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HomeLogicalReasoningLogicalDeductionSection4

Exercise::LogicalDeductionSection4
LogicalDeductionIntroduction
LogicalDeductionImportantFormulas
LogicalDeductionSection1
LogicalDeductionSection2
LogicalDeductionSection3
LogicalDeductionSection4

DirectionstoSolve

Ineachofthefollowingquestions,threestatementsaregivenfollowedbyfourconclusionsnumberedI,II,III
andTV.Youhavetotakethegivenstatementstobetrueeveniftheyseemtobeatvariancewithcommonly
knownfactsandthendecidewhichofthegivenconclusionslogicallyfollowsfromthegivenstatements
disregardingcommonlyknownfacts.

1.Statements:Allbenchesaredesks.Somedesksareroads.Allroadsarepillars.

Conclusions:

1.Somepillarsarebenches.
2.Somepillarsaredesks.
3.Someroadsarebenches.
4.Nopillarisbench.

A.Nonefollows
B.OnlyeitherIorIV,andIIIfollow
C.OnlyeitherIorIVfollows
D.OnlyeitherIorIV,andIIfollow
E. Allfollow

Answer:OptionD

Explanation:

Allbenchesaredesks.Somedesksareroads.

Sincethemiddleterm'desks'isnotdistributedevenonceinthepremises,nodefiniteconclusionfollows.

Somedesksareroads.Allroadsarepillars.
 Sinceonepremiseisparticular,theconclusionmustbeparticularandshouldnotcontainthemiddleterm.So,
itfollowsthat'Somedesksarepillars'.IIistheconverseofthisconclusionandsoitholds.

Allbenchesaredesks.Somedesksarepillars.

Sincethemiddleterm'desks'isnotdistributedevenonceinthepremises,nodefiniteconclusionfollows.
However,IandIVinvolvetheextremetermsandformacomplementarypair.So,eitherIorIVfollows.

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2.Statements:Somedogsarerats.Allratsaretrees.Sometreesarenotdogs.

Conclusions:

1.Sometreesaredogs.
2.Alldogsaretrees.
3.Allratsaredogs.
4.Notreeisdog.

A.Nonefollows
B.OnlyIfollows
C.OnlyIandIIfollow
D.OnlyIIandIIIfollow
E. Allfollow

Answer:OptionB

Explanation:

Somedogsarerats.Allratsaretrees.

Sinceonepremiseisparticular,theconclusionmustbeparticularandshouldnotcontainthemiddleterm.So,
itfollowsthat'Somedogsaretrees'.Iistheconverseofthisconclusionandsoitholds.

Allratsaretrees.Sometreesarenotdogs.

Sincethemiddleterm'trees'isnotdistributedevenonceinthepremises,nodefiniteconclusionfollows.

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3.Statements:Somebricksaretrees.Alltreesarepens.Allpensareboats.

Conclusions:

1.Someboatsarebricks.
2.Somepensarebricks.
3.Sometreesarebricks.
4.Somebricksareboats.

A.OnlyIandIIfollow
B.OnlyIIIandIVfollow
C.Nonefollows
D.Allfollow
E. Noneofthese

Answer:OptionD

Explanation:

IIIistheconverseofthefirstpremiseandsoitholds.

Somebricksaretrees.Alltreesarepens.

Sinceonepremiseisparticular,theconclusionmustbeparticularandshouldnotcontainthemiddleterm.So,
itfollowsthat'Somebricksarepens'.IIistheconverseofthisconclusionandsoitholds.

Alltreesarepens.Allpensareboats.

Sinceboththepremisesareuniversalandaffirmative,theconclusionmustbeuniversalaffirmativeand
shouldnotcontainthemiddleterm.So,itfollowsthat'Alltreesareboats'.

Somebricksaretrees.Alltreesareboats.

Sinceonepremiseisparticular,theconclusionmustbeparticularandshouldnotcontainthemiddleterm.So,
itfollowsthat'Somebricksareboats'.Thus,IVfollows.Iistheconverseofthisconclusionandsoitalso
holds.

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4.Statements:Allcupsareglasses.Someglassesarebowls.Nobowlisaplate.

Conclusions:

1.Nocupisaplate.
2.Noglassisaplate.
3.Someplatesarebowls.
4.Somecupsarenotglasses.

A.Nonefollows
B.OnlyeitherIorIIIfollows
C.OnlyIIandIIIfollow
D.OnlyIIIandIVfollow
E. Noneofthese

Answer:OptionA

Explanation:

Allcupsareglasses.Someglassesarebowls.

Sincethemiddleterm'glasses'isnotdistributedevenonceinthepremises,nodefiniteconclusionfollows.

Someglassesarebowls.Nobowlisaplate.

Sinceonepremiseisparticularandtheothernegative,theconclusionmustbeparticularnegativeandshould
notcontainthemiddleterm.So,itfollowsthat'Someglassesarenotplates'.

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5.Statements:Sometrainsareroads.Noroadisjungle.Allflowersarejungles.

Conclusions:

1.Sometrainsareflowers.
2.Sometrainsarejungles.
3.Someflowersaretrains.
4.Noroadisflower.

A.Nonefollows
B.OnlyIIfollows
C.OnlyIIIfollows
D.OnlyIVfollows
E. Allfollow

Answer:OptionD

Explanation:

Sometrainsareroads.Noroadisjungle.

Sinceonepremiseisparticularandtheothernegative,theconclusionmustbeparticularnegativeandshould
notcontainthemiddleterm.So,itfollowsthat'Sometrainsarenotjungles'.

Noroadisjungle.Allflowersarejungles.

Sinceboththepremisesareuniversalandonepremiseisnegative,theconclusionmustbeuniversalnegative
andshouldnotcontainthemiddleterm.So,itfollowsthat'Noflowerisroad'.IVistheconverseofthis
conclusionandsoitholds.

Sometrainsareroads,Noflowerisroad.

Asdiscussedabove,itfollowsthat'Sometrainsarenotflowers'.

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