2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications;

Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing

Analysis of Urban Residential Water Consumption

Based on Smart Meters and Fuzzy Clustering
Yang Jia,b, Li Yonga,* , Yang Jingfenga, Kuang Kec, Hu Yuehuac , Qi WenGuangc
a
Open Laboratory of Geo-spatial Information Technology and Application of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Institute
of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China
b
Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
c
Guangzhou Water Supply Company, Guangzhou 510600, China
*Corresponding author: Li Yong, email: liyong@gdas.ac.cn

AbstractThe traditional water consumption models were
mainly focused on the spatial scale of city or district, on the time
scale of year or month, and with data precision of 0.1 m3. As the
Internet of Thing (IoT) technology develops rapidly, the smart
meters for water-supply are gradually popularized. In the year
2013, Guangzhou City of China established a demonstration area
of smart water-supply, in which the residential water
consumption data can be collected for every 15 minutes, and the
data precision is 0.001 m3. Such high precision data provide us an
opportunity to conduct an in-depth research of water
consumption habits and patterns, as well as the relationship
between water consumption pattern and family structure, job
type or life style. It will also bring big impact on the management
of residential community, and the plan and supply of urban
residential water. This paper proposes an unsupervised
clustering algorithm for analyzing urban residential water
consumption data collected by smart meters. This algorithm is
adaptive at daily time scale and can divide the residents by family
structure, job type or life style. In addition, this paper lays a
foundation for a further research of the key factors that affect
water consumption demands and patterns, as well as for the
research of water consumption forecasting model.
Keywordshigh precision; smart meter; urban resident; water
consumption; fuzzy clustering
I. INTRODUCTION
The water consumption patterns of urban residents are
closely related to their family structure, job type or life style. It
is very important to analyze the urban residential water
consumption patterns in order to divide users into certain
groups, provide support to the decision-making of the water
supply company and the residential property management
company, and lay a foundation for the demand-based water
supply and energy saving of the water supply management.
The traditional way to collect residential water
consumption data is manual meter reading once a month. As
the Internet of Thing (IoT) technology develops rapidly, the
smart meters for water supply are gradually popularized. In
the year 2013, Guangzhou City has established a
demonstration area of smart water-supply, where the
residential water consumption data could be collected more
precisely than ever. The precision of traditional meter reading
is 0.1 m3, and the cycle is one or two months. Nowadays, with
smart meters, the precision can be improved to 0.001 m3, and
the cycle can be shortened to 15 minutes. Such high precision
data can offer great support to the research of water
consumption habits and patterns, as well as the relationship
between water consumption pattern and family structure, job
type or life style. It will also bring big impact to the
management of residential community, and the plan and
supply of urban residential water.
To make full use of the big data collected by smart meters,
this paper proposes an unsupervised clustering algorithm for
analyzing urban residential water consumption data collected
by smart meters. This algorithm is adaptive at daily time scale
and can divide the residents by family structure, job type or
life style. In addition, this paper lays a foundation for a further
research of the key factors that affect water consumption
demands and patterns, as well as for the research of water
consumption forecasting model.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
overviews the related works; Section III presents the proposed
fuzzy clustering method; Section IV evaluates the experiment
results. Finally, Section V concludes the paper.
II. RELATED WORKS
Many scholars have conducted research on the residential
water consumption patterns (Browne et al, 2014; Singh and
Turkiya, 2013; Otaki et al, 2011; Jones et al, 2007) and made
some findings. But these researches are different in terms of
materials, spatial scale, time scale and clustering algorithm.
Some of them are based on questionnaire data (Jones et al,
2006; Willis et al, 2011) which is lack of integrity, accuracy
and representative. These researches, in which artificial
participation is needed, are mainly based on hypothetical
samples, and cant cluster the massive data automatically
(Popkin et al, 2005; Hossain et al, 2013; Milton et al, 2006;
Barraj et al, 2009). Moreover, this kind of algorithm is lack of
universality because people from different regions have
different water consumption patterns.
Research based on real water consumption data have better
accuracy. These research are conducted on a time scale of
month or year, or on a spatial scale of district or city, and
achieved good results (Thomas et al, 2006; Hof and Schmitt,
2011; Karimanzira and Jacobi, 2008; Shimakawa and
Murakami, 2014; Zhou and Yang, 2010). But the time scale of
these researches is very large. Although there are some
researches based on hourly time scale, but they just take single
users data as experiment data, analyzing the water
consumption volume of different behaviors such as bathing
and cooking (Bakker et al, 2013; Herrera et al, 2010; Gato et
al, 2007). Researches which use hourly water consumption
data of massive users are rarely seen.
The smart meter provides high frequency water
consumption data for us to research water consumption model
in a smaller time scale. Although some scholars have

978-1-5090-0154-5/15 $31.00 2015 IEEE 1295

DOI 10.1109/CIT/IUCC/DASC/PICOM.2015.192
conducted researches based on these data, but these researches The correlation coefficient matrix R is not equivalence. So
are based on the spatial scale of city or district, the researches the method of convolution is used to transform correlation
based on spatial scale of residential quarter are rarely seen. coefficient matrix R to fuzzy equivalent matrix. The procedure
is as follow. R R R " R R . Square
2 4 2k k
In the aspect of data precision, large time scale water
consumption models mostly use unit of 1000 m3. Even models of matrix R is represented as R < R = R , continue to
2

of monthly or daily time scale mostly use unit of 1 m3. No

researches in model precision of 0.001 m3 are ever seen.
III. THE FUZZY CLUSTERING METHOD
A lot of clustering algorithms have been developed for
different applications. The choice of algorithm is depend on
data type, clustering purpose and application. A fuzzy
clustering method used in this paper is as follow.
1) Data preprocessing and standardizing
There are different types of data such as numeric, boolean,
character and null. For different clustering purpose, some
relevant data, not all data, are needed for analysis. Thus, the
preprocessing is necessary. Moreover, it is necessary to
transform the original data distribute in the range of 0 to 1, to
eliminate the influence of different measurements.
2) Coefficient correlation
Calculate the coefficient correlation of the original data
matrix to get correlation coefficient matrix. That is to say row
i column j of correlation coefficient matrix is the correlation
coefficient of row i column j of original data matrix.
Correlation coefficient rij is calculated as follow:
cov( xi , x j )
rij =
Dxi Dx j
cov( xi , x j ) = E (( xi E ( xi ))<( x j E ( x j )))
xij represents for the standardized original matrix, Dxi
square R < R = R , if R = R , R is defined to be fuzzy
2 2 4 2k k k
equivalent matrix.
5) Cut value clustering
The size of R is s s . When Rij , R ij =1;
When Rij < , R ij =0. The cut matrix R is formed. The
value range of R is 0 and 1. The rows of same values are in
the same group. Cut value effects significantly to the
clustering result. The choice of cut value is on the basis of
actual demand, the optimal value is depends upon experience.
Finally, the cluster result can be converted into dendrogram.
IV. EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS
A. Setup
Smart water-supply demonstration area is selected as
experimental place, where smart meters were installed for all
users. In this research, experimental data are water
consumption volume of 20 users in 20 workdays of May 2015.
Time interval is 15 minutes and data precision is 0.001m3.
B. Data preprocessing
1) Data merging
(1) Firstly, calculate the average water consumption data of
each 15 minutes in these 20 days. With the purpose of
minimize data size and ensure the representativeness, the
water consumption of adjacent time intervals were merged
into eight periods: 23:00-2:00, 2:00-5:00, 5:00-8:00, 8:00-
(2) 11:00, 11:00-14:00, 14:00-17:00, 17:00-20:00, 20:00-23:00.
Table I lists the type of each period. Table II lists the original
data.

presents for variance, cov( xi , x j ) presents for covariance.

rij (1 i j s ) represents for the correlation coefficient, TABLE I. TYPE OF TIME INTERVAL
s=max(m,n), m and n are the row number and column number Time Interval Type
of the original matrix, the correlation coefficient matrix
23:00-2:00 Midnight
r ' = (rij ) ss . 2:00-5:00 Wee Hours
5:00-8:00 Morning
3)Data compressing
8:00-11:00 Working Hours
Fuzzy matrix R is form by compressing the data in 11:00-14:00 Lunch Time
correlation coefficient matrix to value range of 0 to 1. 14:00-17:00 Working Hours
17:00-20:00 Supper Time
20:00-23:00 Evening
1
Rij = (1 + r 'ij )   (1 i j s ) (3)
2
4) Fuzzy equivalent matrix

