INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS

TYPES OF STATISTICS

STATISTICS TERMINALOGIES

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What is statistics
Collecting

Organizing

PROCESS
Presenting

Analyzing

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Interpreting
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A researcher wishes to determine whether there is a relationship between
the advertising expenditure and the total sales. The first process is collecting
the data. A sample of 6 is selected, it is found that:

Collecting Process:

When advertising expenditure is 2.0 (in million of RM) total sales is 47.
When advertising expenditure is 1.6 (in million of RM) total sales is 5.
When advertising expenditure is 1.0 (in million of RM) total sales is 23.
When advertising expenditure is 3.5 (in million of RM) total sales is 74.
When advertising expenditure is 1.2 (in million of RM) total sales is 26.
When advertising expenditure is 4.5 (in million of RM) total sales is 85.

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Organizing and Presenting Process:

Table of Total Sales versus Advertising Expenditure

Advertising Expenditure Total Sales
2.0 47
1.6 35
1.0 23
3.5 74
1.2 26
4.5 85

Analyzing Process:

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Interpretation Process:

Based on the output we can conclude there is strong positive

linear relationship between total sales and advertising
expenditure.

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 Types of
Statistics

Inferential Descriptive

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 Presenting

Collecting Characterizing

Descriptive
Statistics

Those methods involving collection,

presentation and characterization of set of
data in order .
Method involve table, graph, summary of
measures such as mean, median and etc.

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 Is a method of making decision concerning a population
based on sample.
The statistical techniques are including estimation, hypothesis
testing, probability, regression, chi square of test of
independence, ANOVA and etc.
The process of inferential statistics comprises into five general
steps:

Select
Measure
sample Analyze Interpret Make
variable of
from data the output conclusion
interest
population

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 The researcher want to determine the average weight of UiTM students.
A sample of 8 students are selected at random. Their weight were
recorded. Hence, the data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings as
follows:

The average weight of UiTM students are between 45.363 and 68.43.7 kg.

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 For each of statement, state whether descriptive or inferential
statistics:

a) Average rainfall in Kuala Kangsar last year.

b) A researcher founded that there is association between the level
of depression and CGPA of the students.
c) Proportion of male new born babies is greater than female new
born babies at Hospital X.
d) There is significantly difference in the average of test score
between female and male students at College X.
e) Percentage height of the students that more than 150 cm.

Answer: descriptive, inferential, inferential, inferential, descriptive

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Terminologies Definitions

Population All possible individuals, objects or measurement of interest

Sample A portion or subset or part of the population of interest

Sampling The process of selecting sample from the interest population

Sampling
A list of population elements or sampling units
frame

Sampling unit The elements listed in the frame

Statistic Measurement for sample

Parameter Measurement for population

Pilot study A study done before the actual fieldwork being carried out

Sample survey A study done based on sample

Census A research done based on population

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Terminologies Definitions

Information obtained from an experiment or survey

Primary Secondary

Explanation

First hand data.

Researcher carried out the research
Data obtained from another sources
Data and obtained the data directly
from respondent

Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage

time consuming,
Accurate, reliable, May not meet
costly and Less time, effort
up to date our specific
requires a lot of and money
objective
man power

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Terminologies Definitions
Characteristics of items or individuals
Quantitative Qualitative
Discrete Continuous
Explaination
Any values
Nonnumeric characteristics / variable
Assume value can between range &
that can categorize according to some
be counted Usually obtained
Variable characteristic or attribute.
from measuring
Example

a) No of customer a) Income
a) Gender
b) Age b) Amount
b) Types of color
c) No of siblings expenditure
c) Job position
d) Shoe size c) Weight
d) Education level
d) Height

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Terminologies Definitions
Expressions that typically refer to the theory of scale types
Scale Elaboration
Classified objects into categories
Nominal gender, types of
Example
color, race
Classified and rank the objects

Stage of cancer
Ordinal (stage I, II, III, IV)
Example Education level
(elementary,
secondary, college)

Scale/Level of Equal distances between values, but the zero point is arbitrary
Measurement The value of interval variables cannot be meaningfully multiplied or
divided
temperature, shoe
size, IQ scores,
Interval Agreement level
(strongly disagree,
Example
disagree, neutral,
agree, strongly
agree)

Has meaningful zero point

The value of ratio variables can be meaningfully multiplied or divided
Ratio
income, weight
Example
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NOTE:

For QUALITATIVE variable, normally the level of measurement is

either nominal OR ordinal.

For QUANTIATAVE variable, normally the level of measurement is

either interval OR ratio.

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State whether the data from the following statements is nominal, ordinal,
interval or ratio levels of measurement. Hence classify the variable into
their type of variable.

a. The weight of fish at a market.

b. Shoe size.
c. The top eight bestselling car models in Malaysia.
d. The distances jumped by athletes in the long-jump event.
e. The ranking of football teams by FIFA.

Answer: ratio (quantitative), interval(quantitative), nominal (qualitative), ratio ((quantitative), ordinal ((qualitative)

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 Farid is the manager of Fashaz Tourist Agency. He is interested to
determine the level of satisfaction on the needs and preferences of
his customers who have booked their overseas tours through his
agency. Out of 10000 of his customers, he selected randomly 1000
customers and posted a questionnaire to his customers.

a) State the population of the above study.

b) Is the above study a census study or a sample survey? Explain your
answer.
c) If sample survey, state the sample in this study. Hence, state the
sampling unit.
d) Does the study involve primary data or secondary data? Give a
reason to support your answer.
e) State the variable (s) involved in the above study.
f) Classify the variable (s) in part e) whether it is qualitative, quantitative
discrete or quantitative continuous variable.

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a) State the population of the above study.
Answer: 10000 customers who have booked their overseas tours through
Fashaz Tourist Agency.

b) Is the above study a census study or a sample survey? Explain your

answer.
Answer: Sample survey.
Reason: He selected randomly 1000 customers and posted a
questionnaire to his customers.

c) If sample survey, state the sample in this study. Hence, state the
sampling unit.
Answer: List of customers who have booked their overseas tours through
Fashaz Tourist Agency.

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d) Does the study involve primary data or secondary data? Give a
reason to support your answer.
Answer: Primary data. He collected the data himself by posted a
questionnaire to his customers.

e) State the variable (s) involved in the above study.

Answer: The level of satisfaction on the needs and preferences

f) Classify the variable (s) in part e) whether it is qualitative, quantitative

discrete or quantitative continuous variable.
Answer: Qualitative

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 MORE EXERCISE
Try Final Examination Question:

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