Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
by
Dr. N.C. Srivastava
1.0 Objectives:
Control of -
Heat and local discomforts
Odours
Hazardous contaminants (dust particles, toxic gases, smoke and fumes etc.)
2.0 Principles:
1. Heat and contaminants should be exhausted at source for better control.
2. Ventilation can be a natural draft or a mechanical system or a combination of both.
A mechanical supply and exhaust system provides best control. It includes
- Inlet/outlet sections
- filters, cooling and heating equipment in supply system
- filters and contaminants eliminating devices in exhaust system
- fan sections
- supply/exhaust duct work
- air distribution terminals
3. Care that neighbourhood (including all living beings, agricultural crop, buildings etc.) are not
adversely affected by exhausted air.
Heat stress: is the thermal condition of the environment that in combination with metabolic
heat generation of the body causes deep bod)' temperature to exeed 38°C
WBGT (Wet bulb globe temperature) is recommended index for heat stress in
hot environments (fig. I ) and is determined as follows:
— —i I 1 I
100 200 300 400 500
LIGHT
MOOERATE WORK HEAVV WOOK
WORK
HEAT EXPOSURE LIMIT, WATTS
Air Speed: Discomfort from drafts or high air speeds may affect work efficiency and sprains in
body parts. Table I gives recommended air speeds for general ventilation for various working
conditions.
Radiant temperature: Heat radiations form hot roof or sunlit walls may cause discomfort in
the work place and may call for radiation shielding specially in mdustnal sheds.
Continuous exposure
Air-conditioned space 0.25 to 0.4
Fixed workstation, general ventilation or spot cooling
Silting 0 4 10 0.6
Standing 0 5 io 1.0
Intermittent exposure, spot cooling or relief stations
Light heat loads and activity 5 io 10
Moderate heat loads and activity 10 to 15
High heal loads and activity 15 ty 20
a. Air is supplied by nonattached horizontally projected jet, b. Air is supplied by horizontally projected jet attached to the ceiling,
and occupied zone is ventilated by reverse flow. and occupied zone is ventilated by reverse flow.
OCCUPIED ZONE
c. Air is supplied by horizontally projected concentrated air jets and vertical and/or horizontal directing jets,
and occupied zone is ventilated by reverse flow and vertical directing jets.
With inclined cooled air jets b. With inclined heated air jets
OCCUPIED ZONE
c. With radial jets attached to d. With downward projected e With downward projected
the ceiling conical jets compact jets
— V
OCCUPIED ZONE OCCUPIED ZONE
f. Through the wall-mounted grille; occupied g. Through the wall-mounted grille; occupied zone
zone ventilated by the jet directly ventilated by jet and reverse flow
ABRASIVE FOUNDRIES*
Manufacture 26 50 Core making 16 to 21
Mold making
CERAMICS
Bench woik 16 to 21
Refractorv 43 to 6 6 5 0 to 9 0
Molding room 27 6 0 to 7 0 Floor work 13 to 18
Clay storage 16 to 27 35 to 65 Pouring 4
D e c a l c o m a m a production 24 to 27 48 Shakeout 4 to 10
Decorating room 24 to 2 7 48
Cleaning room 13 io 18
Use high-efficiency filtration in decorating r o o m . To minimize the danger •Winter dressing room temperatures. Spot coolers are sometimes used in larger
of silicosis in other areas, a dust-collecting system or m e d i u m - e f f i c i e n c y installations.
paniculate air filtration may be required.
In mold making, provide exhaust hoods at t r a n t e r points v.ith wet-
collector dust removal system Use280 to 3 8 0 L/s per hood.
DISTILLING in shakeout room, provide exhausi hoods with wet-collector dust removal
General manufacturing 16 to 24 45 to 60 system. Exhaustl90 to 240 L/s in grate area. R o o m ventilatory are generally
Aging not effective.
18 to 22 50 io 60
In cleaning room, provide exhaust hoods for grinders and cleaning equip-
Low humidity and dust control are important w'here grains are ground. ment with dry cyclones or bag-type collectors. In core making, oven and
Use high-efficiency filtration for all areas to prevent mold spore and bacteria adjacent cooling areas require f u m e exhaust hoods Pouring rooms require
growth Use ultrahigh efficiency filtration w h e r e bulk f h s h pasteurization is two-speed powered roof ventilators. Design for minimum o f l O L/s per
performed. square metre of floor area at low speed. Shielding is required to control radi-
ation from hot surfaces Proper introduction of air minimizes preheat
ELECTRICAL PRODUCTS requirements.
MATCHES PLASTICS
Manufacture 22 to.23 50 Manufacturing areas
Drying 21 to 24 60 Thermosetting molding compounds 27 25
Storage 16 to 17 50 Cellophane wrapping 24 to 27 45
Water evaporates with the s e n i n g of the glue. The amount of water evapo- In manufacturing areas where plastic is exposed in the liquid >
rated is 8 to 9 kg per million matches The match machine turns out about molded, high-efficiencv particulate air filters may be required Dust
750,000 matches per hour uon and fume control are essential.
The required air filtration efficiency depends on the painting process. On RUBBER-DIPPED GOODS
fine finishes, such as car bodies, high-efficiency particulate air filters are
Manufacture 32
required for the outdoor air supply. Other products may require only low- or
medium-efficiency filters. Cementing 27 25
M a k e u p air must be preheated. Spray booths must have 0.5 m/s face Dipping surgical articles 24 to 27 25
velocity if spraying is performed by humans: lower air quantities can be Storage prior to manufacture 16 to 24 40
used if robots p e r f o r m spraying. O v e n s must have air exhausted to maintain
Laboratory ( A S T M Standard) 23.0
f u m e s below explosive concentration Equipment must be explosion-proof.
Exhaust must be cleaned by filtration and solvents reclaimed or scrubbed. "Dew point of air must be belov. evaporation temperature of solvent
Light—1 1 28 24 21 16 —
i — 28 26 24 20
3 — 28 26 24
~>7 25
3 5 — - —
1 27 22 — — -
Moderate—11
•> 28 24 21 16 —
3 — 27 24 21 18
3.5 — 28 25 22 19
Heavy—III 2 25 19 16 — —
26 n 20 IS r
3
3.5 — 23 n 20 19
—
NURSING
Patient r o o m c i 2 4 Optional Optional
Toilet r o o m ' N Optional 10 Yes No
Intensive care P 2 6 Optional No
1'iotective isolation* P 15 Yes Optional"
Infectious Isolation8 i 6 Yes No
Isolation a l c o v e or a n t e r o o m » -i 10 Yes No
1 .abor/delivery/recovery/postpartu m ( L DR P) -i 4 Optional Optional
F.
Patient corridor-' -i 4 Optional Optional
E
ANCILLARY
Radiolog\ X - r a y (surgery and critical c a r e ) P 3 15 Optional No
X-ray (diagnostic and treatment) ± 2 6 Optional Optional
•> 10 Yes' No
Darkroom N
Laboratory, general N 2 6 Yes No
Laboratory, b a c t e r i o l o g y N 2 6 Yes No
Laboratory, b i o c h e m i s t r y P 2 6 Optional No
1 .uboratory. c y l o i o g y N 6 Yes No
laboratory, glasswashing N Optional 10 Yes Optional
Laboratory, h i s t o l o g y N i 6 Yet No
Laboratory, n u c l e a r m e d i c i n e N 2 6 Yes No
->
Laboratory , p a t h o l o g y N 6 Yes No
Laboratory, s e r o l o g y -t 6 Optional No
P
laboratory, sterilizing N Optional 10 Yes No
Laboratory media transfer -i 4 Optional No
P
Autopsy N 2 12 Yes No
Nonrefrigerated body-holding room' N Optional 10 Yes No
Pharmacy P -i 4 Optional Optional
ADMINISTRATION
Admitting and Waiting R o o m s N 2 6 Yes Optional
DIAGNOSTIC A N D TREATMENT
B r o n c h o s c o p y , sputum c o l l e c t i o n , and p e n t a m i d i n e administration N i 10 Yes Optional 1 "'
Examination room0 * 2 6 Optional Optional
Medication room P 4 Optional Optional
Treatment r o o m ' ± •t - Optional Optional
Physical therapy and hydrotherapy N 2 6 Optional Optional
Soiled workroom or soiled holding N > 10 Yes No
Clean workroom or clean holding" P 4 Optional Optional
STERILIZING A N D SUPPLY
Sterilizer e q u i p m e n t r o o m N Optional 10 Yes No
Soiled or decontamination room -i 6 Yes No
N
Clean w o r k r o o m and sterile storage P 2 4 Optional Optional
Equipment storage : i Optional i -i Optional Optional
±
SERVICE
F o o d preparation c e n t e r s 1 * 2 10 Yes No
Warew ashing N Optional 10 Yes No
D i e t a r y day s t o r a g e ± Optional Optional No
Laundry, general N 10 Yes No
S o i l e d linen sorting and s t o r a g e N Optional 10 Yes No
Clean linen storage ~>
P 2 lOpuonali Optional Optional
L i n e n a n d trash c h u t e r o o m N . Optional 10 Yes No
Bedpan room N Optional 10 Yes No
Bathroom N Optional 10 Optional' No
Janitor's closet N Optional 10 Optional No
P - Positive N = Negative ± = C o n t i n u o u s directional control not required0 - T h e infectious isolation r o o m * .described in this table are those that might be used. !«>r infec-
•Ventilation in accordance with A S H R A E Siarulani 6 2 - 1 9 8 9 . Ventilation for A c c e p t a b l e tious patients in the average community hospital T h e r o o m s are n e g a t i \ e K p r v s s u n / o d S o m e
IikJoot Air Qualits. should be used for area* for which specific ventilaii«Hi rates arc not g n e n isolation r o o m s m a \ have a separate a n t e r o o m . R e f e r to the d i s c i s s i o n ir. chapter tor more
V> here a higher outdoor air r e q u i r e m e n t is called for in SianJard 62 than in Table 3. the detailed i n f o r m a t i o n W h e r e h i g h h infectious respirable diseases such a- 'uberculosis arc to be
higher value should be used isolated, increased air c h a n g e rates should he c o n s i d e r e d .
