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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
through the commerce, technology and culture. It is not a new thing to find
someone that born in a western culture becomes the master of an art in the other
cultures or someone that born in the east also becomes a teacher of the western
hemisphere culture. The similarities not only stopped there but also expands to the
other parts of life include the literary works. In some cases there are found that a
work of an author of the western hemisphere has a similarities with the works of
arts with an artist or an author from the eastern hemisphere but yet the similarities
are concealed under a cover from the plot, settings, and even the story itself. A
similarities and the differences that existed in the cultures that exist in the two
hemispheres.
is emerge under the condition of the world a certain author find , as stated by Van
de Laar in his book, a novel is a world which created by an author as the result of
his or hers observation and reflection of the world where he or she is live on
authors personal emotion that displayed through the characters of a story, the
plot, or even the setting of the story. It also shares a values that later on influence
2006:11), which is affected by the plot that settled by author that later on become
one of the factor that influences the characters development that the author made
own values and sets of norms in the society which is based on their own ideals
and basic of the meaning of life towards themselves, but in some cases there are
some similarities which are shown in many aspects of life .and it also what shown
in the literary works also shown some discreet similarities, whether it is in the
theme, topic, or even plot. Nowadays the similarities are barely seen in the work
of J.K. Rowling , Harry Potter , an orphan that being nurtured through various
Konohagakure, a secret village of ninjas where he live. These boys show a path
of adulthood in a condition that even not related but the same due to the
background of their origin and also the condition that they stuck in.
Naruto through the plot and the characterization to find the factor that built the
main characters maturity through the story and a process to find out how the
culture which is seen in the story through setting and plot influence the main
character of both stories in decision making process when they confront problems
or conflicts.
B. Problem Formulations
In order to limit the subjects of this study there are some questions that used
2. What are the influences of the setting of culture and plot of the
The first objection of this study is define the characterization of the main character
the story. The second aim is to find the plot of both stories and the setting of the
story especially the setting of culture in the stories. The next purpose is to find the
stories in order to describe the influences of culture towards the character and the
factors that affect the decision making process of the main character in both
stories as the result of culture that the characters involved in and lived in and also
comparative study.
D. Definition of Terms
In this study there is two terms that must be explained to avoid misunderstanding
the literature and culture as a whole thing not as separated thing which in
(oxforddictionaries.com, 2014)
3. Culture
The customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In studying the J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter, here are some other
and also on the effects of culture through the perspective of psychology. The
author of Harry Potter series, J.K. Rowling, presenting the story in a distinct
way (the-looking-glass.net, 2014) with the title The Real Magic of Harry
Potter. In the study, Briggs stated the way that it blends the fantasy and
reality by presenting the normal or ordinary magic that used in daily routine
basis that could be understand as a appraisal of how the author brought the
daily routine in the readers life, which originally the children, into the magic
world with its wonders and presenting the magic as the part of daily routine.
The mixture of the fantasy and the reality also a point of idea that Briggs
discussed in her study through the existence of magical being, spells, and
magic or wizardry community life, such as Quiditch, magical items, and the
usage of magic, that used in the school life which leads to a conclusion that
the most interesting part of the story and also the strongest aspects of interest
towards the readers of the story is the mixture itself. On the other hand,
another study about the extrinsic aspect of the story also discussed by Melia
Hapsari Sabarno in her thesis about the portrayal of J.K Rowlings school life
as seen from one of hers protagonist, Hermione Granger in the third book of
In her study, Sabarno states that Hermione Granger, one of the storys
protagonists and friend of the main character, Harry Potter, as the portrayal of
Rowlins teenage (2006: 28). In her study, Sabarno used the characterization,
the physical appearance, social relationship, and mental qualities, to reveal the
worker among her age-mates. The next quality is clever. Her cleverness is the
results of her diligent action such as read the text book before the class started.
She is also very familiar with book or book-oriented. The library was her
favorite place and she always spent her spare time there reading various book.