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 TABLE II. ORIGINAL DATA

Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period

User Between Between Between Between Between Between Between Between
Number 23:00-2:00 2:00-5:00 5:00-8:00 8:00-11:00 11:00-14:00 14:00-17:00 17:00-20:00 20:00-23:00
user1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
user2 0 0 0.0748 0.1963 0.0339 0 0.1825 0.4321
user3 0.0307 0 0.0597 0.0003 0.0551 0 0.051 0.079
user4 0 0 0.0028 0.0183 0.0777 0.0662 0.0001 0.0207
user5 0.0384 0.0185 0.1752 0.1128 0.0518 0.0256 0.0797 0.1001
user6 0.0049 0.0035 0.0416 0.1451 0.0102 0.0444 0.1368 0.1993
user7 0.0069 0.0069 0.1503 0.0179 0.0972 0.039 0.147 0.0963
user8 0.1309 0.0386 0.041 0.0683 0.1929 0.1053 0.0415 0.0388
user9 0.0189 0.0025 0.0375 0.0146 0.0114 0.0098 0.0178 0.1152
user10 0 0.0117 0.027 0.041 0 0.0296 0.0773 0.1696
user11 0.3162 0.005 0.1512 0.2153 0 0 0 0.1211
user12 0 0 0.0466 0.0075 0 0.014 0.0673 0.0199
user13 0.0112 0 0.0391 0.037 0 0.0512 0.0754 0.0425
user14 0.0241 0 0.0397 0.0634 0 0.0006 0.1393 0.1857
user15 0.0476 0.0117 0.0847 0.0904 0.0293 0.025 0.1229 0.0949
user16 0.0387 0 0.0207 0.0181 0.0112 0.0783 0.1083 0.1089
user17 0 0 0 0.0197 0.0001 0 0 0.051
user18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
user19 0.0153 0.013 0.0252 0.005 0.003 0.0029 0.0038 0.0035
user20 0.0992 0 0 0.0364 0 0 0.0941 0.0147

2) Invalid date exclusion

Users whose daily average water consumption volume is
zero should be excluded. In this research, two users were
excluded because of this reason, that is to say, their apartments
are vacant housing units.
3) Data standardization
It is meaningless to analyze the water consumption of each
time intervals separately. Thus, this research analyzes time
interval water consumption percentage of the whole day.
Equation 4 standardizes the data and makes them in a same
measurement, which distribute between 0 and 1. Fig. 1. Water consumption proportion of each time intervals

C. Fuzzy clustering for water consumption patterns

x 'ij
xij = 8
(4) According to the coefficient correlation algorithm which
introduced in Section III, the standardized residential water
x 'ij
j =1
consumption data can be put in (2) and (3). The coefficient
correlation matrix can be get as follow.
As showed in Table III, the values of coefficient
In this equation, xij represents the water consumption correlation matrix lie in the range of -1 to 1. According to the
proportion in time interval j of user i. x 'ij represents for the fuzzy matrix method introduced in Section III, the coefficient
correlation matrix can be put in (3), then the fuzzy matrix is
real water consumption volume in time interval j of user i. get and the values are compressed in the range of 0 to 1. The
Water consumption characteristic matrix can be standardized correlation coefficient matrix is not equivalence. Convolution
as xij based on (4). Rows in this matrix represent for the users, method introduced in Section III can be used to transform
and columns represent for the water consumption proportion. correlation coefficient matrix to fuzzy equivalent matrix as
Figure 1 represents for the data after standardizing. showed in Table IV.

