

= 360 60 = 300

. = ( , )

= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 60
1

2
|| = 2 + 2 || = (1)2 + ( ) = 4 = 2

= 180 + 60 = 240

. = ( , )
 2
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 63.43
1

|| = 2 + 2 || = (1)2 + (2)2 = 5

. = ( , )
8
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 58
5

|| = 2 + 2 ||(5)2 + (8)2 = 89

= 180 58 = 122
. = ( , )
14
= 1 ( ) 1 ( ) = 51.84
11

|| = 2 + 2 ||(11)2 + (14)2 = 317

= 360 51.84 = 308.16

13. Sea u (2,3) y v (-5,4) Encuentre ) ; ) + ; ) ; ) Bosqueje
estos vectores.
a) 3 = 3(2 + 3) = 6 + 9
b) + = (2 + 3) + (5 + 4) = 3 + 7
c) = (5 + 4) (2 + 3) = 7 + 1
d) 2 7 = 2(2 + 3) [7(5 + 4)] = (4 + 6) (35 + 28)

= 39 22
a)
b)

c)

d)
 . = = + . : ) + ; ) ; ) ; )
; ) ; ) . .
) + = (2 3) + (4 + 6) = 2 + 3
) = (2 3) (4 + 6) = 6 9
)3 = 3(2 3) = 6 9
) 7 = 7(4 + 6) = 28 42
)8 3 = 8(2 3) 3(4 + 6) = (16 24)(12 18) = 28 42
) 4 6 = 4(4 + 6) 6(2 3) = (16 + 24)(12 + 18) = 28 + 42

a)

b)
c)

d)
e)

f)
15. Muestre que los vectores son vectores unitarios
1 = (1,0)
2 = (0,1)

|| = 2 + 2

|1| = 12 + 02 = 1 = 1

|2| = 02 + 12 = 1 = 1

16. Demuestre que el vector ( ) +( ) es un vector unitario.

|| = 2 + 2

1 2 1 2
|| = ( ) + ( ) = 1 = 1
2 2

2
17. Demuestre que si = , entonces = (/2 + ) (/

2 + 2 ) es un vector unitaro que tiene la misma direccin que v.

2 2
= = (/2 + ) , (/2 + )

2 2 2 +2
= ( ) + ( ) =2+2 =1=1
2 + 2 2 + 2

1= 1 ( )



2 + 2
2= 1 ( )=( )

2 + 2

1= 2
En los problemas 18 al 21 encuentre un vector unitario que tengo la misma direccin
que el vector dado.
18. +

|| = 2 + 2 || = 22 + 32 = 13
2 3
= || + ||
=
13 13

19. =

|| = 2 + 2 || = 12 + 12 = 2

1 1
= || + ||
=
2 2

= 1 ( )

1
1=1 ( ) = 45
1

1/2
2 = 1 ( )= 45
1/2

1= 2

20. = +
|| = 2 + 2 || = (3)2 + 42 = 25 = 5

3 4
= || + ||
= +
5 5

= 1 ( )

 4
1= 1 ( ) = 53.13
3
4/5
2= 1 ( )= 53.13
3/5

1= 2

21. = +

|| = 2 + 2 || = 2 + 2 = 2

= || + ||
= +
2 2

= +
2 2

22. Si = + , demuestre que / + = y / + = , donde

es la direccin de

|| = 2 + 2 || = 2 + 2

= || + = +
|| 2 + 2 2 + 2

=
2 + 2

=
2 + 2
23. Si = encuentre

|| = 2 + 2 || = 22 + (3)2 = 13

2 3
= || + ||
=
13 13
 2
=
13
3
=
13

24. Si = + encuentre

|| = 2 + 2 || = (3)2 + 82 = 73

3 8
= || + ||
= +
73 73
3
=
73
8
=
73
Un vector tiene direccin opuesta a la del vector si direccin de =
+ . En los problemas 25 al 28 encuentre un vector unitario que tenga
direccin opuesta a la direccin del vector dado .