Another quality is brave, as seen she always stand up when there is sometimes
that she dislikes or not in the same perception of truth that she has. She also
shows her bravery to disobey one of her professor to not help her friend,
quality, sensitive. There are also some other qualities such as reliable,
always counts on the library as her main source of knowledge. She was
the cleverest student in every class she took. On the other side,
Rowling was different form her other girl friends. She did not use
make up on her face; she didnt dress up well, and on the top of that,
On the other hand, the intrinsic elements of Harry Potter series also one
aspects that discussed in literary studies beside the authors factor. One of the
studies that discuss the intrinsic elements of the story is a literary text discourse by
Maria Benedecta Dian Savitri from Sanata Dharma. In her thesis, Savitri tries to
reveals the reflection of British 20th century society in the story as seen in the
second book of the story, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. In her study,
Savitri stated that social divisions of the 20th century Britain are divided into some
classes by their genecology and their economic factors and this is also could be
seen in the story. The classes are divided into: the aristocrats or the upper class,
middle class or the professionals workers which divided into subclasses, the
salatariat or the salary man, routine white-collars workers, and the self employed.
The last class is the lower class or the proletariat or the social class that consists of
The story also reflects the class division which based on the genealogical
factors. The social classes in the story are divided into the upper class wizards or
the wealthy pure blood wizards, a wizard or witch that born from the wizard and
witch parents that represented by The Malfoys, the antagonists of the story. The
second class is the middle class wizard which consists of the half-blood wizards,
wizard or witch that comes from one wizard or witch parents and a non wizard or
witch parents. The wizard or witch that comes from a family that has non-wizard
ot muggles blood in their vein also included in the middle class wizard. In the
The other part of the middle class wizard is the poor pure-blood wizard
that works to earn living for the family as represented by the Weasleys in the story
while the Grangers is also stated as the middle class wizard since comes from the
professional workers even they only have one witch in their family, the daughter,
Hermione Granger. The witch or wizard that comes from the muggles is stated as
the mudblood which reveal that the genealogical factors that influence the social
divisions in the story communities which also resembles the real life social
character, Dobby, the Malfoys house keeper but since Dobby is an elf, he is
categorized as a house elf. Dobby is representing the lower class since even
though he is able to use magic, he cant use it without the Malfoys permission
and work for the Malfoys benefits only which is look alike the low-class workers
that working for the owner of the company where they work.
characters are also being able to influenced by the things that captured by the
author from the real world since they are a form of idea that similar to the people.
The influence itself is brought by the author while animate the characters in story.
from the community where the author live in. One example of real life influence
of culture that reviewed in this study is a study by Shali Wu and Boaz Keysar
their study, Wu and Keysar tries to defines the effects of culture on perspective
taking in the individualistic culture and try to compare it with the same issue in
focus attention on the other. This issue, the interdependence among others, made
the Chinese participants become the better perspective takers than the American
participants.
The effects of culture also become the main idea of this study with the
focus of the effects of cultures towards the main character decision making ability
in J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter and later on compared into the main character of
comparison study.
In this study there are some theories that used to answer the problem
formulation above. The theories that used in this study are the theories of
1. Theories of Characterization
theory that stated by Murphy. In his book, Murphy stated that the
about what sort of people the character(s) is (are) and to make them
abstract condition where the story take place. The setting of place
could mean that it focused on the relation of the place where the
happened or when is the story happened in the time line of the time
(1986: 465)
climax where the problem is reach its peak and followed by the
falling action, the part of the story where the conflicts is settled
the object of the study (Weber in Koalb and Noakes, 1988: 58).
judgment mainly uses the superego of mind or the part of mind that
right or wrong, good and bad, or even moral and immoral (1973 :
36).
and images as its main form of interaction with its readers. It also
uses the imagery, plot and settings as a literary works used but in
different forms since the imagery and settings are transformed into
interpret the story not only verbally but also visually that requires
the understanding not only on the art aspects which is the images
or the graphic of the comic but also the aspect of the grammar and
the words inside the comic book itself. Therefore, reading a comic
literature from the aspects that same with the intrinsic aspect of a
literary words but rather than use only words, it uses images and
altered form of plot, symbol, imagery and the narrator of the story
the story. The comic book, on the other hand, always put the
but the comic uses the style of how writes the words as a part of
(McCloud, 1994:8).
Like literary work, the comic also has genre and style of
work. The use of plot, settings, and themes which becomes one of
the items that existed in comic book as well as the literary works
(McCloud, 1994:6) and with some items and elements that same
literature but with distinct notions that the comic book is presenting
the story with its elements not only with words but also with
Framework of this study is applies the theories in this study to analyze the object
of the study. The use comparative literary study as a foreground to define the parallelism
structure between the texts that use as the object of the study. The definition of the
comparative theory will limit the comparison between the works and become the main
methodology of the study to define the influence of cultural setting in the character in
both stories. The comparison literary theory also becomes the base to make a comparison
study between the stories in order to describe the influences of culture to the character of
the study.