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 TABLE III. COEFFICIENT CORRELATION MATRIX

1.00 0.55 -0.18 0.46 0.94 0.34 -0.47 0.85 0.95 0.10 0.30 0.46 0.93 0.71 0.60 0.92 -0.36 0.06
0.55 1.00 -0.05 0.49 0.35 0.78 -0.03 0.70 0.54 0.02 0.45 0.18 0.60 0.51 0.41 0.40 0.08 0.06
-0.18 -0.05 1.00 -0.31 -0.18 -0.01 0.71 -0.12 -0.16 -0.45 -0.37 -0.15 -0.35 -0.45 -0.02 -0.05 -0.56 -0.50
0.46 0.49 -0.31 1.00 0.44 0.62 -0.43 0.42 0.32 0.32 0.55 0.38 0.41 0.70 0.02 0.29 0.43 -0.10
0.94 0.35 -0.18 0.44 1.00 0.31 -0.52 0.67 0.89 0.06 0.41 0.66 0.91 0.79 0.67 0.80 -0.46 0.16
0.34 0.78 -0.01 0.62 0.31 1.00 -0.20 0.34 0.37 -0.32 0.82 0.52 0.47 0.60 0.39 0.04 0.10 -0.03
-0.47 -0.03 0.71 -0.43 -0.52 -0.20 1.00 -0.36 -0.54 0.02 -0.54 -0.50 -0.54 -0.52 -0.30 -0.34 -0.26 -0.01
0.85 0.70 -0.12 0.42 0.67 0.34 -0.36 1.00 0.88 0.19 0.17 0.25 0.77 0.46 0.55 0.88 -0.08 -0.11
0.95 0.54 -0.16 0.32 0.89 0.37 -0.54 0.88 1.00 -0.05 0.37 0.55 0.93 0.63 0.77 0.87 -0.37 0.02
0.10 0.02 -0.45 0.32 0.06 -0.32 0.02 0.19 -0.05 1.00 -0.22 -0.15 0.07 0.23 -0.17 0.21 0.43 0.45
0.30 0.45 -0.37 0.55 0.41 0.82 -0.54 0.17 0.37 -0.22 1.00 0.81 0.54 0.76 0.55 -0.07 0.13 0.29
0.46 0.18 -0.15 0.38 0.66 0.52 -0.50 0.25 0.55 -0.15 0.81 1.00 0.62 0.74 0.78 0.18 -0.25 0.30
0.93 0.60 -0.35 0.41 0.91 0.47 -0.54 0.77 0.93 0.07 0.54 0.62 1.00 0.83 0.76 0.74 -0.30 0.32
0.71 0.51 -0.45 0.70 0.79 0.60 -0.52 0.46 0.63 0.23 0.76 0.74 0.83 1.00 0.55 0.41 -0.05 0.46
0.60 0.41 -0.02 0.02 0.67 0.39 -0.30 0.55 0.77 -0.17 0.55 0.78 0.76 0.55 1.00 0.44 -0.47 0.34
0.92 0.40 -0.05 0.29 0.80 0.04 -0.34 0.88 0.87 0.21 -0.07 0.18 0.74 0.41 0.44 1.00 -0.34 -0.13
-0.36 0.08 -0.56 0.43 -0.46 0.10 -0.26 -0.08 -0.37 0.43 0.13 -0.25 -0.30 -0.05 -0.47 -0.34 1.00 -0.03
0.06 0.06 -0.50 -0.10 0.16 -0.03 -0.01 -0.11 0.02 0.45 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.46 0.34 -0.13 -0.03 1.00

TABLE IV. FUZZY EQUIVALENT MATRIX

1.00 0.88 0.51 0.85 0.97 0.88 0.51 0.94 0.97 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.96 0.72 0.73
0.88 1.00 0.51 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.51 0.88 0.88 0.73 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.72 0.73
0.51 0.51 1.00 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.86 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51
0.85 0.85 0.51 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.51 0.85 0.85 0.73 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.72 0.73
0.97 0.88 0.51 0.85 1.00 0.88 0.51 0.94 0.97 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.96 0.72 0.73
0.88 0.89 0.51 0.85 0.88 1.00 0.51 0.88 0.88 0.73 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.72 0.73
0.51 0.51 0.86 0.51 0.51 0.51 1.00 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51
0.94 0.88 0.51 0.85 0.94 0.88 0.51 1.00 0.94 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.94 0.72 0.73
0.97 0.88 0.51 0.85 0.97 0.88 0.51 0.94 1.00 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.96 0.72 0.73
0.73 0.73 0.51 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.51 0.73 0.73 1.00 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.73
0.88 0.89 0.51 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.51 0.88 0.88 0.73 1.00 0.91 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.72 0.73
0.88 0.89 0.51 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.51 0.88 0.88 0.73 0.91 1.00 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.72 0.73
0.97 0.88 0.51 0.85 0.97 0.88 0.51 0.94 0.97 0.73 0.88 0.88 1.00 0.91 0.88 0.96 0.72 0.73
0.91 0.88 0.51 0.85 0.91 0.88 0.51 0.91 0.91 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.91 1.00 0.88 0.91 0.72 0.73
0.88 0.89 0.51 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.51 0.88 0.88 0.73 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 1.00 0.88 0.72 0.73
0.96 0.88 0.51 0.85 0.96 0.88 0.51 0.94 0.96 0.73 0.88 0.88 0.96 0.91 0.88 1.00 0.72 0.73
0.72 0.72 0.51 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.51 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 1.00 0.72
0.73 0.73 0.51 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.51 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.72 1.0

