ADJECTIVES (adj.)_kata sifat & ADVERBS(adv.

)_kata keterangan A Handout for LC/2016_17/Ltg

ADJECTIVES (adj.)_kata sifat

PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES
: Adjectives can also be formed from Verb
Some ing forms (present participle) and ed forms (past participle) of Verbs can be used as
adjectives.
Ex: I am tired. The play was boring.
PastP->Adj. PreP->Adj.

Here are some adjectives that use ing and ed

bored boring satisfied satisfying confused confusing exhausted exhausting
interested interesting depressed depressing annoyed annoying excited exciting
tired tiring amused amusing disgusted disgusting surprised surprising
embarrassed embarrassing astonished astonishing disappointed disappointing amazed amazing

The formula :
Somebody feels ed if something (or somebody else) is ing.
Ex:
- We are bored because the show is boring.
- The show is boring, so we are bored.
- You are boring because you always talk the same thing.

FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVES
- is used after a Linking Verb (LV) to describe the Subject.

Linking Verbs are:

1. Be (am, is, are, were, was, has been, are being, etc.)
- Michael is a football fan.
- The dogs are barking angrily at the cat.

2. Some Verbs

Meanings:
to describe process of seeming
changing
- become - appear
- come - look NOTE: Linking Verb (LV) can also
be followed by Noun Phrase (NP).
- end up - seem
Ex: It sounds a nice place
- grow - sound S LV NP
- turn - feel
- go - taste
- get
- prove

Ex: The tax seems high. I got suspicious when he entered my room.
S LV Adj. S LV Adj.

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- to describe Nouns
Ex: I bought an expensive watch last night.
Adj. N

NOTE: We can use more than one Adjective to describe NOUN :

Adjective Quality WORDS ORDER

a/an Opinion Size Age Shape Color Pattern Origin Material Purpose Noun
THE good big old round brown spotted Chinese wooden dining table
- is not used before the Nouns (for adjectives: afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep,
awake, aware)
Opinion
Ex: The man is alone at home (NOT: The alone man )
N Adj. Adj. N
Ex: a smart young boy
Adj. Adj. N
All adjectives describe the word BOY as a Noun.
- is used after BE to describe the Subject
Ex: They are smart.
S BE Adj.

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ADVERBS(adv.)_kata keterangan

Three positions of adverbs

1. Front
Adverb Subject Verb
Gradually, he changed his mind.

2. Mid
a) Subject Adverb Main verb
They ------------------- always speak English.
b) Subject be Adverb -------------------
We are almost ------------------- ready.
c) Subject Auxiliary Adverb Main verb
I have never said that.

She will probably join us.

This can hardly be true.

Notes:
- With main verbs, the adverb comes before the verb:
They always speak English.

- With be, it comes after the verb:

We are almost ready.

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- With auxiliaries and modals, it is placed after the auxiliary/modal (between

the auxiliary/modal and the main verb):
I have never said that.
She will probably join
us. This can hardly be
true.
If there are two auxiliaries or a modal and an auxiliary, the adverb is placed after
the first modal or auxiliary:
The experiment has always been done like
this. They may never have used this method.
3. End
Subject Verb Adverb
He spoke about his plans at the meeting.
She has been attending the English class regularly.
Kinds of Adverbs

Degree Frequency Manner Place Time

He always works very hard every semester.

I didnt participate completely in that conference last year.
He almost explained it thoroughly at the seminar last week.

Notes :

For some adverbs the position can be changed in order to

emphasize/draw attention to one adverb

Last year I didnt participate in that conference.
avoid putting the longest adverb in the middle
I lived quite happily for one year in one of the remotest places in the world.
avoid placing too many adverbs in the end position
In the mountains it is dangerous to drive quickly in winter.

1. FREQUENCY (how often?)

always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, hardly ever, rarely
comes after be as a main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb
Ex: They always come to school at 7 a.m.
They are often very busy.
She has never driven a car.
They would usually go by train.
comes in front of sentence
Ex: Sometimes, I go by bus.
I go by bus sometimes.
Comes in end position (Modifies by quite/very/so/too/enough)
Ex: We study here quite often.
The student goes to Cinema very often.

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Again, once, twice, three times, once/twice a week, etc.

It happened again. Ive seen the movie twice.

Ever (at any time)

Do you ever drive to school? That was the best holiday I have ever had.

2. MANNER (how?)

Many adverbs of manners (how something is done) are formed from adjectives by adding ly ,
like:
Adjective quick serious careful quiet heavy slow beautiful soft
:
Adverb: quickl seriousl carefull quietl heavil slowl beautifull softly..etc
y y y y y y y .

Yet, NOT all words ending in ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in ly too.
Ex: friendly, lively, elderly, lonely, silly, lovely, cowardly, kindly, etc.
*To make these words becomes Adverbs of manner we use a prepositional phrase
with fashion, manner, way.
Ex: He smiled at me in a friendly way.
She waved her hands in a lively fashion.

Note these words: well, hard, fast, early, late, loud/ loudly.
He's a good worker. He works well.
She's a hard worker. She works hard.
She's a fast runner. She runs fast.

Position of Adv. of Manner

After verb
He drives carefully. (V-Adv of Manner)
After object (dont put it between VERB and OBJECT)
He drives the car carefully. (V-O-Adv of Manner)
They sing a song happily. (V-O-Adv of Manner)
Between VERB and PREPOSITION
He spoke politely to everyone.
She works well for his new boss
They played badly in the match.
He shouted angrily at the group.

3. PLACE (where?) -> DIRECTION

abroad here along in Semarang
away there behind in front
back anywhere in/out out of the class
home everywhere on/off off the bus
outside somewhere through through the wood
upstairs nowhere up/down down the ladder,
etc.

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Position of Adv. of Place

V + Adv. Place
You can go anywhere.
She can walk through.
V + O + Adv. Place
He met Tom in Bali.
I send her away.
V + Preposition + O + Adv. Place
I talk to you by the door.
She will wait for you here.
THERE/HERE + TOBE + Noun
Here are the tickets!
There is Budi!

4. TIME (when?)
: some words, use preposition IN, ON, AT to indicate time
afterwards first/last today at 6.30
before immediately tonight on Monday
early/late now/then yesterday in July
lately soon last night for ages
now still two days ago this morning
daily hourly monthly weekly, etc.

Position of Adv. Time

end position
He went to school on Monday.
I pay my school-fee annually.
front position
On Monday, he went to school.
yet for negative and interrogative that means up to the time of speaking
He hasnt come yet.
still that means up to the time of speaking
He is still in bed. Ive still got your camera.
just is used after auxiliary
He has just left the house.

5. DEGREE (to what extent?)

almost extremely much really
badly fairly nearly scarcely
barely far only so
completely hardly pretty (=very) too
enough just quite very
even a little rather well

Some RULES:
Most adverbs of degree modify Adjectives and Adverbs
My bag is very heavy.

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Some adverbs of degree modify VERBs, like: almost, hardly, just, nearly, quite, rather,
really.
He almost succeeded. I nearly missed the train.
badly and well modify past participle(V3)
He was badly injured. The patients are well treated by the doctors.
far and much need TOO + ADJ or COMPARATIVE
He is much taller than you. You are far too fat to wear that shirt.
a little
He is a little sad because of your problem.
She is a little older than you are

FORMULA FOR COMBINING ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS

A. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

1. Adjectives describe Nouns
It is a delicious meal.
Adj. N.

2. Adjectives describe Pronouns

She is smart.
Pron. Adj.
Adj. N.

3. Adverbs describe Verbs

He writes letters quickly.

V. Adv.

4. Adverbs describe Adjectives

It is a quickly written letter.

Adv. Adj. N.

5. Adverbs describe other Adverbs

It is an extremely quickly written letter.

Adv. Adv. Adj. N.

B. ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERB

Adjectives describes pronouns or nouns as the SUBJECT

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ADJECTIVES (adj.)_kata sifat & ADVERBS(adv.)_kata keterangan A Handout for LC/2016_17/Ltg

- BE as a linking verb

She is smart. She is very smart.

Pron. Adj. Pron. Adv. Adj.
Adj. N. Adj. N.
- Some verbs as a linking verb

She seems smart. She seems very smart.

Pron. LV Adj. Pron. LV Adv. Adj.
Adj. N. Adj. N.

See the differences between Action Verb and Linking verbs!

go (as an Action Verb) go (as a Linking Verb)
: to move : to become different in a particular way
He went to my room quietly. He went mad after hearing the story.
V. Adv. V. Adj.