The theory of setting will use to define the setting of circumstances in the stories
and the influence of the setting which is the first analytical step of the theory. The theory
of characterization later on will used to analyze the characters of the story and the
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of Study
The object of this study is a novel by J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter, a story of an
orphan but actually a survivor of a massacre of his family by a dark magician, Lord
Voldemort and also defeat him. It was published for the first time in 1999 and ends in
2007 with 7 series that tell the reader with the marvelous of heroism of the main
character, Harry Potter with his friends, Ron Weasley and Herminone Granger and the
main text of this study. The story focused on the conflicts that experienced by Harry in
each series which develop the maturity of himself as the person that being nurtured and
tested in the same time (Kern, 2006: 104) by the adventures and problems from himself,
his friends or teacher, or his arch enemy, Lord Voldemort which also a student of his
teacher , Albus Dumbledore that killed his parents and one of his teacher, Severus Snape.
Naruto. A story of a boy that being a place to seal a supernatural monster that killed his
parents and the rest of his village, Konohagakure, that later on made him being hated by
the entire village and being socially isolated by the villagers. In the story, Naruto
Uzumaki, the main character of this story also undergo a conflict of identity from a crime
organization that chase the monster, Kyubi no Kurama, in his body that lead by a ninja
called Pain whom killed his master which also Narutos master, Sannin no Jiraiya.
B. Approach of Study
In this study the approach that used is the psychoanalytic approach. The
and the conscious mind (Barry, 2009: 92). The method itself is coined by Sigmund Freud
that focused on the things that being buried or covered of someone in unconscious mind
but slightly came into the real world without being noticed by others. Freud in his basic
theory divides the human mind into two divisions, unconscious and conscious which in
later development re-divide the mind into three stages, id, ego and superego. This method
of therapy is also used to analyze and criticize a literary works, whether its character, plot
and even in a larger scale the society that reflected in the story or the authors intention to
the work. (Barry, 2002: 105). The usage of this theory on analyzing a literary works is a
cross over between two fields of discipline, psychology and literature where both of it ,
capture the mans mind condition, but the psychology captured humans mind
systematically not only in real life but also in literature (Lindauer in Bornstein, 1984:
144). Therefore, the psychoanalytic approach is used in this study since in this study uses
an analysis on how the conscious mind of the main character influenced by conscious
mind which related with culture and decision making which is one of psychology
fundamental theory.
The psychoanalytic approach is also used in this study since it is focused on how
the psyche condition of a person influences his or her action when facing a conflict that
requires a solution that acceptable in the ideas or norm of the character culture and the
last reason is to helps the analysis in this study which defining the effect of culture as it is
C. Method of Study
This study uses library researches since there were a lof of the data in this study
taken from several books and internet materials. The main source of this study is the J.K.
Rowling Harry Potter series, and the secondary sources taken from the manga Naruto.
The literature theories in this book are taken from M.H. Abrams A Glossary of Literary
Terms, Peter Barrys Beginning Theory, An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory,
English Novel for Overseas Student, H.L. Yellands A Handbook of Literary Terms, Rene
Comparative Literature Theory, Method, Application. The theory on comic studies was
taken from Will Eisners Theory of Comics and Sequential Art, Robet Petersens Comics,
Manga, and Graphic Novel and Scott McClouds Understanding Comics. The theory on
human motivation and decision making is taken from Richard A. Kalishs The Psychology
if Human Behavior.
The attempt to define of the stories in this study needs the comparative literary
used as the base to find the relation through the story which made in two different culture,
language and forms. The theory also becomes the main idea of the other theories that
used in this study, theory of setting and theory of characterization, as the main supportive
theories to the idea of the theory of comparative literary study while the theory of film
and literature is used to get the red line of the manga structure to be the comparison
source of the study. The theory of decision making is used to see how the characters make
This study also uses the J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter as the main text as the main
part of the library study and uses the Masashi Kishimotos Naruto as a second texts and
The first step of this study was to find ideas of influence of culture in the both
story and trying to define the contrastive ideas that shown in both stories which changed
into the problem formulation of this study. The problem formulation later on became the
focus of the study. The second step was focused to find evidences on each story and
decide whether the evidences could be considered as the effect of culture on decision
making of the main characters. . The third step was the comparison study of the effects
that caused by culture on decision making that made by the main characters in both
stories. The last step was to define a conclusion on the effect that caused by culture on the
aspect of decision making abilities from the evidences and analysis that conducted on this
study.
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