25. = +

|| = 2 + 2 || = 12 + 12 = 2

1 1
= || + ||
= +
2 2
1 1
=
2 2

26. =

|| = 2 + 2 || = 22 + (3)2 = 13

2 3
= || + ||
=
13 13
 2 3
= +
13 13

27. = +

|| = 2 + 2 || = (3)2 + 42 = 25 = 5

3 4
= || + ||
= +
5 5

3 4
=
5 5
28. = +

|| = 2 + 2 || = (2)2 + 32 = 13

2 3
= || + ||
= +
13 13
2 3
=
13 13

29. Sea = = + , encuentre un vector que tenga la misma

direccin que:
) + ; ) ; ) + .

= 2 3 = + 2
a) + = (2 3) + ( + 2) =

b) 2 3 = 2( 3) 3 ( + 2)

= 2 6 + 3 6
= 5 12
c) 3 + 8 = 3( 2 3) + 8( + 2)
= 6 9 8 + 16
= 2 + 7

) =

|| = 2 + 2 || = 12 + ( 12 ) = 2
1 1
= || + ||
= 2 -
2

) = 5 12

|| = 2 + 2 || = 52 + (12)2 = 169 =13

5 12
= || + ||
= 13 -
13

) = 2 + 7

|| = 2 + 2 || = (2)2 + 72 = 53

2 7
= || + ||
= +
53 53

30. Sea = ( , ) = ( + , + ) muestra que la magnitud

es = + .

= ( , )
= ( + , + )
= =+++ =+

|| = 2 + 2 || = 2 + 2
31. Con respecto al ejercicio 30, demuestre que la direccin de es la misma que la

direccin ( , ) sugerencia si = ( , ). Demuestre que la recta que pasa por los
puntos es paralela que pasa por los puntos

2 = tan1( )


= tan1()

En los problemas del 32 al 35 encuentre un vector que tenga la magnitud y direccin

dadas.

32. || =

|| (3)( 30) = 2.58

|| (3)( 30) = 1.5
= 2.598 + 1.5

33. || =

|| = (8)( 60) = 4
|| = (8)( 60) = 6.92
= 4 + 6.92
34. || = = /
|| = (1) ( 45) = 0.70
|| = (1)( 45) = 0.70
= 0.70 + 0.70

Problemas 3.2
En los problemas 1 al 8 calcule el producto escalar de los dos vectores y el coseno del
ngulo entre ellos.
1. = + =
= 1 2 + 1 2
 = (1)(1) + (1)(1) == 1 1 = 0
=0
0 0 0
= |||| = = = = 0
12 + 12 12 + ( 12 ) 2 2 2

= 0 = 1 (0) = 90

. = =
= 1 2 + 1 2

= 3 + (7) = 4 = 4

4 4 4 4
= |||| = = = =
32 (7) 2 949 441 21

4 4
= = 1 ( ) = 100.98
21 21

. = =
= 1 2 + 1 2
= (5) + (18) = 13 = 13
13 13 13 13
= |||| = = = =
(5)2 182 25324 8100 90

13 13
= 1 ( ) = 81.69 =
90 90

4. = = , reales
= 1 2 + 1 2

= +

+ + +
= |||| = = =
2 2 2 2 2 2

= 2 =4

= 2+4= 6 =6
 2+4 6 6
= = =
22 4 2 32 32

5. = + ; = +
= 1 2 + 1 2
= (2)(5) + (5)(2) = 10 + 10 = 20

= 20
v 20 20 20
= |u||v| = = =
(2)2 +(5)2 (5)2 +(2)2 2929 29

20 20
= = cos1 ( ) = 46.40
29 29
6. = + ; =
= 1 2 + 1 2
= (2)(5) + (5)(2)= 10 10= 0

=0
v 0 0 0
= |u||v| = = = =0
(2)2 +(5)2 (5)2 +(2)2 2929 29

= 0 = 1 (0) = 90
7. = + ; =
= 1 2 + 1 2
= (3)(2) + (4)(7) = 6 28 = 22
= 22
v 22 22 22 22 22
= = = = = =
|u||v| (3)2 +(4)2 (2)2 +(7)2 9+164+49 2553 553 36.4

22 22
= = 1 ( ) = 127.18
36.4 36.4
8. = + ; =
= 1 2 + 1 2
= (4)(5) + (5)(4) = 20 20 = 0
=0
0 0 0 0
= = = = = =0
|||| (4)2 +(5)2 (5)2 +(4)2 16+2525+16 4141 41

= 0 = 1 (0) = 90
9. Demuestre que para cualesquiera nmeros reales y , los vectores u= i+j y v=
i-j son ortogonales.
()() + ()() 0
= = = = 2 2=0
|||| ()2 +()2 ()2 +()2 2 + 2 2 + 2 +

= 1 (0) = 90 por lo tanto son ortogonales.

10. Sean u, v y w tres vectores arbitrarios. Explique por qu el producto uvw no est
definido.
Porque al multiplicar dos vectores obtienes un escalar y no se puede obtener el
producto de un escalar con un vector, no existe dicha operacin.
En los problemas 11 al 16 determine si los vectores dados son ortogonales, paralelos o
ninguno de los dos. Despus bosqueje cada par.

11. = + ; =
(3)(6)+(5)(10) 1850 68 68
= |||| = = = = = 1
(3)2 +(5)2 (6)2 +(10)2 9+2536+100 34136 68

= 1 (1) = 180 Es paralelo

12. = + ; =
(2)(6)+(3)(4) 1212 0 0
= = = = = =0
|||| (2)2 +(3)2 (6)2 +(4)2 4+936+16 1352 26

= 1 (0) = 90 Es ortogonal

13. = + ; = +
 (2)(6)+(3)(4) 12+12 24 240
= = = = = = 0.9230
|||| (2)2 +(3)2 (6)2 +(4)2 4+936+16 1352 26

= -1(0.9230) = 22.63 No es paralelo ni ortogonal.

14. = + = +
uv (2)(6) + (3)(4) 12 + 12 12 + 12 0 0
Cos = = = = = = =0
|||| (2) +(3) (6) +(4)
2 2 2 2 4 + 936 + 16 1352 1352 26

= 1 (0) = 90 Es ortogonal

. = =

uv (7)(0) + (0)(23) 0+0 0

Cos = = = = =0
|||| (7)2 (23)2 49529 7 23

= 1 (0) = 90 Es ortogonal

16. = = +

uv (2)(1) + (6)(3) 2 18 20 20 20
Cos = = = = = = = 1
|||| (2)2 +(6)2 (1)2 +(3)2 4 + 361 + 9 4010 400 20

= Cos 1(1) = 180 Es paralelo

Bosquejos 11-16

11.
12.

13.
14.

15.
16.

17. Sean = + = + Determinar tal que:

a) u y v son ortogonales
uv
Cos =
||||

3+4
Cos(90) =
251 +2
3+4
0=
251 +2

3 + 4 = 0

4 = 3

3
=
4
b) u y v son paralelos
uv
Cos =
||||

3+4
Cos(0) =
251 +2
 3+4
1=
251 +2
3 4
1 +2 = +
5 5
2 3 4 2
(1 +2 ) = ( + )
5 5

2
16 2 24 9
1 + = + +
25 25 25
16 2 25 2 24 9 25
+ + =0
25 25 25 25 25
9 2 24 16
+ =0
25 25 25
9 2 + 24 16 = 0

2 4
2
24 (24)2 4(9)(16)
=
18
24 576 576
18
24
=
18
4
=
3

c) El ngulo entre u y v es /4
/4 = 45
uv
Cos =
||||

3+4
Cos(45) =
251 +2
3+4
0.7071 =
(5)1 +2
 3+4
1 +2 =
(0.7071)(5)
3 4
1 +2 = +
3.5355 3.5355
2 4 2
(1 +2 ) = (0.8485 + )
3.5355

