Assignment .

01

Subject: Heat transfer & heat transfer devices

Submitted to : Mam Amina

Submitted by : Afzaal Fiaz

Roll no. : 14-MCE-24

INSTITUTE : NFC-IEFR-FSD
 Heat transfer
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the
generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between
physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such
as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and
transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer
of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat
transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often
occur simultaneously in the same system.

Modes of heat transfer:

Heat is a form of energy which transfers between bodies which are kept
under thermal interactions. When a temperature difference occurs
between two bodies or a body with its surroundings, heat transfer occurs.
Heat transfer occurs in three modes. Three modes of heat transfer are
described below.
1. Conduction
2. Convection and
3. Radiation

Conduction:
In Conduction, heat transfer takes place due to a temperature difference in
a body or between bodies in thermal contact, without mixing of mass. The
rate of heat transfer through conduction is governed by the Fouriers
law of heat conduction.
Q = -kA(dT/dx)
Where, Q is the heat flow rate by conduction
K is the thermal conductivity of body material
A is the cross-sectional area normal to direction of heat flow and
dT/dx is the temperature gradient of the section.

Convection:
In convection, heat is transferred to a moving fluid at the surface over
which it flows by combined molecular diffusion and bulk flow. Convection
involves conduction and fluid flow. The rate of convective heat transfer is
governed by the Newtons law of cooling.
Q = hA(Ts-T)
Where Ts is the surface temperature
T is the outside temperature
h is the coefficient of convection.

Radiation:
In radiation, heat is transferred in the form of radiant energy or wave
motion from one body to another body. No medium for radiation to occur.
The rate of heat radiation that can be emitted by a surface at a
thermodynamic temperature is based on Stefan-Boltzmann law.
Q = .T4
Where T is the absolute temperature of surface
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
 Heat Exchangers: Introduction and Classification
Heat exchanger is a process equipment designed for the effective transfer
of heat energy between two fluids. For the heat transfer to occur two
fluids must be at different temperatures and they must come thermal
contact. Heat exchange involve convection in each fluid and conduction
through the separating wall. Heat can flow only from hotter to cooler
fluids, as per the second law of thermodynamics.

Heat exchangers classifications

Heat exchangers can be classified into four types, according to

1. Nature of heat exchange process:

Direct contact heat exchanger: this is done by complete
physical mixing of heat and mass transfer. Examples are water
cooling towers and jet condensers in steam power plants.
Regenerator: here hot and cold fluids flows alternately when
hot fluid passes, the heat is transferred to the solid matrix and
then stopped the flow of hot fluid, next cold fluid is passed on
the matrix which takes heat from solid matrix. Examples are
Open hearth and blast furnaces.
 Recuperator: the cold fluid flows simultaneously on either side
of a separating wall. Examples are super heaters, condensers,
economizers and air pre-heaters in steam power plants,
automobile radiators.

2. Relative direction of motion of fluids:

According to flow of fluids, the heat exchangers are classified into three
categories:

2.1 Parallel flow heat exchangers:

In parallel flow heat exchangers, both the tube side fluid and the shell side
fluid flow in same direction. In this case, the two fluids enter the heat
exchanger from the same end with a large temperature difference.

2.2 Counter flow heat exchangers:

In counter flow heat exchangers, the two fluids flow in opposite directions.
Each of the fluids enter the heat exchanger from opposite ends. Because
the cooler fluid exists the counter flow heat exchanger at the end where
the hot fluid enters the heat exchanger, the cooler fluid will approach the
inlet temperature of the hot fluid.

2.3 Cross flow heat exchangers:

In cross flow heat exchangers, one fluid flows through tubes and second
fluid passes around the tubes perpendicularly.

3. Mechanical design of heat exchanger surface:

1. Concentric tubes
2. Shell and tube
3. Multiple shell and tube passes

4. Physical state of heat exchanging:

1. Condenser
2. Evaporator