EXPERIMENT NO.

6 B
MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID FLOW
NAME DATE PERFORMED: SCORE:
September 13, 2017
DATE SUBMITTED
September 27, 2017
INSTRUCTOR:
SECTION 57018
Engr. Lester Alfred M. Olasiman
GROUP # 3

I. OBJECTIVE:

The activity aims to understand the concept and application of different flow measuring device
such as Venturi meter, orifice plate, pitot tube and rotameter.

II. LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):

The students shall be able to:

1. Discuss the principle of different flow measuring device and its functions.
2. Demonstrate the different method of determining the flow of liquid in a system.
3. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle.
4. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to
follow instruction.

III. DISCUSSION:

Fluid flow devices fall into a number of device categories as well as fluid classes. In general,
we can split the fluids into two classes; gasses and liquids. Within these two broad classes are a
number of special classes that one should be careful of. Flammable liquids and gasses require special
handling, as do those that are at temperature extremes (cold or hot). When selecting a transducer,
you should be cautious that the device you are selecting is compatible with the fluid and conditions
you hare working with. A few examples would be acids, food grade liquids, and DI water. Surprisingly
de-ionized water is an extremely harsh liquid that can cause serious headaches.

Orifice Plate

These plates are generally installed by trapping it between two pipe flanges. Pressure taps on
each flange allow you to easily measure the pressure differential across the plate. This pressure
differential, along with the dimensions of the plate, are combined with certain fluid properties to
determine the flow through the pipe.
Venturi Flow Meter

The Venturi flow meter, while considered an obstruction flow meter, is less of an obstruction
than the orifice type. It still does have a certain amount of pressure drop, but it is significantly less
than the orifice type meter.

Pitot Tube
The Pitot tube is a simple device that allows for the measurement of the flow pressure in a
moving fluid. This device is a section of tube that measures the pressure at the tip and the pressure
at the side of the tube. Reading this differential pressure and applying Bernoullis equation will allow
for the calculation of the fluid velocity.
Rotameter Meter
The rotameter is a variable area meter that employs a vertical tube of varying diameter, with an
object inserted in it. This object is known as the float. This type meter is used only in a vertical position,
as gravity is a primary force involved in the calibration of the device. The float is moved vertically in
the variable diameter tube by a combination of buoyancy forces and flow pressure forces. The flow
pressure forces are created by the fluid trying to move around the float, by using the gap between the
float and the sides of the tube. As the forces move the float up the tube, the widening gap between
the tube and the float allow these forces to be reduced, and gravity tends to force the float back down
the tube toward the bottom. At the equilibrium point for a given flow, the forces of flow and buoyancy
in the vertical direction are balanced by the mass of the float being pulled down by gravity.

IV. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

Flow Measurement Test Rig

Hydraulic Bench

V. PROCEDURE:
Safety Procedure:
1. Place the flow meter test rig on the hydraulic bench and ensure that it is level for
accurate reading.
2. Connect the inlet pipe to the bench supply and outlet pipe into the volumetric tank.
3. Secure the end of the pipe to prevent it to move due to water pressure.
4. Start the pump and open the bench valve and the test rig flow control valve, to flush the
system.
5. To bleeding the air in the system: close both the bench and test rig valves.
 6. Open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent air valve.
7. Connect a tubing from the air valve volumetric tank.
8. Open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometer tube to purge the air out.
9. Then tighten air bleed screw and partly open the test rig valve and partly closed the
bench valve.
10. Now open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to be drawn into the top of the
manometer tubes and retighten the screw when the manometer level reach a
convenient height.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Set 5 trial test per volume flow rate by means of rotameter.
2. Record each elevation in manometer per point per trial.
3. Compute the necessary data needed in data sheet A and B following the formula based
on the discussion.
Formulas and Standard Values:
Test Pipe Area (A1): 7.92 x 10 4 m2 Venturi Meter Area (A3): 1.77 x 10 4 m2
Orifice Area (A2): 3.14 x 10 4 m2

Orifice Plate Flow rate: =
2
( )

Where Cd is the discharge coefficient for meter (0.63), h is the head difference in
manometer reading for orifice.

Venturi Meter Flow rate: =
2
( )

Where Cd is the discharge coefficient for meter (0.98), h is the head difference in
manometer reading for venturi.
Figure 1. Set up of the flow meter Figure 2. Students operating the flow meter

Figure 3. Sample flow rate Figure 4. Different head losses

 Orifice plate

Air bleed screws

Flow control valve Variable Area Meter

Outlet pipe

Inlet pipe

Typical Tapping connection Venturi meter

Figure 5. Diagram of the Set up

VI. DATA AND RESULTS:

SHEET A. Manometer Head

Rotameter
Reading H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
(L/mi)