2
16 2 6.788
1 + = + + 0.7199
12.4997 3.5355
16 2 12.4997 2 6.788
+ + 0.7199 1 = 0
12.4997 12.4997 3.5355
3.5003 2 6.788
+ 0.2801 = 0
12.4997 3.5355
2 4
2
1.9199 + 3.6862 4(0.28)(0.2801)
=
0.56
1.9199 + 3.6862 + 0.3137
=
0.56
1.9199 + 1.999
=
0.56
= 0.1412
d) El ngulo entre U y V es /

= 60
3
uv
Cos =
||||

3+4
Cos(60) =
251 +2
3+4
0.5 =
(5)1 +2
3+4
1 +2 =
(0.5)(5)
4
1 +2 = 1.2 +
2.5
 2 4 2
(1 +2 ) = (1.2 + )
2.5
16 2 9.6
1 +2 = + + 1.44
6.25 2.5
16 2 6.25 2 9.6
+ + 1.44 1 = 0
6.25 6.25 2.5
9.75 2 9.6
+ + 0.44 = 0
6.25 2.5
2 4
2
3.84 + (3.84)2 4(1.56)(0.44)
=
3.12
3.84 + 14.7456 2.7456
=
3.12
3.84 + 12
=
3.12
0.3758
=
3.12
= 0.1204

18. Sean = + =
a) u y v son ortogonales
uv
Cos =
||||

2 10
Cos(90) =
294 +2
2 10
0=
294 +2
0 = 2 10
2 = 10
10
=
2
= 5
b) u y v son paralelos
uv
Cos =
||||

2 10
Cos(0) =
294 +2
2 10
1=
294 +2
2 10
4 +2 =
29 29
2
2 2 10
(4 +2 ) = ( )
29 29

2
4 2 40 100
4 + = + +
29 29 29
29 2 4 2 40 +116 100 = 0

2 4
2
40 + (40)2 4(25)(16)
=
80
40 + 1600 1600
=
80
40
=
80
= 0.5
c) El ngulo entre u y v es /
uv
Cos =
||||

2 10
Cos(120) =
294 +2
2 10
0.5 =
294 +2
2 10
4 +2 =
29 0.5
4 +2 = 0.5517 2 + 5.5172 +13.7931
0.4482 2 5.5172 9.7931 = 0
2 12.3077 +37.8698 = 59.716
( 6.1538)2 = 59.716
6.1538 = 7.7276
= 13.8815

19. En el problema 17 demuestre que no existe un valor de para el que u y v tienen

direcciones opuestas
3+4
0=
251 +2
3 + 4 = 0
4 = 3
3
=
4
No tiene opuesto.
20. En el problema 18 demuestre que no existe valor de para el que u y v tienen la
misma direccin.
2 10
1=
294 +2
2 10
4 +2 =
29 29
2
2 2 10
(4 +2 ) = ( )
29 29
4 2 40 100
4 +2 = + +
29 29 29
29 2 4 2 40 +116 100 = 0

2 4
2
40 + (40)2 4(25)(16)
=
80
 40 + 1600 1600
=
80
40
=
80
= 0.5
En los problemas 21 al 30 calcule la proyeccin Proy U
21. = = +
uv (3)(1) + (0)(1) 3 3 3
Proy U = 2
= 2
( + ) = ( + ) = +
|| ((1)2 +(1)2 ) 2 2 2

22. = = +
uv (5)(1) + (0)(1) 5 5 5
Proy U = 2
= 2
( + ) = ( + ) = +
|| ((1)2 +(1)2 ) 2 2 2

23. = + =
uv (2)(1) + (1)(2) 0
Proy U = = 2
( + ) = ( + )
||2 2
((1) +(2) )2 5

24. = + = +
uv (2)(4) + (3)(1) 11 44 11
Proy U = = 2
(4 + ) = (4 + ) = +
||2 2
((4) +(1) )2 17 17 17

25. = + =
uv (1)(2) + (1)(3) 1 2 3
Proy U = 2
= 2
(2 3) = (2 + 3) = +
|| ((2)2 +(3)2 ) 13 13 13

26. = + = +
 uv (1)(2) + (1)(3) 5 10 15
Proy U = 2
= 2
(2 + 3) = (2 + 3) = +
|| ((2)2 +(3)2 ) 13 13 13

27. = + = + reales positivos

uv ()(1) + ()(1) +
Proy U = = 2
( + ) = ( + ) = +
||2 ((1)2 +(1)2 ) 2 2 2

28. = + = +
uv (1)() + (1)() + 2 2
Proy U = = 2
( + ) = ( + ) = +
||2 (()2 +()2 ) 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2

29. = = + reales positivos >

uv ()(1) + ()(1)
Proy U = 2
= 2
( + ) = ( + ) =
|| ((1)2 +(1)2 ) 2 2 2

30. = = + reales positivos <

uv ()(1) + ()(1)
Proy U = 2
= 2
( + ) = ( + ) =
|| 2 2 2
((1)2 +(1)2 )

33. Sean = (, ), = (, ), = (, ), = (, ). Calcule la y

.
= (2 1 ) + (2 1 ) = (5 2) + (7 3) = = (3,5)
= (2 1 ) + (2 1 ) = (1 2) + (2 + 3) = = (1,5)
(3)(1) + (5)(5) 22 11 33 55
= = 2
(3,5) = (3,5) = (3,5) = ( , )
||2 34 17 17 17
((3)2 + (5)2 )
 33 55
= +
17 17
(3)(1) + (5)(5) 22 11 11 55
= 2
= 2
(1,5) = (1,5) = (1,5) = ( , )
|| 2 2 26 13 13 13
((1) + (5) )

11 55
= +
13 13

34. Sean = (, ), = (, ), = (, ), = (, ). Calcule la y

.
= (2 1 ) + (2 1 ) = (2 + 1) + (4 3) = = (3,1)
= (2 1 ) + (2 1 ) = (3 + 6) + (0 + 2) = = (9,2)
(3)(9) + (1)(2) 29 87 29
= 2
= 2
(3,1) = (3,1) = ( , )
|| 10 10 10
((3)2 + (1)2 )

87 29
= +
10 10

(3)(9) + (1)(2) 29 261 58

= = 2
(9,2) = (9,2) = ( , )
||2 85 13 13
((9)2 + (2)2 )

261 58
= +
13 13

39. Un tringulo tiene vrtices (, ), (, ) (, ). Encuentre el coseno de cada

ngulo.
(, ) (, ) (, ).
= (2 1 ) + (2 1 )
= [() ()] + ( ) =
= [() ()] + ( ) =
uv 28 + 24 52
Cos = = =
|||| 42 +(3)2 (7)2 +(8)2 25113
 52 52
() = = 1 ( ) = 11.94
25113 25113

= ( ) + [ ()] = +
= ( ) + [ ()] = +
uv 21 + 40 61
Cos = = =
|||| 42 +(3)2 (7)2 +(8)2 34113

61 61
() = = 1 ( ) = 10.22
34113 34113

= ( ) + ( ) = +
= ( ) + ( ) =
uv 12 15 27
Cos = = =
|||| (4)2 +32 (7)2 +(8)2 34113

27 27
() = = 1 ( ) = 157.83
2534 2534

40. Un tringulo de vrtices A(a1,b1), B(a2,b2), C(a3,b3). Encuentre la frmula para el

coseno de cada uno.
= (2 1 ) + (2 1 ); = (3 1 ) + (3 1 )
(2 1 )(3 1 ) + (2 1 )(3 1 )
=
(2 1 )2 + (2 1 )2 (3 1 )2 + (3 1 )2
= (1 2 ) + (1 2 ) ; = (3 2 ) + (3 2 )
(1 2 )(3 2 ) + (1 2 )(3 2 )
=
[(1 2 )2 + (1 2 )2 ][(3 2 )2 + (3 2 )2 ]

= (1 3 ) + (1 3 ) ; = (2 3 ) + (2 3 )
 (1 3 )(2 3 ) + (1 3 )(2 3 )
=
[(1 3 )2 + (1 3 )2 ][(2 3 )2 + (2 3 )2 ]