HISTORY (SEMIS)

POLITICAL SCIENCE is the systematic study of the state and government

According to Robert Dahl, the term political science is simply defined as the systematic
study of politics, which will mean a systematic analysis to discover in the confusing detail
whatever principles may exist of wider and more general significance

POLIS Greek word from which the word political came from which means city/sovereign state

SCIRE Latin word from which the word science came from which means to study/know

THE CHARISMATIC STAGE is inspired with divine right of leaders; they were believed to have been appointed by
divine providence; thus, all actions headed by the leader were deemed as prompted by god or some kind of
supernatural being

METAPHYSICAL STAGE the state was treated as human institution and no longer divine; the creation of state was
an ultimate attainment of human association; this stage was profound by the Greeks, such that of Aristotle
and Plato.

MODERN STAGE the state was still considered as a human institution but it was deemed capable of being
improved by rulers and subjects according to certain principles and laws

STUDENT OF POLITICS OR POLITICAL SCIENTIST may serve as an adviser to the political practitioner

POLITICAL PRACTITIONER is a politician

ECONOMICS is a study of the production, distribution, conservation and consumption of resources. It is in this
essence, that political science receives energy from economics.

PSYCHOLOGY is a study of human and animal behavior. The study of political behavior of man is an example of
how political science used psychology in their theories about politics.

ACCOUNTANCY is the discipline which ensures that public revenues are lawfully, effectively, efficiently, and
economically spent through proper auditing procedures and due diligence

PEOPLE the mass of the population living within the state; they are human beings, male and female, who live
together for a common end, notwithstanding differences in race, color, religion, or culture; they must be
sufficiently numerous to assure continued existence as a collective body otherwise the ends of the union
may be frustrated

TERRITORY demarcated area that rightly belongs to the population; the space on earth occupied by the state must
be more or less fixed to settle eventual disputes on jurisdiction: the territorial unity, however, need not be a
geographical one; it is sufficient that it be juristic (recognized by law) in character

INTEGRATED TERRITORY geographically united

DISMEMBERED TERRITORY geographically disunited as in the case of colonies beyond the seas

GOVERNMENT refers to the agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out; it is the
machinery or the instrument by which the power in a state expresses its will and exercises its functions; it is
 the framework of political institutions, departments, and offices, by means of which the executive, judicial,
legislative and administrative business of the state is carried on

SOVEREIGNTY is defined as the supreme and final legal authority of the state to enforce its will on its members by
coercive sanctions, if necessary, which must not be subject to any like power.

INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY is the supreme or absolute power of a state to enforce its will on the people within its
territory

EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY means independence of a state from control by any other state. It is the power of an
independent state to control and direct its external affairs such as the authority to enter into treaties with
other states, to wage war, and to receive and send diplomatic missions

POLICE POWER is defined as the power of promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of liberty
and property; is the inherent power of the State to regulate liberty for the promotion of the general welfare;
this is the most pervasive, least limitable, and most demanding of the three powers; the welfare of the
people is the supreme law (salus populi est suprema lex)

POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN refers to the inherent power of the state to take or expropriate private property for
public use upon payment of just compensation to the owner.

POWER OF TAXATION is the power of the State to demand from the people their proportionate share on
contribution in the maintenance of the government; proceeds upon the theory that the existence of
government is a necessity, but it cannot continue without means to pay its expenses, and that for these
means it has a right to compel all its citizens and property within its limits to contribute

STATE is a political concept; may consist of one or more nations and conversely

NATION is an ethnic concept; it is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common
social origin, language, customs and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others.

DIVINE RIGHT THEORY This theory presents the view that the state was created by God. The authority to govern
the people was ordained by God upon rulers who were regarded as of divine descent.

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY This theory explained that the state was formed by means of a social contract of men
who lived in a state of nature.

FORCE THEORY The state came into existence out of conquest, force or coercion.

NATURAL THEORY The state was a natural institution and not an abstract or artificial being. It was a natural system
that unified its citizens.

PATRIARCHAL THEORY The state evolved from the smallest unit of society the family. Gradually, the family
headed by a parent enlarged into a clan and later on, the clan expanded into a tribe, the tribe into a nation,
and the nation into a state.

INSTINCTIVE THEORY The state was created because of the natural inclination of men towards political association.
A social being by nature, man associated himself with other men for self-preservation and security. Thus, the
state was born.
ECONOMIC THEORY The state developed out of mans economic wants. Man in isolation could not procure all the
necessary things he needed. To satisfy his wants, he could not be an island. He had to associate with other
men in order to provide themselves with their various needs through exchange of goods and services and
led a societal existence. Thus the state was formed.

CONSTITUTION refers to that body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are
regularly exercised; it covers both written and unwritten

SUPREMACY OF CONSTITUTION It is a supreme law to which all other laws must conform (e.g. ordinances, national
law). In other words, our Constitution is supreme over ordinance or national law.

The principle of supremacy of the constitution equally applies where there is conflict
between international law, treaties and the Philippine Constitution.

NON-SELF EXECUTING PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION They do not confer rights nor impose obligations.
Their mandate can only be realized by the enactment of laws. They are sleeping provisions and can only be
awakened by legislation.

SELF-EXECUTING PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION They are complete and operative without the aid of
supplementary or enabling legislations.

ORTHODOX VIEW Under this view, an unconstitutional act is not a law, it is inoperative, as if it has not been
passed. The declaration of unconstitutionality by the court of law is given retroactive.

MODERN VIEW Under this view, the court will simply refuse to recognize the law as if it had no existence. In sum,
the effect of declaring a law unconstitutional is prospective rather than retroactive.

CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT is a portion of the Constitution that establishes the main branches of
government, defines the powers of the government and assigns them to the said branches

CONSTITUTION OF LIBERTY is a portion of the Constitution which lays down the individuals basic rights and
freedom, which are a protective shield against abuses of government

3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Charismatic stage
2. Metaphysical stage
3. Modern stage

WHY STUDY POLITICAL SCIENCE?

1. Business of everyone
2. Educate student for citizenship
3. Gain knowledge and understanding of government
4. Broadens mans cultural background

SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

1. Political Theory
a. history of political ideas
 b. political theory and methodology
2. Political Institutions
a. the constitution
b. national government (executive, legislative and judiciary)
c. local government
d. public administration
e. comparative political institutions
3. Parties, Groups and Public Opinion
a. political parties and election
b. pressure groups and associations
c. public opinion
4. International Relations
a. international politics
b. international organizations
c. international law

ELEMENTS OF STATE
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

2 ASPECTS OF SOVEREIGNTY
1. Internal sovereignty
2. External sovereignty

3 INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

1. Police power
2. Power of eminent domain or Power of expropriation
3. Power of taxation

THEORIES OF THE STATE ORIGIN

1. Divine right theory
2. Social contract theory
3. Force theory
4. Natural theory
5. Patriarchal theory
6. Instinctive theory
7. Economic theory

NATURE AND PURPOSE OF CONSTITUTION

1. To prescribe the permanent framework of a system of government
2. To assign to the several departments their respective powers and duties

ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CONSTITUTION

1. Constitution of Government
a. Executive Art VII
b. Legislative Art VI
 c. Judiciary Art VII
d. Constitutional Commission
e. Local Government
f. Accountability of Public Officers
2. Constitution of Liberty
a. Bill of Rights Art III
b. Citizenship Art IV
c. Suffrage Art V
d. Declaration of Principles
e. State Policies Art II
f. National Economy and Patrimony
3. Constitution of Sovereignty
a. Provision of amendment or revision under Article XV11 belongs to this category