5 95 85 90 92 35 35 28 30

7 115 85 105 100 50 50 30 36

9 135 100 120 115 60 60 35 45

11 167 110 145 135 88 89 36 50

15 220 125 185 170 105 110 35 60

SHEET B. Computed Data

Venturi Rotameter Venturi

Rotameter Venturi Orifice Plate Orifice Plate Orifice Plate
meter Flow Reading meter
Reading meter (m3/s) Flow Head loss
% error Head loss Head loss
(m3/s) (m3/s) % error (H0= h6-h8)
(%) (Ha= h4-h5) (Hv= h1-h3)
0.0000833 0.0000557 0.00006478 33.25 22.23 0.057 0.005 0.005

0.000116 0.0000788 0.0001129 32.07 2.67 0.050 0.01 0.014

0.00015 0.0000965 0.0001169 35.66 22.07 0.055 0.015 0.015

0.0001833 0.00001169 0.0001185 14.68 35.35 0.047 0.022 0.039

0.00025 0.00001475 0.0002112 15.94 15.52 0.065 0.035 0.049

 VII. COMPUTATIONS:
Rotameter Reading:
Trial 1:

= .

Trial 2:

= .

Trial 3:

= .

Trial 4:

= .

Trial 5:

= .

Venturi Meter Flow Rate:

Trial 1:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 2:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 3:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 4:
 (.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 5:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Orifice Plate Flow Rate:

Trial 1:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 2:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 3:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 4:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.

Trial 5:
(.)(. )
= (. )(. ) = .


(. )

.
Venturi Percent Error:
Trial 1:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Trial 2:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Trial 3:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Trial 4:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Trial 5:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Orifice Percent Error:

Trial 1:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Trial 2:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
(.

Trial 3:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
.

Trial 4:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
(. )

Trial 5:
(. )(. )
= % = . %
(. )
VIII. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:

The results obtained by the students showed the different head losses in each stage of the set up. In
each trial there are different flow rate used so with that head losses 1 to 8 also varies because of the
difference in tube length also the data gathered shows that percentage errors are high due to the fact
that there are inevitable factors that affect the results such as the inaccurate reading of the students and
some physical errors of the students and the set up itself, the computed venture and orifice flow rates
are somehow accepted due to the precise and proper computations done by the students.
 IX. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

The students therefore conclude that the experiment that was conducted by the students focuses on the
difference of the flow measuring devices and how it measures the water flow rate on the hydraulic bench.
Rota mereter, venturi meter, and orifice plate meter are the flow measurement devices used in the
experiment. In evaluation the efficiency of each flow measuring device the head sample measurement
are measure and their flow rate were computed. The percentage errors were computed after gather the
data and showed high values. The flow rate of the rota meter served as the basis, the orifice plate is the
most efficient compared to the venturi because of its low percentage error

The group therefore recommends the following to obtain better and accurate results in the experiment.

1.) Follow precise application of the procedures.

2.) Avoid unnecessary bumps on the set up to prevent misreading on the head losses and lastly

3.) When choosing the different flow rates in each trial it is suggested that to choose the flow rate not
exceeding 20 liters/min because it might cause some errors and unwanted machine problems on the
experiment and with that the result obtained might be affected
X. RUBRICK:

MEETS BELOW
EXCEEDS EXPECTATION EXPECTATION EXPECTATION NOT ACCEPTABLE
CRITERIA
4 3 2 1

Demonstrate Occasionally Partially Do not

needed skills to demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate the
finish the task, needed skills to needed skills to needed skills to
able to set up finish the task, able finish the task and finish the task, do
the materials with to set up the able to set up not able to set
Laboratory without materials with the materials with up the materials
Skills supervision and minimum supervision, and do not follow
(30 %) always follow supervision, partially follows safety guidelines
safety guidelines occasionally safety guidelines during laboratory
during laboratory follows safety during laboratory performance.
performance. guidelines during performance.
laboratory
performance.
Professional Accurate Accurate Data are not
looking and representation of representation of shown OR are
accurate the data in tables the data in written inaccurate.
representation of and/or graphs. form, but no
the data in tables Graphs and tables graphs or tables No calculations
Data and and/or graphs. are labeled and are presented. are shown OR
Calculation Graphs and tables titled. results are
(20 %) are labeled and Some calculations inaccurate or
titled. Some calculations are shown and the mislabeled.
are shown and the results labeled
All calculations results are correct appropriately.
are shown and the and labeled
results are correct appropriately
and labeled
appropriately.
Analysis The relationship The relationship The relationship The relationship
between the between the between the between the
(20 %) variables is variables is variables is variables is not
discussed and discussed and discussed but no discussed.
trends/patterns trends/patterns patterns, trends or
logically analyzed. logically analyzed. predictions are
Predictions are
 made about what made based on
might happen if the data.
part of the lab
were changed or
how the
experimental
design could be
changed.
Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion No conclusion was
Conclusion includes whether includes whether includes what was included in the
(30 %) the findings the findings learned from the report OR shows
supported the supported the experiment. little effort and
hypothesis, hypothesis and reflection.
possible sources what was learned
of error, and what from the
was learned from experiment.
the experiment.

SCORE

INSTRUCTOR COMMENT AND SUGGESTION: