EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

THE PRESIDENT

QUALIFICATIONS
1. Natural-born citizen
2. Registered voter
3. Able to read and write
4. AT LEAST 40 years of age on the day of the election; and
5. Resident of the PH for AT LEAST 10 years immediately preceding such election.

Election
1. Regular Election 2nd Monday of May
2. National Board of Canvassers (Pres and VP) Congress
a. Returns shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the Senate President
b. Joint Public Session not later than 30 days after election date; returns to be opened in
the presence of the Senate and HOR joint session.

The SC, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns and
qualifications of the Pres or VP, and may promulgate its rules for the person.

No person who has succeeded as President and has served for more than 4 years shall be qualified for
election to the same office for any length of time

PRESIDENTIAL PRIVILEGES
1. Official residence
2. Salary
3. Presidential immunity
- The privilege may be invoked only by the President
- Cannot be invoked by a non-sitting president
- Immunity co-extensive with tenure and covers only official duties
4. Presidential Privilege
- The power of the government (President and high-level executive branch officers) to withhold
information from the public, the courts, and Congress.

PROHIBITED ACTS
- Prohibitions apply to (1) President, (2) Vice-President, (3) members of the Cabinet + deputies
& assistants.

1. Shall not receive any other emoluments from the government or any other source. [For President
and Vice-President]
2. Unless otherwise provided in the constitution, shall not hold any other office or employment.
a. The prohibition does not include posts occupied by executive officials without additional
compensation in an ex-officio capacity, as provided by law or as required by the primary
functions of the said officials office.
b. The ex-officio position being actually (i.e. merely additional duty) and in legal
contemplation part of the principal office, it follows that the official concerned has no
right to receive additional compensation for his services in said position.
3. Shall not directly or indirectly:
a. practice any other profession;
b. participate in any business; or

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 c. be financially interested in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege
granted by the government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.
4. Strictly avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office
5. May NOT appoint:
a. Spouse
b. Relatives by consanguinity within the 4th civil degree
- As members of Con Comms, or Ombudsman, or Sec / USec, or chairmen or heads of bureaus
or offices, GOCCs.

VIII, Sec. 13 IX-B, Sec. 7

GR: The President, Vice-President, the Members of
the Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall:
(DURING HIS TENURE)
- Not hold any other office or employment
during their tenure.
- Not directly or indirectly, practice any other
profession, participate in any business, or be
financially interested in any contract with, or
in any franchise, or special privilege granted
by the Government or any subdivision,
agency, or instrumentality thereof, including
GOCCs.
- Strictly avoid conflict of interest in the
conduct of their office.
No elective official shall be eligible for appointment
or designation in any capacity to any public office or
position during his tenure.
Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary
functions of his position, no appointive official shall
hold any other office or employment in the
Government or any subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof, including Government-
owned or controlled corporations or their
subsidiaries.

EXC: Unless otherwise provided in this Constitution

DURING HIS TENURE, the spouse and relatives by

consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree
of the President shall NOT be appointed as:
- Members of the Constitutional
Commissions, or
- the Office of the Ombudsman, or
- as Secretaries,
- Undersecretaries,
- chairmen or
- heads of bureaus or offices
including GOCCs and their subsidiaries.

Exceptions to the Rule Prohibiting Executive Officials from Holding Additional Positions

President 1. The President can assume any or all Cabinet posts - because the departments are
mere extensions of his personality (Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency)
2. The President can assume ex officio positions
(ex. President is the Chairman of NEDA)
Vice-Pres 1. Can be appointed as member of the cabinet
2. Can act as president when one has not yet been chosen or qualified
Cabinet 1. In an ex officio capacity and without additional compensation
(ex. Sec of Justice as ex officio member of the JBC)
2. Such is necessitated by the primary functions of his position (ex. Sec of Trade &
Industry as Chairman of NDC; Sec of Agr Reform as Chairman of Landbank); and
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 3. Such is allowed by law

LIST OF PRESIDENTIAL POWERS

1. Executive Power
- Power to enforce and administer laws
2. Power of Appointment
- Legislative can create office BUT only executive can fill it
- Congress cannot circumvent this by setting very narrow qualifications, such that only one
person is qualified to hold office.
3. Power of Control
a. Nullify, modify judgments of subordinates
b. Undo or redo actions of subordinates; and
c. Lay down rules for the performance of subordinates duties
4. Power of Supervision
- Oversight function See to it that rules, which they did not make, are followed
5. Commander-In-Chief Powers
a. Call Out Power armed forced to suppress violence
b. Suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus Only
i. In times of rebellion or invasion; AND
ii. When public safety requires.
c. Martial Law
6. Power over Legislation
a. Veto Power
b. Power to Declare Emergency Declare only; exercise of emergency power is vested in
Congress, but may be delegated by it to the President
c. Integrative Power Powers shared with legislative (e.g. appointments requiring
confirmation, rule making)
7. Diplomatic Powers
a. Power to Enter into Treaties
8. Residual Power
- To protect the general welfare of people; founded on duty of President as steward of the
people; includes powers unrelated to execution of any provision of law
9. Other Powers
a. Power to Pardon Reprieve, commute, pardon, remit fines and forfeitures after final
judgment
b. Power to Grant Amnesty With concurrence of majority of all members of Congress
c. Borrowing Power Contract or guarantee foreign loans with concurrence of Monetary
Board
d. Budgetary Power Submit to congress budget of bills and expenditures
e. Informing Power Address Congress during opening of session, or at any other time

