Ventilation

10 Duct Design

Vladimr Zmrhal (room no. 814)

Dpt. Of
http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~zmrhavla/index.htm Environmental
Engineering
1

Laminar and turbulent flows

Reynolds number

wd
Re =


laminar flow Re 2300

transitional flow 2300 < Re < 10000

fully turbulent flow Re > 10 000

air kinematic viscosity [m2/s] = 14,5.10-6 [m2/s]

1
Laminar and turbulent flows
Flow characteristics
1/ n
w y
= 1
w max r

V = w sS
1 n exponent f(Re)
ws =
r 2 S
wdS
1/ n ws
1 y = 0,817
w s = 2 w max 1 2 ydy w max
r S r

Pressure losses
Bernoulli equation (energy)

p1 + h1 g + w 12 = p2 + h2 g + w 22 + pz 1,2
2 2
Pressures in the duct

w2
pc = p + pd = p +
2

pz 1,2 = p1 + w 12 p2 + w 22 = pc 1 pc 2
2 2

2
Pressure losses

friction

local pressure losses

l w2 w2
pz 1,2 = + = R .l + Z

d
2 
 2 
pt pm

2
l w
pz 1,2 = + = kV 2
d 2

Friction losses
Laminar flow
64
=
Re
Turbulent flow

1 /d 2,51
= 2log + Colebrook (1939)
3,71 Re /d relative roughness

0,0812
= Smolik (1959) for = 0,15
Re 0,125 d 0,11

3
Friction losses
Turbulent flow

0,3164
= 4
for smooth pipes and duct (plastic)
Re 5000 < Re 80 000

Friction losses
Roghness height of the conduit wall surfaces

Material (mm)
Galvanized steel 0,15
Concrete duct smooth surface 0,5
Concrete duct rough surface 1,0 3,0
Smooth brass, copper 0,015
Hose pipe 0,6 - 3
Plastic pipe 0,007

4
Friction losses
Hydraulic diameter

4A 4ab 2ab
dh = = =
O 2(a + b) a + b

Rectangular ducts

= Cd

b
C = 1,1 0,1
a

Moody diagram

10

5
Local pressure losses
Local pressure losses are caused by the fluid flow through the duct
fittings:

which change the direction of the flow (elbows, bands, etc.)

affect the flow in the straight duct with constant cross-section
(valves, stopcocks, filters etc.).

w2
pm = pd =
2

local loss coefficient (experiments - see Idelchik 1986)

Borda loss prediction

11

Local pressure losses

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

12

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Local pressure losses

0,08
a
= 1,11
b

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

13

Duct design
Methods

velocity method

equal-friction method

static regain method

14

7
 Velocity method
Duct design procedure:
1) Find the main line
Rule no. 1: the main line is the maximum pressure loss line
(longest line, most segment line (?))

2) Air flow rate V (m3/h) in duct sections is known

3) Selection of the air velocity in the duct w

Rule no. 2: Air velocity increase towards the fan

15

Velocity method

Air velocity w (m/s)

Main section Side section
Ventilation and low-pressure air-
recomend. max. recomend. max.
conditioning
- residential buildings 3,5 - 5 6 3 5
- public buildings 57 8 3 4,5 6,5
- industry 6-9 11 4-5 9
High-pressure air-conditioning 8 - 12 15 - 20 8 - 10 18

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8
Velocity method
4) duct area A (m2) diameter d or a x b

4V
d=
w

nominal diameter dN or aN x bN

Rule no. 3: Duct sizes: 80, 100, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 315,
355, 400, 450, 500, 560, 630, 710, 800, 900, 1000, 1120, 1250,
1400, 1600, 1800, 2000

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Velocity method
5) dN real velocity wreal
4V
w real =
d N2
6) calculation of dynamic pressure pd
7) Reynolds number friction coefficient
8) local loss coefficients
9) pressure loss of the duct section pz,i

l w 2
pz ,i = i + i
d s ,i 2

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9
Velocity method
Rule no. 4: Balancing

pz ,F + pz ,E = pz ,G + pz ,I

10) total pressure loss is the sum of the duct sections pressure
losses

pext = pz ,i

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Velocity method

pz = pz ,A + pz ,B + pz ,D + pz ,G + pz ,I

Vc = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5
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 Example

Example 1: Dimension the air duct system. Use the velocity method.
air velocity w = 6 - 10 m/s, V1 = 9 000 m3/s
air density = 1,2 kg/m3,
kinematic viscosity = 14,5.10-6 m2/s. V2 = 1 440 m3/s
V3 = 2 160 m3/s

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Example

Line l V V wcalc Dcalc DN wreal pd Re l R.l Z pel pz

- m m3/h m3/s m/s mm mm m/s Pa - - Pa - Pa Pa Pa

0,41 19
0,96 0
0,46 0
2,04 0
TOTAL XX

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11
Equal-Friction Method
Duct design procedure:
1) selection of pressure loss per unit length R = 0,8 4 Pa/m
1 w2
R =
d 2
2) local pressure losses friction in straight duct with equivalent
length
le w 2 w2
= le = d
d 2 2
3) duct section pressure loss

pz = R ( l + l e )

23

Equal-Friction Method
Friction chart
Choice:
R = 1 Pa/m
Air flow rate:
1 000 m3/h
diameter D:
280 mm
Velocity :
w = 4,5 m/s

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12
 25

Static Regain Method

for uniform air supply

constant static pressure before the
branch
Principles

cross section reduction after
branches to change the dynamic
pressure

decreasing of dynamic pressure
balances the pressure losses in the
duct section
pz 32 = pd 3 pd 2

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13
Static Regain Method
Assumptions:

V = const.

b = const.

i = n, n - 1, . 1

calculation of dimension a

i 1 i 1
ai 1 = ai 1 + l i 1
d i 1 i

27

Static Regain Method

Deduction:

pz 21 = pd 2 pd 1

l1 w12 w 22 w12 V1 V
= kde w1 = , w2 = 2
d1 2 2 2 a1b a2 b

l1 V12 V22 V12

=
d1 a12b 2 a22b 2 a12b 2

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14
 Static Regain Method


l V2 V2 V2
1 12 = 22 12 V1 = V , V2 = 2V
d1 a1 a2 a1

l i 1 ( i 1) ( i 1)
2 2
l1 12 V 2 12 V 2 22 V 2 i2
+ 2 = 2 + 2 = 2
d1 a12 a1 a2 d i 1 ai21 ai 1 ai

l i 1
ai2 1 + i 1 ( i 1) = ai21i 2 a i 1 = ai 1 + i 1 l i 1
2

d i 1 d i 1 i

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Duct systems
Shapes

rectangular

round

flexible duct
Materials

steel galvanized

aluminium

plastic PVC

textile

ALP

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Duct systems
Duct leakage rate

V = m p 0,67Sv

where Sv duct surface [m2]

Class Charakteristics of the leakage path

m [m3/s per m2]
A 0,027 . 10-3
B 0,009 . 10-3
C 0,003 . 10-3
D 0,001 . 10-3
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Thermal insulation
Purpose

condensation risk

heat losses/gains

Thickness of TI

indoor 45 60 mm

outdoor 80 100 mm (with sheet covering)

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Thank you for your
attention

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