Jayson P.

Reyes College of Arts, Science and Education

BS-Chemistry III

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Abstract
This experiment was performed for two weeks. In each member of the group performed different

lab experiment. Investigated what happens when reactions were disturbed in reaching

equilibrium state.in this experiment, the disturbance was observed according to the temperature

and concentration and also to the performers of the experiment. First week was the mixing of

solutions in preparation for the second week which is the actual measurement. It is necessary to

maintain the temperature in order not to disturbed the reactions. Observed the color change and

precipitation occur at complex equilibria according to color intensity changes from clear orange

to turbid orange to dark red and turbid yellow orange. Acid/ base equilibria was observed in

changing their color intensity. Part 2 was the determination of an equilibrium constant, analysis

and titration of the prepared solutions.

Keywords: equilibrium constant, precipitation, disturbed reactions

Introduction

chemical system at equilibrium observe the

If a system is at equilibrium, the
change in concentration of reactants or
concentrations of the reactants and products
products or the change in temperature that
will be unchanging, and they will be related
affects the state in equilibrium. Furthermore,
to each other by a constant called the
determine how shifting occurs in direction
equilibrium constant. The purpose of this
therefore exemplifying the principles of
experiment is to observed and understand
chemical equilibria first stated bi Le
chemical reactions that are examples of
Chatelier. When a chemical reaction A beaker with 60mL DI water was placed in

takes place in a container which prevents an ice bath for about 10C while another

the entry or escape of any of the beaker with same volume of water was

heated until it reached 60 - 80C. A 50mL

substances involved in the reaction, the
chilled water was then measured using a
quantities of these components change
graduated cylinder and was transferred to
as some are consumed and others are
the calorimeter. The temperature was
formed. Eventually this change will come
recorded for every 30 seconds within 4
to an end, after which the composition
minutes. Another 50mL hot water was also
will remain unchanged as long as the measured and was poured inside the
system remains undisturbed. The system calorimeter. After swirling the temperature

is then said to be in its equilibrium state, was then again measured every 15 seconds

or more simply, "at equilibrium for 4 minutes. Procedure was repeated

again. Heat capacity of the Styrofoam coffee

Methodology
cup was then calculated using the gathered
Calibration of the Calorimeter.
data.
The Styrofoam coffee cup calorimeter was

assembled by placing one cup into the other.

Heat of Fusion of Ice.
The lid was made out of cardboard and had
100mL of DI water was placed in a 250mL
an opening for a thermometer.
beaker and was heated between 60 - 70C

using a hot plate. A Styrofoam coffee cup

calorimeter was weighed together with a 40-

50 gram of ice. The temperature of hot water

was recorded before it was placed into the

Figure 1: Coffee cup Calorimeter calorimeter, temperature was also pre-

recorded before the addition of hot water,

until it reached the total mass of 100g. Final stirring, the temperature was then recorded

temperature was recorded when the last bit every 30 seconds for about 3 minutes. Final

of ice was melted. Procedure was repeated temperature was recorded. With the use of

again. The heat of fusion of ice was then the collected data, the specific heat of the

calculated. unknown metal was determined.

Specific Heat Capacity of an Unknown Metal. Heat of Solution.

150mL of DI water was placed into a 250mL A 50mL of DI water was measured and was

beaker. The water temperature was then placed into a calorimeter. It was allowed to

allowed to equilibrate with the surrounding. A equilibrate to room temperature and then the

600mL beaker was filled with water about 2/3 temperature was recorded. Approximately

full and was heated using hot plate. An 2g of ammonium nitrate was weighed.

unknown dry clean metal sample was NH4NO3 was added in the calorimeter. After

weighed and was carefully placed into a test swirling the temperature was recorded every

tube with a stopper. The test tube with the 15 seconds within 5 minutes. Heat solution

unknown metal sample was immersed into was then calculated with the data observed.

the hot water bath and was heated for about

15 minutes. A 50mL of DI water was Heat of Neutralization.

measured from the 150mL DI water and was Using a graduated cylinder, 50mL of 3.0 M

placed into a calorimeter. Again, it was NaOH was added into a calorimeter. The lid

allowed to equilibrate to room temperature was used to cover the cup and was allowed

and then the temperature was recorded. The to equilibrate to room temperature within 5

temperature of the boiling water was also minutes. Temperature was recorded after.

recorded. After recording the temperature of 50mL of 3.0 M HCl was also measured and

the hot water, the unknown metal was was allowed to equilibrate to room

carefully poured into the calorimeter. After

temperature. Temperature was recorded 9.5 9.8 9.7
2 9.5 9.9 9.7
after. HCL was then added to the calorimeter 9.8 9.9 9.9
3 9.8 10 9.9
and after swirling the temperature was
10 10 10.0
4 10 10.1 10.1
recorded every 15 seconds within 5 minutes.
10 10.1 10.1
Repeated same procedure for this part, but

this time 3.0M acetic acid was used instead 10.1 10.1 10.1
10.1 10.0
10.0

Temperature C
of HCl. Heat of neutralization was calculated 10.0 9.9
9.9 9.9
9.9
then. 9.8
9.8 9.7
9.7 9.7 9.7
Results and Discussion 9.7
9.6
Part I 0 2 4 6 8 10
30 sec interval
Temperature Trial 1 Trial 2 Average
of chilled DI
water every
Figure 2. Temperature of chilled DI water every 30
30 seconds
1 9.5 9.8 9.7 seconds