ELEMENTS OF A VALID APPOINTMENT

1. Authority to appoint (and evidence of the exercise of the authority);
2. Transmittal of the appointment paper and evidence of the transmittal;
3. Vacant position at the time of appointment; and
4. Receipt of the appointment paper and acceptance of the appointment by the appointee who
possesses all the qualifications and none of the disqualifications.

All these elements should always apply, regardless of when the appointment is made, whether outside, just
before, or during the appointment ban.

CLASSIFICATION OF POWER OF APPOINTMENT

1. * Heads of the Executive Department
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 Ambassadors
Other public ministers and consuls
Officers of the Armed Forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain
Other officers whose appointments are vested in him
2. All other officers of the government whose appointments are not otherwise provided by law
3. Those whom the President may be authorized by law to appoint
4. Officers lower in rank whose appointments Congress may by law vest in the president alone

* Only the first group of appointees need the confirmation of the Commission on Appointments.

APPOINTMENTS NEEDING CA CONFIRMATION

1. Heads of the Executive Departments
2. Ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls
3. Officers of the AFP colonel or naval captain
4. Other officers whose appointments are vested in him by the Constitution
a. Chairman and Commissioners of the Con Comms
b. Regular members of the JBC
c. Sectoral Congressional reps

WHEN CA CONFIRMATION NOT REQUIRED

1. When the President appoints other government officers whose appointments are not otherwise
provided for by law;
2. Those officers whom he may be authorized by law to appoint (e.g. Chairman and Members of the
Commission on Human Rights);
3. When Congress creates inferior offices but omits to provide for appointment thereto, or provides in
an unconstitutional manner for such appointments
4. Appointment of the Vice-President as member of the Cabinet
5. Appointments upon recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council see below
6. Appointments solely by the President

APPOINTMENT SOLELY BY PRESIDENT

1. Those vested by the Constitution on the President alone (e.g. appointment of Vice-President to the
Cabinet)
2. Those whose appointments are not otherwise provided by law.
3. Those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint.
4. Those other officers lower in rank, whose appointment is vested by law in the President

APPOINTMENT BY RECOMMENDATION BY JBC

Do NOT require confirmation by the CA
1. Members of the Supreme Court
a. For the SC: WITHIN 90 DAYS from when the vacancy occurs
b. For lower courts: WITHIN 80 DAYS from submission of the list by the JBC
2. Ombudsman and his 5 deputies (for Luzon, Visayas, Midanao, and general and military)

All vacancies shall be filled within 3 MONTHS after they occur.

2 KINDS OF APPOINTMENT

REGULAR AD INTERIM
Definition and Appointments made while Congress is in Appointments made during the recess of
Constitutional session the Congress, whether voluntary or
Basis compulsory
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 Nature of the Permanent Permanent
appointment
Steps in the 1. President nominates 1. President nominates
Appointment 2. CA confirms 2. Commission is issued
Process 3. Commission is issued 3. Appointee accepts, qualifies for
4. Appointee accepts, qualifies for office office (takes the oath), and assumes
(takes the oath), and assumes his his duties
duties. 4. CA confirms
When the Upon confirmation by the CA Immediately after appointment, subject
appointee may to:
take oath and (a) Disapproval by CA; or
assume office (b) By bypass by the CA.

ACTING / TEMPORARY APPOINTMENT TEMPORARY DESIGNATION

Can be withdrawn or revoked at the pleasure of the
appointing power.
The appointee does not enjoy security of tenure.
Limitation: President constitutionally prohibited from
making such appointments to the Con Comms
The President may designate an officer already in the
govt service or any other competent person to
perform the functions of any office in the executive
branch, appointment to which is vest in him by law
when:
1. The officer regularly appointed to the office
is unable to perform his duties (illness,
absence, or any other cause);
2. There exists a vacancy.

In no case shall a temporary designation exceed 1

year.

