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Equilibrio:
Trmino genrico que describe la dinmica de la postura corporal
para prevenir las cadas. Est relacionada con las fuerzas inerciales
que actan sobre el cuerpo y las caractersticas inerciales de los
segmentos corporales.
Conceptos bsicos
Base de Sustentacin:
rea circunscrita por el borde de todos los puntos o partes corporales
que estn en contacto con el suelo.
Centro de Masa:
Punto de un cuerpo u objeto en el por fines prcticos se puede
considerar que est concentrada toda la masa de un cuerpo.
Conceptos bsicos
Centro de Masa:
Punto equivalente de todo las masa corporal en un sistema de
referencia y es el promedio ponderado del CoM de cada
segmento corporal en el espacio 3D.
Centro de Gravedad
Proyeccin vertical del CoM
pendulum system in this two-dimensional problem, and after a few simpli- joint). Given this simplification, all the mech
with a seemingly easy taskstanding quietly and
doing nothing. Quiet standing is associated with one
studies have used characte
to describe and quantify po
fications, the following equation represents the relation between the COGv of the poorly understood phenomena in motor
acceleration and the COGv and COP displacements: understanding the motion of the body are r
controlpostural sway.
d 2COGu mgd
g Applying the second Newton-Euler equ
Conceptos bsicos
2
(COGu COP ) (Eq. 1) 21.2 Postural Sway
dt I
pendulum system in this two-dimensional
When a person tries to stand still, he or she never
p
where I is the moment of inertia of the body around the ankle.
fications, the following
characteristics ofequation
stands truly still. The unavoidable changes occurring
in different mechanical the vertical represents
COG
acceleration and thehaveCOGv and COP displa
posture are called postural sway. The trajectories of
two of these characteristics been commonly
studiedthat of the body's center of mass (COM) and
2 that of the body's center of pressure (COP). COP is
d COG mgd
g
(COG COP )
the point where the resultant force from the support
y
surface is u
2
applied to the body (figure 21.3). Different
u
+
dt I
characteristics of sway
x mg
where I is the moment of inertia of the bod
COPAR
CoPAP
d
Ta
C
h
Fx
COGv
COP Fy
y
Figure 21.4 Postural sway in
Figure 10.4 Single inverted pendulum model for the representation of a human +
his eyes.
standing. COG, center of gravity; COGv, COG vertical projection in relation to
the ankle joint; COP, center of pressure in relation to the ankle joint; m, g, body Figure 21.3 During quiet standing, both the center of mass
mass, acceleration of gravity; Fx, Fy, horizontal and vertical components of the (COM) and the center of pressure (COP) show spontaneous
resultant ground reaction force; Ta, torque at the ankle joint; d, distance between
migration called postural sway. x m
the COG and ankle joint; h, height of the ankle joint to the ground; , angle of
the body.
M. Latash Neurophysiological Basis of Movement (2nd Ed.), pg. 212
M. Duarte, V Zatsiorski. Motor Control: Theories, experiments and applicationes (2011), pg. 221
Conceptos bsicos
Centro de Presin:
Punto en que se localiza el vector de la fuerza de reaccin vertical
de la superficie de apoyo. Representa la localizacin del promedio
ponderado de todas las fuerzas en el rea de contacto con el
suelo.
Equilibrio:
Equidad de las fuerzas que actan sobre el cuerpo
contrarrestndose entre s.
M. Duarte, V Zatsiorski. Motor Control: Theories, experiments and applicationes (2011), pg. 221
Conceptos bsicos
El balanceo es 50% mayor cuando los ojos estn cerrados comparado con la
postura en la cual la visin puede proveer retroalimentacin acerca del balanceo
relativo al entorno (Edwards AS. Body sway and vision. J Exp Psychol 1946; 36:
526 35).
Apoyo fijo
Se describen de acuerdo a la articulacin involucrada en la
generacin del movimiento angular, actividad muscular y torques
articulares.
Winter DA. Human balance ans posture control during standing and walking. Gait & Posture; 1995; Vol 3; 193- 214
Estrategias del SCP
Apoyo Fijo
Estrategia de tobillo:
Se utiliza en desestabilizaciones de baja
amplitud en parmetros de fuerza y
velocidad o al tener una base de
sustentacin amplia, donde el balanceo
postural es mnimo.
Maki B, McIlroy W. Control of rapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall
prevention. Age and Ageing 2006; 35-S2: ii12ii18
Estrategias del SCPCambios con el
envejecimiento
Un patrn comn en jvenes involucra UN largo paso cruzado con
la extremidad sin carga durante una perturbacin lateral.
Centro de presin
direction or total area), mean speed or velocity, and frequency variables
(usually mean or median frequency). Some of the most common variables
used in the quantification of body sway in the time and frequency domains
are presented in Table 10.1, and an example of the power spectral density
1.5 1.5
COP ap
COP ml
1
Amplitude (cm)
COP ap (cm) 0.5
0 0
0.5
1.5 1.5
1.5 0 1.5 0 10 20 30 40
A COP ml (cm) B Time (s)
M. Duarte, V Zatsiorski. Motor Control: Theories, experiments and applicationes (2011), pg. 221
Centro de presin
Bartsch A, Palacios C, Garca E, Ros F, Colicheo E, Cuadra C. POSITION OF THE CENTRE OF PRESSURE IN YOUNG ADULTS DURING
POSTUROGRAPHY. Congress of International Society of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Denmark 2010.
primarily by the peripheral mechanical properties of possibly reflecting a search for the limits
the postural system and the spinal reflexes. In other (Riccio 1993; Riley et al. 1997). Both view
words, the body oscillates about a reference position, claimed to receive support in recent studies.
while the reference position itself migrates for reasons
Centro de presin
that are not well understood.
Time (s)
PROBLEM #21.2
Given the two views on postural sway, p
will happen to sway if a person balances
resting on a narrow beam. Will the sway
smaller than it is when the person sta
floor? Why?
M. Duarte, V Zatsiorski. Motor Control: Theories, experiments and applicationes (2011), pg. 221
Redfern M. and cols. Visual influences on balance. Anxiety Disorders 15 (2001) 81 94
Somato-
sensacin
Canales
Semicirculares
Otolitos
Visin
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
3
4
Posturografa
ndice de Romberg
Valor normal ?