Every 15
seconds
for 4 Trial Trial
minutes 1 2 Ave

39.8 41 40.4
39.8 40.7 40.3
39.7 40.7 40.2
1 39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
2 39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
3 39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
39.7 40.7 40.2
4 39.7 40.7 40.2
 mass of water 50g 50g 50g

Part III tremperature of heated 69C 68C 69.5C

initial temperature of water
water 26C

final temperature of water 91C

Part IV mass of box 1.8973g

mass of Zn 1.8016g
15 seconds
Minutes
final temperature interval 28C
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.8
24.8
24.8
24.8
40.5 Figure 24.8
40.4 3.
24.8
Temperature C

40.4
24.8
40.3
25
40.3
25
40.2

40.2
25
0 4 8 12 16 20 25
15 sec interval 25
Temperature of chilled and heated DI water every 15 seconds

Part II

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

mass of cup 4g 4g 4g

mass of ice 46g 45g 46g

initial temperature 4C 4C 2C

final temperature 10C 10C 5C

Part V

In Part I, the heat capacity of the calorimeter

temperature of 3M NaOH 27C and 27C
was obtained using the concepts in 1st law of
in Calorimeter at 5 mins
thermodynamics. This was the most
temperature of 3M HCl in 27C
important part of the experiment. Havin an
Calorimeter at 5 mins
incorrect heat capacity for the calorimeter will
temperature of 3M Acetic 26C
result to discrepancies in the rest of the parts
acid in Calorimeter at 5
of the experiment. A value of 32.67 J/C, heat
mins
capacity of the Styrofoam cup was used

throughout the experiment, resulted to a high

3M Acetic Acid + 3M NaOH
percentage errors in most parts of the
1st min 44 44 44 44
experiment. In Part II both trials 1 and 2 have
2nd min 44 44 44 44
same result while trial a big drop of
3rd min 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.8
temperature was observed. More likely, this
4th min 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.4
was due to a systematic error made during
5th min 43.1 43.1 43 43
the experiment. A different thermometer was

used in the 3rd trial which obviously resulted

3M HCl + 3M NaOH
to a different result. Heat fusion of ice

1st min 43 43 43 43 calculated was 0.276 KJ/g, 17% percentage

2nd min 43 43 43 43
error due to instrumental and/or random

error.

3rd min 43 42.9 42.9 42.9

The Specific heat capacity of an unknown

4th min 42.7 42.7 42.5 42.5 metal, with a mass of 1.8016g was

5th min 42.4 42.3 42.1 42 0.39kJ/kg.K. its experimental value was

0.0146, a very large difference from its

theoretical value. A systematic error of 96%
-[(50g) (4.184) (40.2-75) = C(40.2-

occurred from the discrepancy of the masses

10.1) + 50g(4.184) (40.2-10.1)
of 80g and 2g, which was only 2.5% of its 80g

(97% of variance from 0g). 7280.16J = C (30.1) + 6296.92 J

In Part IV of the experiment, the NH4NO3 with C = 32.67

a mass of 2.209g was dissolved in water.

Part II
The observed temperature in every minute

from 1-3 minute increased continuously and q = mH2O SH2O + mice

equilibrated at 4-5 minutes. Experimental

50 (4.184 ) (1069)

=
value was 17.16 KJ/mol and 38% error was 45

calculated. In comparison of Heat of

1
=276 x = 0.276 KJ/g
1000
Neutralization from different acids and same

base used in the experiment. 3M HCl mixed Hfus = 0.276 KJ/g

with 3M NaOH, first two minutes stayed at
Part III
rd
43C but in 3 minute it started to decrease
-(1.8016) g x Smetal x (364- 299)K = 50g
by 1 C of its heat until reaches the 5th
32.67
minute. Which happened almost the same (301 299)K 4.184 )+
274 274

from the neutralization of 3M acetic acid and

Smetal = 0.0152 J/gK
3M NaOH. In comparison of the two
Part V
neutralizations of HCl + NaOH was less for

only 1 degrees Celsius from acetic acid +

-qsol = -[(100g) (4.184)(44-26) ] +

NaOH, and more than half of its percentage 1

32.67J/ (44.26) ] 100mL
1000
error produced.

1L/1000mL 3mol/L
Sample Calculation/s:

Part I Hneut = 27.06 KJ/mol

Conclusion https://www.coursehero.com/file/13268221/

Final-Formal-Lab-Report/?justUnlocked=1
The heat capacity of the calorimeter was

determined to be 32.67 J/. Having the Experiment Thermochemistry 10. Retrieved

knowledge about the 1ST Law of from:

Thermodynamics, different forms of energies

http://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/
was calculated by relating/using the heat
Exp%2010%20-%20ThermoF11.pdf
capacity of an isolated calorimeter. Obtaining
Calorimetry - Measuring Heats of Reactions.
an incorrect heat capacity would lead to a
Retrieved from:
significant percentage errors in each part of

the experiment. Unfortunately, most of the http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/ca

part of the activity resulted to high error due ct/c120/calorimetry.html

to errors obtained in performing the

Thermochemistry Calorimetry. Retrieved
experiment. Another factor would be the
from:
temperature of the airconditioned room since
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistr
we are solely dealing with energy and
yformajors/chapter/calorimetry/
temperature and mainly systematic and/or

random errors committed. This experiment

was significant because by being able to

determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter

allows one to further investigate various

reaction in terms of energy involved.

References

Vode, et. Al., (2017). Thermochemistry,

Calorimetry, and Cold Pack. Retrieved from: