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Lecture: 24

Design of Antennas-II

Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker

School of Electronics Science Engineering


Microwave and Photonics Division
VIT University, Vellore, India

Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker


Helical Antenna
A conducting wire that is wound in the form of a screw thread
along with a ground plane (a metallic conductor of specific shape
and dimensions) is referred as helical antenna

Cupped Ground Plane


Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
1
Helical Antenna
Geometrically a helix can be characterized as a wire having N
turns of diameter D and a spacing or pitch of S between each turn.
The total length of the antenna is then L = NS

While total length of the wire used


to wind the coil is given as Ln =
NL0 = N(S2+C2). Where C = D
is the circumference

Another important geometrical


parameter of helical antenna is the
pitch angle , which is angle
between the tangent to helix and
plane to its axis
S 1 S
tan tan
1

2 D C Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker


Helical Antenna
If = 00, we have a spiral antenna If = 900, we have a wire antenna

Conducting wire

Axis of helix

If 00 < < 900, we have a Helical antenna

Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker


3
Helical Antenna
The radiation characteristics of a helical antenna can be
controlled by adjusting the geometrical parameters. For example,
the input impedance of the antenna is critically dependent on
pitch angle and size of the wire at input terminals.
There are typically two modes of operating the helical antenna,
namely
Normal or Broadside Mode Axial or End-Fire Mode

Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker


4
Helical Antenna-Normal Mode
To have a normal or broadside mode of operation, the
dimensions of the helical antenna must be small compared to the
wavelength i,e, NL0 < 0

We know that, when


00 Helix loop of diameter D
& 900 Helix Dipole of length S
Since the limiting geometries of a small helix operating in normal
mode are a loop and a dipole, we can assume its far field to be having
E and E components respectively

The far-field of a small helical antenna operating in normal mode can


be obtained by superposition of the fields from both the elemental
radiators
Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
5
Helical Antenna-Normal Mode
The equivalent circuit of a helical antenna in normal mode is

Small Helical
Antenna Loop antenna
Short dipole

Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker


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Helical Antenna-Normal Mode
Since the helical antenna dimensions are small, the current is
assumed to be constant and the relative field due to N dipoles and
loops can be assumed to be approximately equal to fields from
single loop and dipole
The far-zone electric field of a short dipole is
I 0 Ske jkr
E j sin
4r
The far-zone electric field of a small loop is
I 0 D / 2 k 2 e jkr
2
E sin
4r
Now Axial ratio can be defined as
E
4S 2S 2S
AR
7
E kD 2
D Dr.CYogesh
2
Kumar Choukiker
2
Helical Antenna-Normal Mode
A wide range of axial ratios can be obtained by varying D and S
(0 AR ). There are three special cases
If AR = 0, which means |E | = 0. The helical antenna behaves like a
loop antenna and is linearly polarized, with horizontal polarization.
If AR = , which means |E | = 0. The helical antenna behaves like a
dipole antenna and is linearly polarized, with vertical polarization.
If AR = 1, which means |E | = |E |. The helical antenna behaves like
a loop antenna and is circularly polarized.
20 S S
AR 1 1 & tan
D 2
D
20 S
1
C 2
tan
D
8
C 2S0 Dr. Yogesh20 Choukiker
Kumar
Helical Antenna-Axial Mode
The axial or end-fire mode is more practical and widely used in
helical antenna applications. The bandwidth and efficiency of
broadside mode operation is limited due to restriction on antenna
size which should be less than the wavelength. No such
restriction exists for axial or end-fire mode.

There is only one major lobe in this mode of operation and it lies
along the axis of helix. To excite this mode D & S should be large
fractions of wavelength. Since dimensions of the antenna are not very
critical in this mode of operation, it achieves high bandwidths

For circular polarization, the circumference C, pitch S and the pitch


angle should satisfy the limits

3 C 4 0
, S , 120 140
4 0 3 4 Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
9
Helical Antenna
The input impedance of a helical antenna in axial mode is
C
R 140
0
The half power beam width is given as
0 3 / 2
HPBW 52

C NS
The first null beam width is given as
0 3 / 2
FNBW 115

C NS
And the directivity as C 2S
D0 15 N 3
10 0 Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
Helical Antenna
The axial ratio for increased directivity is
2N 1
AR
2N
The normalized far-field pattern is given by

sinN / 2
E sin cos
2N sin / 2
L0
where k0 S cos
p

Where p is the wave velocity on the helix relative to the free-space


L0 / 0
p
S / 0 1 Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
11
Problems
Problems

18. Design a five turn helical antenna which at 400 MHz operates in
the normal mode. The spacing between the turns is 0/50. It is
desired that the antenna possesses circular polarization.
Determine
(a) Circumference of the helix (b) Length of a single turn
(c) Overall length of the entire helix (d) Pitch angle

19. A helical antenna of 4 turns is operated in the normal mode at a


frequency of 880 MHz. The length L of the helical antenna is
5.7 cm and the diameter of each turn is 0.5 cm. Determine
(a) Spacing S between the turns
(b) Length L0 of each turn
(c) Overall length Ln of entire helix
(d) Axial ratio of helix
Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
12 (e) Primary polarization of helix. Explain.
Problems
Problems

20. It is desired to design an optimum end-fire helical antenna


radiating in the axial mode at 100 MHz whose polarization axial
ratio is 1.1. Determine
(a) Directivity (b) HPBW (c) Input Impedance (d) VSWR when
connected to a 50 line (e) Wave velocity on the helix

21. Design a 5 turn helical antenna which at 300 MHz operates in


the axial mode and possesses circular polarization in the major
lobe. Determine
(a) near optimum circumference (b) spacing for near optimum
pitch angle design (c) Input impedance (d) HPBW, FNBW,
Axial ratio, Directivity

22. Design a Rhombic antenna to operate at a frequency of 30 MHz


Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker
13 with the angle of elevation 300, w.r.t ground
Problems

23. A 16 turn helical beam antenna has a circumference of , and a


turn spacing of /4. what is HPBW, axial ratio and directivity

24. Design a 6 element Yagi Uda antenna to operate at 500 MHz.


Give the dimensions and spacing between all elements

Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker

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