'Total air changes indicated should be either supplied or. v.here required, e x h a u s t e d Protective isolation r o o m s arc those used for immu.it'suppressed patient*. ITv r o o m i* po-»i
T o r operating rooms. 100> outside air should dc used o n h w hen c o d e s require it and o n h if iivclv p r e s s u n / e d to protect the patient A n t e r o o m s art' generally required and should be nega-
heat recovery d e \ k c s are used tivelv p r e s s u n / e d with respect to the patient r o o m .
<>
Thc term trauma room as used here is the first aid r o o m a n d / o r e m e r g e n c s r o o m used for R e c i r c u l a t i o n is a l l o w e d in r o o m s with p o s s i b l e respirators isolation patient*, if suppU air is
general initial treatment of accident victims. T h e operating r o o m within the t r a u m a center HEPA t l l t e a ^ j
thai is r o u l i n e h used for e m e r g e o c s surgery should be treated as an operating r o o m . 'All air need not be e x h a u s t e d il d a r k r o o m e q u i p m e n t has scavenging exhaust duct attached
Although continuous directionaJ control U not required, variation* >hould be m i n i m i z e d , and m e e t s ventilation s t a n d a r d s o | N I O S H . O S H A . and local e m p l o y e e e x p o - w e limits
and in no case sh.njld a lack of directional control allow- the spread of infection f r o m one area JThe nt «tre frige rated b o d ) holding r o o m exists o n h in facilities thai do not p e r t o r m autopsies
l o another. Boundaries between functional areas ( w a r d s o r o c p a n m e n t - 0 s h o u l d have d i n x - on-site and use the space for short periods w h i l e waiting lor the KkIn to he transferred
l
uonal control Lewi* (1988) d e s c r i b e s m e t h o d s for m a i n t a i n i n g directional c o n t r o l b\ appi> - F o o d preparation centers should have an e x c e s s of air s u p p h lor positive pressure * h c n
ing air tracking controls h o o d s are not in operation T h e n u m b e r of air c h a n g e s m a s be reduced or varied for odor con-
For a discussion of design considerations for central toilet e x h a u s t s y s t e m s , see the section trol w h e n the space is not in use M i n i m u m total air c h a n g e s per hour should he that required to
or. Patient R o o m s provide proper m a k e u p air t o kitchen e x h a u s t s y s t e m s . Sec O u p t e r 2 8 . Kitchen Ventilation.
4.4 Exhaust systems:
Industrial exhaust systems should collect and remove air borne contaminants of particulates,
vapours and gases that can create an unsafe, unhealthy or undesired atmosphere both with in the space and
outside surroundings.
Types of systems -
General exhaust for entire work space without local considerations
Local exhaust: comprise of five components namely: hoods, duct system, air cleaning
device, fan andexhaust stack as shown in figs-Si C- Table £ gives the capture velocities
for hoods design under various applications and table gives transport velocities for
various types of contaminants, for duct design purposes.
[ \ \ \ \ \ \ i T Y T T T Y T
Indirect evaporative cooling has been effectively used to precool the air entering in the refrigeration
coils of an air-conditioning system, thereby reducing the size of refrigeration plants as well as energy and
operating costs.
Bibliography:
1. ASHRAE Hand Book. 1992 HVAC Systems and Equipment volume
2 -do- ] 993 Fundamentals volume
3 -do- 1995 HVAC Applications volume
Table - 6 Range of Hood Capture Velocities
Typical inflow velocity for hoods is 0.5 m/s for cai .aus!
calculating the hood area. DOWNDRAFT
Fig. 6 b N o n e n c l o s i n g H o o d s
A
Enclosing \>od
3tn But
\ Hooper / \ Hopper 1