The cut matrix method introduced in Section III can be used to
cluster fuzzy equivalent matrix. The optimal cut value is
depends upon experience. The values in fuzzy equivalent
matrix lie in the range of 0.51 to 1. Thus, three cut
values =0.7/0.8/0.9 in this range are analyzed to choose the
optimum one.
D. Results
(u1 u2 u18) represent for 18 users. When =0.9,
those 18 users fall into ten groups: (u1u5u8u9u13
u14u16, (u2), (u3), (u4), (u6u11u12), (u7), (u10), (u15), (u17),
(u18). Figure 2(a) shows the water consumption feature of the
first group. This group is the greatest in number and has
obvious feature. There are seven users in this group, whose
water consumption peak period is evening. Compare with the
peak period, the other time intervals have relative few water
consumption. Figure 2(b) shows the water consumption
feature of the second group. There are three users in this group,
whose water consumption peak period is 17:00-20:00, and
little water consumption in 5:00-8:00 and 20:00-23:00. Figure
2(c) shows the water consumption feature of the rest groups.
Each group has one user. But some groups have the same
feature, such as u3 and u7 given in Figure 2(d). That is to say,
some same features are not considered as one group, therefore,
if =0.9, the clustering result is flawed.
When =0.7, those users fall into two groups. (u3, u7) is
the first group and all the others are in the second group.
Figure 2(d) shows the water consumption feature of the first
group. This group has obvious feature that the peak period of
water consumption is 11:00-14:00 and 14:00-17:00, and little
water consumption in 8:00-11:00. The second group contains
16 users, in which there are two features, u17 and u18, different
from the others. Thus, if =0.7, the result is short of accuracy.

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(a) Feature of the first group
(b) Feature of the second group when
(c) Feature of the rest seven groups when
(d) Feature of u3 and u7
Fig. 2. Features of all groups when
When =0.8, those users fall into five groups: (u1u2
u4u5u6u8u9u11u12u13u14u5u16), (u3u7),
(u10), (u17), (u18). This time, not only the users (u3, u7) that
mentioned in previous paragraph are included in one group,
but also the other users are clustered accurately. This is the
best clustering effect in this experiment. Figure 3 shows the
features of these five groups.
This paper analyzes the clustering result of =0.8. On the
basis of the features and combines with investigation of user,
the users can be divided into five groups, which are ordinary
working user, business user, night working user, sit up habit
user, overnight habit user. Fig. 3(a) shows the feature of
ordinary working user group. This group contains 13 users,
whose peak period of water consumption is morning and
evening. Users in this group are ordinary working staff. Some
users are multi-generation family, thus, there is little water
consumption in the daytime. Fig. 2(d) shows the feature of
business user group which contains 2 users. The water
consumption peak period is 11:00-14:00 and 14:00-17:00, and
water consumption is seldom in the evening. Users in this
group are enterprises but located in the residential apartment,
consequently, the peak period is in the daytime.
Fig. 3(b) shows the feature of night working user group.
The peak period is23:00-2:00, and little consumption in 20:00-
23:00 and 5:00-8:00. Users in this group are night time job
staff which is different from the ordinary job, thus, the peak
period of water consumption is later in the midnight. Fig. 3(c)
shows the feature of sit up habit user group. The peak period is
8:00-11:00, 17:00-20:00 and 23:00-2:00, which is familiar to
the first group. But the largest water consumption period is
midnight, because the user has habit of sit up. Thus, the
feature is a bit different from the ordinary one. Fig. 3(d) shows
the feature of overnight habit user group. The peak period of
water consumption is midnight and wee hours. The users
living habit is quite different from the others. There is seldom
water consumption in the daytime because the user works in
midnight and has rest in daytime. Compare with the other cut
value, the clustering effect is comprehensive and accurate
when =0.8 and it is the best effect in this experiment.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes a fuzzy clustering method to analyze
residential water consumption patterns based on smart meters
in daily time scale. This method uses cut value matrix to
divide 18 users into different family structures, job types and
life habits and achieves very good results. This paper lays a
foundation for the research of water consumption analysis and
forecasting model. In the next step, data mining of residential
water consumption data could be conducted on the different
time scales of year, month, day and hour, and on the different
spatial scales of city, district and residential area. We could
analyze the water consumption patterns in different spatial-
temporal scales and simulate the water consumption volume,
in order to support decision-making to the management of
residential area, as well as to the planning and supplying of
urban residential water.
=0.9
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(a) Feature of the first group when
(b) Feature of the third group when
(c) Feature of the fourth group
(d) Feature of the fifth group
Fig. 3. Features of all groups when
Acknowledgment
The research is supported by Guangzhou Science and
Technology Program (201510010122) and Guangdong
Science and Technology Program (2014B010112008) of
China.
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