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AUstrafla (Ja) Warmest January
in the!i0-2003recOt<t.DjlestI
May on oeoord,Drooghloondltions
Tropical Cyclone Ivan (Feb 08) -101o11eradecadeinsome palls.
I Max wilds 215kmlhr;one or the
strongest C)<:lones ever In Madagascar.
then Austra Melaoc't!(Jan09) 1/
On .larAJ&IY 28,lefl1)era-.res spllrad )
to45'C:the hottest day on 70 yeaos.
South Africa (May.Jun07)
Cold front led to 54 weati11ef reoords SouthernAustralia (2009)
In May.InJune,Johannesburg receiVed Exceptionalheat wave,triggerilg
Its 1st major snowfaH snce 1981. new temperatuoe records and
deadly wlidfres,daims 210 lives. New Zealand
Major winter.cvclo'e
!lash floods andwidespread wnid
damageacross North IslandIn July.
Transportation fuels
14.0% Waste disposal
and treatment
3.4%
12.5%
Agricultural
byproducts 1O.O% L nd
b1omass burnmg
1.1%
1.5%
2.3%
5.9%
26.0%
Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide
(n96oftotill) (1896 of totill) (996 of total)
Total Release of Carbon dioxide
CLIMATE CHANGE INDICATORS
Temperature rise
The IPCC predicts a rise in annual mean surface temperatures of between 1.4 and 5.8C over the period 1990 to 2100. A mid-
range temperature rise scenario will have a devastating effect on food security not only in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of
the world but also in the mid-latitudes. As the British Foreign Minister stated in October 2006, [t]emperature rises of just 2-3
degrees will see crop yields in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia fall by as much as 30 to 40 percent. Higher average
temperatures will also stimulate the emergence and re-emergence of pests and diseases, and increase the vectors that carry
disease.
Ice melt
1.7 billion people currently live in water-stressed countries but this number is expected to increase to 5 billion by 2025. Retreating
glaciers and snowlines will increase variability in river flow, diminish consistent water supplies and exacerbate these stresses. The
South Asian sub-continent and South America are both likely to suffer. Sea level rise is predicted to be between 0.09 and 0.88
metres over the period 1990 to 2100. Higher sea levels will have catastrophic implications for small Pacific states and low-lying
countries such as Bangladesh, and also for all major coastal cities.
Human security
Indirect impacts have further implications for developing countries. A discussion paper written for the US Defense Department
presents a scenario where the effects of climate change and the resultant reduction in the environments carrying capacity in
terms of food, water and energy quickly lead to security issues. It is easy to see that when food and water security are
compromised, the likelihood of conflict and social insecurity increases.
Energy Security
Energy security is also threatened by extreme weather events that undermine the stability of ports and drilling rigs. Glacier retreat
and ice cap melt will impact on hydro-electricity and melting permafrost will weaken pipelines. Energy insecurity jeopardises the
social and economic services that improve peoples capabilities and ameliorate the affects of poverty. The cumulative effect of all
these factors will be to undermine the very basis of governance and productivity. With less capital and more desperate
circumstances, the fabric of civilisation itself becomes threatened. Consequently, action and support from developed countries on
climate change has to be seen in the context of an overall responsibility to promote sustainable development and to fight poverty
as expressed in the Millennium Development Goals.
Peoples perceptions
Climate change is a global challenge that requires immediate individual and collective action. Unfortunately, it is a self-evident fact
that information alone is unable to motivate action. Public opinion surveys all around the world consistently indicate that the
majority of people are concerned about climate change, but they also find that people feel unsure about what it means to them
personally and what should be done about it. Despite concern, often only a limited number of respondents are actually taking
concerted action to prevent climate change, less still are taking actions that are actually consistent and effective. So while there is
widespread acknowledgement of the threat, there is little substantive engagement with the problem. This inertia between problem
and action underlines the importance of enabling leadership at all levels of society to better motivate effective engagement on this
critical issue.
Adaptation
Mitigation
Adaptation response
Mitigation measures
It is mainly to reduce Green House reduction measures to mitigate the event of climate
change. Only UNFCCC is the international mechanism to control Climate change.