AD INTERIM (Recess) TEMPORARY APPOINTMENT

Effective upon acceptance Effective upon acceptance
Extended only when Congress is in recess May be extended even if Congress is in session
Submitted to the CA for confirmation Not submitted to the CA for confirmation
Permanent appointments Way of temporary filling up vacancies

LIMITATIONS ON APPOINTING OF PRESIDENT

1. Art. VII, Sec 13 (2) The spouse and relatives by consanguinity or affinity within the 4th civil degree
of the President shall not, during his tenure, be appointed as:
a. Members of the Con Comms;
b. Member of the Office of Ombudsman;
c. Secretaries;
d. Undersecretaries;
e. Chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including GOCC and their subsidiaries.
2. Recess (Ad Interim) appointments

MIDNIGHT APPOINTMENTS BAN

GR: 2 months immediately before the next presidential elections (2 nd Monday of March), and up to the end of
his term (June 30), a President shall not make appointments.
EXC: Temporary appointments to executive positions, when continued vacancies will:
a. Prejudice public service; or
b. Endanger public safety

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 - Limited to Executive Department: The prohibition against midnight appointment applies only to
positions in the executive department.
- Limited to Caretaker Capacity: While "midnight appointments" (i.e. made by outgoing President near
the end of his term) are not illegal, they should be made in the capacity of a "caretaker" [a new
president being elected], doubly careful and prudent in making the selection, so as not to defeat the
policies of the incoming administration.
- Appointing Power of the Acting President
1. Appointments extended by an Acting President shall remain effective unless revoked by the
elected President WITHIN 90 DAYS from his assumption or re-assumption of office.
2. Midnight appointments ban applies to the acting president

MILITARY POWERS

Commander-in-chief Powers
1. He may call out such AF to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion;
2. He may suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus; or
3. He may proclaim martial law over the entire Philippines or any part thereof.

VII, Sec. 18 VI, Sec. 23 (2)

The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of all
armed forces of the Philippines and whenever it
becomes necessary, he may call out such armed
forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence,
invasion or rebellion.
In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public
safety requires it, he may, for a period not exceeding
sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof
under martial law.
Within forty-eight hours from the proclamation of
martial law or the suspension of the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus, the President shall submit a
report in person or in writing to the Congress.
(1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both
Houses in joint session assembled, voting
separately, shall have the sole power to declare the
existence of a state of war.
(2) In times of war or other national emergency, the
Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a
limited period and subject to such restrictions as it
may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and
proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless
sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress,
such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment
thereof.

The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a

majority of all its Members in regular or special
session, may revoke such proclamation or
suspension, which revocation shall not be set aside
by the President.

Upon the initiative of the President, the Congress

may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation
or suspension for a period to be determined by the
Congress, if the invasion or rebellion shall persist
and public safety requires it. x x x

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS + PRIVILEGE OF WRIT

Writ of habeas corpus

An order from the court commanding a detaining officer to inform the court:
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 1. If he has the person in custody; and
2. His basis in detaining that person.

Privilege of the writ

That portion of the writ requiring the detaining officer to show cause why he should not be tested.

REQUISITES FOR SUSPENSION OF THE PRIVILEGE OF THE WRIT

1. There must be actual invasion or rebellion; or
2. The public safety requires the suspension.

Duration of the suspension of the writ and of ML: Not to exceed 60 days, unless extended by Congress.

Role of Congress Role of SC

1. Congress may revoke the proclamation of 1. The SC may review, in an appropriate
martial law or suspension of the privilege of the proceeding filed by any citizen, the sufficiency of
WHC before the lapse of 60 DAYS from the date the factual basis of:
of suspension or proclamation a. The proclamation of martial law or the
2. Upon such proclamation or suspension, suspension of the privilege of the writ; or
Congress shall convene at once. If it is not in b. The extension thereof. (It must promulgate
session, it shall convene in accordance with its its decision thereon within 30 days from its
rules without need of a call WITHIN 24 HOURS filing.)
following the proclamation or suspension. 2. The jurisdiction of the SC may be invoked in a
3. WITHIN 48 HOURS from the proclamation or the proper case.
suspension, the President shall submit a report, 3. Petition for habeas corpus
in person or in writing, to the Congress (meeting 4. Limit on Calling Out Power
in joint session of the action he has taken).
4. The Congress shall then VOTE JOINTLY, by a
MAJORITY of its members. It has 2 options:
a. To revoke such proclamation or
suspension. (When so revoked, the
President cannot set aside or veto the
revocation as he normally would do in the
case of bills.)
b. To extend beyond the 60-day period of its
validity.

Congress can only so extend the proclamation or

suspension upon the initiative of the President.

The period need not be 60 days; it could be more, as

Congress would determine, based on the persistence
of the emergency.

Note: If Congress fails to act before the measure

expires, it can no longer extend it until the President
again re-declares the measure.

If Congress extends the measure, but before the

period of extension lapses the requirements for the
proclamation or sus-pension no longer exist,
Congress can lift the extension, since the power to
confer implies the power to take back.

4 WAYS FOR PROCLAMATION / SUSPENSION TO BE LIFTED

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 1. Lifting by the President himself;
2. Revocation by Congress;
3. Nullification by the SC;
4. By operation of law, after 60 days

FORMS OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCIES

1. Reprieves
- A temporary relief from or postponement of execution of criminal penalty or sentence or a stay
of execution

2. Commutations
- Reduction of sentence; remission of a part of the punishment
3. Amnesty
- Requires concurrence of majority of ALL members of Congress
4. Remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by FJ
5. Pardons
- Permanent cancellation of sentence

Cf. Probation, Parole

LIMITATIONS ON PARDON
1. Cannot be granted for impeachment
2. Cannot be granted in cases of violation of election laws without the favorable recommendation of
the COMELEC
3. Can be granted only after conviction by final judgment
4. Cannot absolve the convict of civil liability
5. Cannot be granted to cases of legislative contempt or civil contempt
6. Cannot restore public offices forfeited, even if pardon restores the eligibility of said offices.

PARDON
Infractions of peace of the state
Granted to individuals
Exercised solely by the executive
Private act which must be pleaded and proved
Looks forward and relieves the pardonee of the
consequences of the offense
Extended after final judgment
AMNESTY
Addressed the political offenses
To classes of persons
Requires concurrence of Congress
Public act which the courts could take judicial notice
Looks backward and puts into oblivion the offense
itself
May be extended at any stage

PROBATION
Disposition where a defendant after conviction and
sentence is released subject to (1) conditions
imposed by the court and (2) supervision of a
probation officer.
PAROLE
Suspension of the sentence of a convict granted by a
Parole Board after serving the minimum term of the
inde-terminate sentence penalty, without granting a
pardon, prescribing the terms upon which the
sentence shall be suspended.

TREATY-MAKING POWER
No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of
all the members of the Senate.

Military Bases Treaty

The President, however, may enter into an executive agreement on foreign military bases, troops, or facilities,
if:
a) it is not the instrument that allows the presence of foreign military bases, troops, or facilities; or
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 b) it merely aims to implement an existing law or treaty.

EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
1. entered into by the President
2. May be entered into without the concurrence of the Senate

EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS TREATIES

Does not require concurrence of the Senate for its Requires concurrence of Senate (2/3)
ratification
International agreements involving ADJUSMENTS IN International agreements involving political issues or
DETAIL carrying out well-established national changes in national policy and those involving
policies and traditions, and those involving more or international agreements of a PERMANENT
less TEMPORARY character. CHARACTER.
2 Classes of Executive Agreements:
1. Agreements made purely as executive acts
affecting external relations and
independent of or without legislative
authorization, which may be termed as
presidential agreements; and
2. Agreements entered into in pursuance of
acts of Congress, or Congressional-
Executive Agreements.

EMERGENCY POWERS
1. In times of war or other national emergency, Congress may by law authorize the President, for a
limited period, and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary
and proper to carry out a declared national policy.
2. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next
adjournment thereof.

cf. COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF CLAUSE

1. When the President acts under the Commander-in-Chief clause, he acts under a constitutional
grant of military power, which may include the law-making power.
2. When the President acts under the emergency power, he acts under a Congressional delegation of
law-making power.

When Emergency Powers Cease

1. Upon being withdrawn by resolution of Congress; or
2. If Congress fails to adopt such resolution, upon the next (voluntary) adjournment of Congress.

VETO POWER
GR: All bills must be approved by the President before they become law.
EXC:
1. The veto of the President is overridden by 2/3 vote of ALL MEMBERS of the House where it
originated;
2. The bill lapsed into law because of the Presidents failure to act on the bill within 30 DAYS; and
3. The bill passed is the special law to elect the Pres and VP.

RULES ON SUCCESSION

Death or permanent disability of Vice-President-elect

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 Vacancy at the the President-elect
BEGINNING of
the term
President-elect fails to qualify
President shall not have been
chosen
No President and Vice-President
chosen nor shall have qualified,
or both shall have died or
become permanently disabled
Death
Vacancy DURING Permanent disability
the term Removal from office; or
Resignation of the President
Death
Permanent disability
Removal from office; or
Resignation of
President AND Vice-Pres
When President transmits to the
Temporary Senate President and the
Disability Speaker of the House his written
declaration that he is unable to
discharge the powers and duties
of his office
When a Majority of all the
members of the Cabinet
transmit to the Senate President
and the Speaker their written
declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers
and duties of his office
shall become President
Vice-President-elect
shall act as President
until the President-elect
shall have qualified
Vice-President-elect
shall act as President
until a President shall
have been chosen and
qualified.
Senate President or, in In the event of inability
case of his inability, of the SP and Speaker,
Speaker of the House of Congress shall, by law,
Representatives, shall provide for the manner
act as President until a in which one who is to
President or a Vice- act as President shall be
President shall have selected until a
been chosen and President or Vice-
qualified. President shall have
qualified.
VP shall become
President
Senate President, or, in Congress shall, by law,
case of his inability, the provide who shall serve
Speaker of the House of as President in case of
Representatives, shall death, permanent
act as President until a disability, or resignation
President or Vice- of the Acting President.
President shall be He shall serve until the
elected and qualified. President or the Vice-
President shall have
been elected and
qualified.
Such powers and duties
shall be discharged by
the Vice-President as
Acting President, until
the President transmits
to them a written
declaration to the
contrary
The Vice-President shall
immediately assume the
powers and duties of the
office as Acting
President until the
President transmits to
the Senate President
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If after the President transmits
his declaration of his ability to
discharge his office, and a
majority of members of the
Cabinet transmit within 5 days
to the Senate President and
Speaker their written declaration
that the President is unable to
discharge the powers and duties
of his office, Congress shall
decide the issue.
and Speaker his written
declaration that no
inability exists.
Congress determines by Congress shall convene,
a 2/3 vote of both if not in session, within
houses, voting 48 hours. And if within
separately, that the 10 days from receipt of
President is unable to the last written
discharge the powers declaration or, if not in
and duties of his office, session, within 12 days
the Vice-President shall after it is required to
act as President; assemble.
otherwise, the President
shall continue exercising
the powers and duties of
his office

CONSTITUTIONAL DUTY OF CONGRESS IN CASE OF VACANCY IN THE OFFICES OF THE PRES AND VICE-PRES
1. At 10 am of the 3rd day after the vacancy in the office of Pres and VP;
2. Convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call; AND
3. Within 7 DAYS, enact a law calling for a special election to elect a President and a Vice-President to
be held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the time of such call.

No special election shall be called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before the date of the next
presidential election.

VACANCY IN THE OFFICE OF THE VP

The President shall nominate a Vice-President from among the members of the Senate and the House of
Representatives who shall assume office upon confirmation by a majority vote of ALL the members of both
houses of Congress voting separately.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

JUDICIAL POWER JUDICIAL REVIEW

Where Vested Supreme Court
Lower courts
Definition Duty to settle actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable,
and to determine WON there has been a
GAD amounting to LEJ on the part of any
branch or instrumentality of the Government
Requisites for Jurisdiction Power to decide and hear a
Exercise case and execute a decision thereof
Supreme Court
Lower courts
Power of the courts to test the validity of
executive and legislative acts in light of
their conformity with the Constitution.
1. Actual case of controversy
2. Locus standi
3. Question raised at the earliest
opportunity
4. List mota of the case

SPECIAL RULES ON STANDING (REQUISITES)

Taxpayer 1. Appropriation
2. Disbursement
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 Citizen 1. Direct injury
2. Public right; OR
3. Art VII, Sec 18 (on the sufficiency of the factual basis for ML or suspension of
the PWHC)
Voter 1. Right of suffrage is involved
Legislator 1. Authorized
2. Affects legislative prerogatives. (i.e. a derivative suit)
Third-Party 1. Litigants must have injury-in fact;
Standing 2. Litigants must have close relation to the 3RD party.
3. There is an existing hindrance to the 3Ps ability to protect his own interest.
Enforcement of 1. Any Filipino citizen
Environmental 2. In representation of others, including minors or generations yet unborn.
Laws

SAFEGUARDS OF JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE

1. The SC is a constitutional body. It cannot be abolished nor may its membership or the manner of its
meetings be changed by mere legislation.
2. The members of the judiciary are not subject to confirmation by the CA.
3. The members of the SC may not be removed except by impeachment.
4. The SC may not be deprived of its minimum original and appellate jurisdiction as prescribed in Art.
X, Sec. 5 of the Constitution.
5. The appellate jurisdiction of the SC may not be increased by law without its advice and
concurrence.
6. The SC has administrative supervision over all lower courts and their personnel.
7. The SC has exclusive power to discipline judges of lower courts.
a. The Ombudsman is duty bound to refer to the SC all cases against judges and court
personnel, so SC can determine first whether an administrative aspect is involved.
b. The Ombudsman cannot bind the Court that a case before it does or does not have
administrative implications.
8. The members of the SC and all lower courts have security of tenure, w/c cannot be undermined by a
law reorganizing the judiciary.
9. They shall not be designated to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
a. Administrative functions are those that involve regulation of conduct of individuals or
promulgation of rules to carry out legislative policy. Judges should render assistance to a
provincial committee of justice (which is under DOJ supervision) only when it is
reasonably incidental to their duties.
10. The salaries of judges may not be reduced during their continuance in office.
11. The judiciary shall enjoy fiscal autonomy.
a. Fiscal autonomy means freedom from outside control.
i. As the Court explained in Bengzon v. Drilon: As envisioned in the Constitution,
the fiscal autonomy enjoyed by the Judiciary, the Civil Service Commission and
the Commission on Audit, the Commission on Elections, and the Office of the
Ombudsman contemplates a guarantee of full flexibility to allocate and utilize
their resources with the wisdom and dispatch that their needs require.
ii. It recognizes the power and authority to levy, assess and collect fees, fix rates
of compensation not exceeding the highest rates authorized by law for
compensation and pay plans of the government and allocate and disburse such
sums as may be provided by law or prescribed by them in the course of the
discharge of their functions. [In re: Clarifying and Strengthening the
Organizational Structure and Set-up of the Philippine Judicial Academy, A.M.
No. 01-1-04-SC]
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 12. The SC alone may initiate rules of court.
13. Only the SC may order the temporary detail of judges.
14. The SC can appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary.

JUDICIAL RESTRAINT
The judiciary will not interfere with its co-equal branches when:
1. There is no showing of GAD
2. The issue is a political question

GUIDELINES POLITICAL QUESTION

1. There is a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a political department;
2. Lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it;
3. The impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for non-judicial
discretion
4. Impossibility of a courts undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect
due coordinate branches of government
5. An unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made
6. Potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments of one
question

APPOINTMENTS TO THE JUDICIARY

JUSTICES OF SC AND RTC JUDGES MTC / MCTC JUDGES
COLLEGIATE COURTS
Citizenship Natural-born Filipino
Age AT LEAST 40 AT LEAST 35 AT LEAST 30
Experience 15 YEARS OR MORE as a judge 1. Has been engaged in the practice of law for AT
of a lower court OR has been LEAST 4 YEARS in the PH; OR
engaged in the practice of law 2. Has held public office in the PH requiring
in the PH for the same period admission to the practice of law as an
indispensable requisite.
Tenure Hold office during good behavior UNTIL THE AGE OF 70; or become INCAPACITATED to
discharge their duties
Character Person of proven competence, integrity, probity and independence

JBC COMPOSITION
Ex Officio Members
1. Chief Justice (as ex-officio chairman)
2. Secretary of Justice
3. One representative of Congress
Regular Members
4. Representative of the IBP
5. Professor of Law
6. Retired member of the SC
7. Representative of Private Sector

Secretary ex officio: Clark of Court of the SC

PROCEDURE OF APPOINTMENT
1. The JBC shall submit a list of 3 nominees for every vacancy to the President
2. Any vacancy in the SC: Shall be filled within 90 days from the occurrence thereof.
3. Any vacancy in the LC: President shall issue the appointment within 990 days from the submission
of the JBC of the list.

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The prohibition against midnight appointments does not apply to the judiciary.

INSTANCES WHEN THE SUPREME COURT SITS EN BANC

1. Those involving the Constitutionality, application, or operation of:
a. Treaty
b. Orders
c. International or executive agreement
d. Law
e. Presidential decrees
f. Instructions
g. Proclamations
h. Ordinances
i. Other regulations
2. Exercise of the power to discipline judges of lower courts, or order their dismissal
a. Dismissal
b. Disbarment
c. Suspension for more than 1 year, or
d. Fine of more than P10,000
3. Cases or matters heard by a Division where the required no. of votes is not met.
4. Modifying or reversing a doctrine or principle of law laid down by the court in a decision rendered
en banc or in division.
5. Actions instituted by citizen to test the validity of a proclamation of ML or suspension of PWHC.
6. When sitting as Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET)
7. All other cases which under the ROC are required to be heard by the SC en banc.

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
1. Cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls
2. Petition for certiorari
3. Petition for prohibition
4. Petition for mandamus
5. Petition for quo warranto
6. Petition for habeas corpus
7. Writ of amparo, habeas data, and kalikasan

APPELLATE JURISDICTION
On appeal or certiorari (as the ROC may provide), SC may review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm FJ and
orders of lower courts in:
1. Cases involving the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement,
law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation, except in
circumstances where the Court believes that resolving the issue of constitutionality of a law or
regulation at the first instance is of paramount importance and immediately affects the social,
economic and moral well being of the people.
2. Cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in
relation thereto
3. Cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue
4. Criminal cases where the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher
5. Cases where only a question of law is involved.

CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
1. They are constitutionally created, hence may not be abolished by statute.
2. Each commission is vested with powers and functions which cannot be reduced by statute.
3. Independent constitutional bodies.
4. The Chairmen and members cannot be removed except by impeachment.
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 5. Fixed term of office of 7 years.
6. The Chairmen and members may not be appointed in an acting capacity.
7. The salaries of the Chairmen and members may not be decreasedduring their tenure.
8. The Commissions enjoy fiscal autonomy.
9. Each Commission may promulgate its own procedural rules, provided they do not diminish,
increase or modify substantive rights [though subject to disapproval by the Supreme Court].
10. The Commission may appoint their own officials and employees

(A) CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPOSITION: 1 Chairman and 2 Commissioners

QUALIFICATIONS
1. Natural-born citizen
2. AT LEAST 35 years old, at the time of appointment
3. With proven capacity for public administration; and
4. Must not have been candidates for any elective position in the election immediately preceding their
appointment.

CLASSES OF SERVICE
1. Career Service
a. Open Career positions
b. Closed career positions e.g. scientific or highly technical
c. Career Executive Service
d. Career Officers
e. Positions in the AFP
f. Personnel of GOCCs with original charters
g. Permanent laborers (whether skilled, semi-skilled or unskilled)
2. Non-Career Service
a. Elective officials, and their personal and confidential staff
b. Department heads and officials of Cabinet rank who hold office at the pleasure of the
President, and their personal and confidential staff
c. Chairmen and members of commissions and bureaus with fixed terms
d. Contractual personnel
e. Emergency and seasonal personnel.

APPOINTMENTS IN THE CIVIL SERVICE

GR: Made only according to merit and fitness to be determined, as far as practicable, by competitive
examination.
EXC:
1. Policy determining
2. Primarily confidential
3. Highly technical

DISQUALIFICATIONS (Article IX-B)

1. No candidate who has lost in any election shall within 1 year after such election, be appointed to
any office in the Government or any GOCC or in any of its subsidiaries.
2. No elective official shall be eligible for appointment or designation in any capacity to any public
office or position during his tenure.
3. Unless otherwise allowed by law OR by the primary functions of his position, no appointive official
shall hold any other office or employment in the Government or any subdivision, agency or
instrumentality thereof including GOCCs or their subsidiaries.

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 4. No officer or employee in the civil service shall engage directly or indirectly, in any electioneering or
partisan political activity.

(B) COMELEC

COMPOSITION: A Chairman and 6 Commissioners

QUALIFICATIONS
1. Must be natural-born citizens;
2. At least 35 years of age;
3. Holders of a college degree;
4. Have not been candidates in the immediately preceding election;
5. Majority, including the Chairman, must be members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged
in the practice of law for at least 10 years.

INITIATIVE REFERENDUM RECALL PLEBISCITE

The power of the people
to propose amendments
to the Constitution or to
propose and enact
legislation through an
election called for that
purpose.
There are 3 systems of
initiative: Initiative on
the Constitution,
initiative on statutes,
and initiative on local
legislation.
The power of the
electorate to approve or
reject legislation through
an election called for
that purpose.
There are 2 classes:
referendum on statutes
or referendum on local
laws.
The termination of
official relationship of a
local elective official for
loss of confidence prior
to the expiration of his
term through the will of
the electorate.
The submission of
constitutional
amendments or
important legislative
measures to the people
for ratifications.

CASES WHICH MUST BE HEARD BY DIVISION

1. All election cases, including pre-proclamation contests originally cognizable by the Commission in
the exercise of its power under Sec. 2 (2), IX-C.
2. Jurisdiction over a petition to cancel a certificate of candidacy
3. Even cases appealed from the RTC or MTC have to be heard and decided in division before they may
be heard en banc.

If the COMELEC exercises its administrative functions: En Banc

(C) COMMISSION ON AUDIT

COMPOSITION: 1 Chairman and 2 Commissioners

QUALIFICATIONS
1. Natural-born citizen
2. AT LEAST 35
3. CPAs with not less than 10 years of auditing experience OR members of the Philippine bar with at
least 10 years practice of law
Note: At no time shall all members belong to the same profession

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PROHIBITED OFFICES AND INTERESTS
No member of the Con Comms shall, during their tenure:
1. Hold any other office or employment. This is similar to the prohibition against executive officers. It
applies to both public and private offices and employment.
2. Engage in the practice of any profession.
3. Engage in the active managementor control of any business which in any way may be affected by
the functions of his office.
4. Be financially interested, directly or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any franchise or privilege
granted by, the Government, its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, including GOCCs or
their subsidiaries.
JURISDICTION
CSC
Original All civil service positions in the
Jurisdiction government service, whether
career or non-career.
The CSC has concurrent
jurisdiction (with the Board of
Regents) over a president of a
state university
Appellate Will only apply when the
Jurisdiction subject of the administrative
cases filed against erring
employees is in connection
with the duties and functions of
their office.
COMELEC
All contests relating to the
elections, returns and
qualifications of all
elective regional,
provincial, and city
officials.
Jurisdiction over intra-
party disputes: The
COMELEC has jurisdiction
over cases pertaining to
party leadership and the
nomination of party-list
representatives.
All contests involving
elected municipal
officials decided by trial
courts of general
jurisdiction, or involving
elective barangay officials
decided by a court of
limited jurisdiction.
The COMELEC may issue
a writ of certiorari in aid of
its appellate jurisdiction.
COA
the power, authority, and
duty to examine, audit,
and settle all accounts
pertaining to the revenue
and receipts of, and
expenditures or uses of
funds and property,
owned or held in trust
by, or pertaining to the
Government, or any of its
subdivisions, agencies,
or instrumentalities,
including government-
owned and controlled
corporations with
original charters, and on
a post-audit basis
Primary Jurisdiction over
Money Claims (Limited
to Liquidated Claims) -
The COA has primary
jurisdiction to pass upon
a private entity.
No jurisdiction over their
validity or
constitutionality
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MODES OF REVIEW
COA and COMELEC Rule 64 (Petition for Certiorari to SC)
CSC Rule 43 to SC

CITIZENSHIP

WHO ARE CITIZENS

1. Citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers OR mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those who elected to be citizens. This is available only to:
a. those born before Jan 17, 1973;
b. to Filipino mothers; AND
c. elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
4. Those naturalized in accordance with law.

WHO MUST BE NATURAL BORN

1. President
2. Vice-President
3. Members of Congress
4. Justices of SC and lower collegiate courts
5. Ombudsman and his deputies
6. Members of Con Comms
7. Members of the central monetary authority
8. Members of the CHR

NATIONALIST AND CITIZENSHIP REQUIREMENTS

Filipino Citizens, or 100% Filipino
Corporations
Use and enjoyment of marine
wealth, exclusive to Filipino
citizens
Rules on agricultural lands
1. Citizens may lease only <
500 ha.
2. Citizens may acquire by
purchase, homestead or
grant only < 12 ha
Practice of professions, save in
cases provided by law
Small-scale utilization of natural
resources, as may be provided by
law
Filipino Citizens, or 60-40 Filipino Filipino Citizens, or 70-30
Corporations Filipinos Corporations
Co-production, joint venture, and Engagement in advertising
production sharing agreements industry
over natural resources shall NOT
exceed a period of 25 years
renewable for another 25 years
Educational institutions
Congress may increase Filipino
equity participation
Areas of investment as Congress
may prescribe (Congress may
prescribe a higher percentage)
Operation of public utilities
Cannot be for longer period than
50 years

Note: The Const. holds that private corporations or associations may not hold alienable lands of the public
domain except by lease, for a period not exceeding 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years, and not
to exceed 1000 ha. in area, but the Const. does not specify the capital requirements for such corporations.
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FRANCHISES, AUTHORITY AND CERTIFICATES FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES
ONLY to citizens of the Philippines or corporations at least 60% of whose capital is Filipino-owned.

NATURE OF A FRANCHISE
1. It is a privilege, not a right
2. Shall NOT be exclusive
3. Shall NOT be for a period of more than 50 years
4. Shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by congress

ACADEMIC FREEDOM
Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.

Four essential freedoms of a university:

1. Who may teach
2. What may be taught
3. How it shall teach
4. Who may be admitted to study

FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE

TEST OF REASONABILITY
1. Lawful Means The means employed are reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the
purpose and not unduly oppressive upon individuals.
2. Lawful Purpose The interests of the public, generally, as distinguished from those of a particular
class, require such interference.

LIMITATIONS WHEN POLIC POWER IS DELEGATED

1. Express grant by law
2. Limited within territorial jurisdiction (for LGUs)
3. Must not be contrary to law

EMINENT DOMAIN
The power of eminent domain is the inherent right of the State to condemn private property to public use
upon payment of just compensation
1. Private property
2. Genuine necessity
3. For public use
4. Payment of just compensation
5. Due process

WHEN IS THERE TAKING

1. Diminution in value
2. Prevention of ordinary use
3. Deprivation of beneficial use
4. Regulatory takings

Eminent Domain Regulatory Taking

An inherent power of the State based on the The exercise of the state of its police power. In this
Constitution. Just compensation must be paid. case, just compensation need not be paid.

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TAXATION

General Limitations
1. Power to tax exists for the general welfare; should be exercised only for a public purpose
2. Might be justified as for public purpose even if the immediate beneficiaries are private individuals
3. Tax should not be confiscatory: If a tax measure is so unconscionable as to amount to confiscation
of property, the Court will invalidate it. But invalidating a tax measure must be exercised with
utmost caution, otherwise, the States power to legislate for the public welfare might be seriously
curtailed
4. Taxes should be uniform and equitable

Specific Limitations
1. Uniformity of taxation
- General Rule: Simply geographical uniformity, meaning it operates with the same force and
effect in every place where the subject of it is found
- Exception: Rule does not prohibit classification for purposes of taxation, provided the
requisites for valid classification are met.
2. Tax Exemptions
- No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all
the Members of Congress
3. Equal protection clause
4. Progressive system of taxation

DELEGATION

POLICE POWER EMINENT DOMAIN TAXATION

Legislature
Police power is lodged primarily in
the national legislature
Executive
By virtue of a valid delegation of
legislative power, it may also be
exercised by the president,
administrative bodies, and
lawmaking bodies
The power of the legislature to
confer, upon municipal
corporations and other entities
within the State, general authority
to exercise the right of eminent
domain cannot be questioned by
the courts, but that general
authority of municipalities or
entities must not be confused with
the right to exercise it in particular
instances.
Power may be exercised by:
1. Legislature (primarily)
2. Local legislative bodies
3. President (to a limited
extent, when granted
delegated tariff powers
under VI, Sec. 28-2)

BILL OF RIGHTS
1. Importance accorded to the dignity and worth of the individual
2. Protection against arbitrary actions of government and other members of society.

It is self-executing. Article III contains the chief protection for human rights but the body of the Constitution
guarantees other rights as well.

1. Civil rights rights that belong to an individual by virtue of his citizenship in a state or community
(e.g. rights to property, marriage, freedom to contract, equal protection, etc.)
2. Political rights rights that pertain to an individuals citizenship vis--vis the management of the
government (e.g. right of suffrage, right to petition government for redress, right to hold public
office, etc.)
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3. Social and economic rights rights which are intended to insure the well-being and economic
security of the individual
4. Rights of the accused civil rights intended for the protection

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