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ASUTOSH KAR
ASST. PROF., ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
IIIT, BHUBANESWAR
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CONTENTS
1. Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration
2. Voltage divider bias
3. CE Emitter bias
4. Emitter-follower configuration
5. Common-base configuration
6. Collector-feedback configuration
7. Hybrid equivalent circuit and model
BJT Small Signal Analysis
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
re Model
Zi R B || re Zo R C || rO
Zi re Zo Rc
R B 10re ro 10 Rc
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av): Vo (R || r )
Av C o
Vi re
RC
Av
re ro 10R C
Ai
ro 10R C , R B 10re
Voltage Gain
VO
Av
Vi
VO I b (R C || ro )
Vi I bre
I b (R C || ro )
Av
I bre
(R C || ro )
re
RC
if ro or 10R C Av
re
Current gain
The current gain is determined by applyingthe
current - divider rule to the input and output circuits
roI b I r
Io and o o
ro R C I b ro R C
R B Ii I RB
Ib and b
R B re I i R B re
I o I o I b ro R B
A i
I i I b I i ro R C R B re
I roR B
Ai o
I i ro R C R B re
if ro 10R C and R B 10re ,
Io r R
Ai o B
I i ro R B
or we can use this equation too
Zi
A i A v Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
RC
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in
the voltage gain formulas indicates the Kar,
Asutosh inversion.
IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
re Model
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
Vo R C || ro Vo RC
Av Av
Vi re Vi re ro 10R C
Io R ro R
Ai Io
Ai
Ii (ro R C )(R re ) ro 10R C
Ii R re
Io Zi
Ai A i A v
Ii ro 10R C , R 10re RC
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
VO ( I b )(R C || ro )
Vi
Ib
re
Vi
Vo (R C || ro )
re
(R C || ro )
Av
re
RC
if ro or 10R C Av
re
Current gain
since the network is so similar to that common
- emitter fixed - bias configurat ion, except for
the R' , the equation for the current gain will
have the same format.
R' R 1 || R 2 R B
Io R' ro
Ai
I i ro R C R're
for ro 10R C ,
Io R' ro
Ai
I i ro R're
R'
R're
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
And if R' 10 re ,
Io R'
Ai
Ii R'
Io
Ai
Ii
as an op tion
Zi
A i A V
RC
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
re Model
Impedance Calculations
Zb re ( 1)R E Zo R C
Zb (re R E ) Zi R B || Zb
Z b R E
R E re Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Zi
A i A v
RC
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
Vi
Ib
Zb
Vo I o R C I b R C
V
i R C
Zb
V R C
AV o
Vi Zb
substituting Z b (re R E ) gives
Vo RC
AV
Vi re R E
and for the approximation Z b R E
Vo R C
AV
Vi RE
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Current Gain
The magnitude of R B is often too close to Z b to permit the approximation
I b I i . Applyingthe current - divider rule to the input circuit will result in :
R B Ii
Ib
R B Zb
Ib RB
Ii R B Zb
I o I b
Io
Ib
Io Io I b RB
Ai
Ii I b Ii R B Zb
Zi
A i A v
RC
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
Bypassed RE
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and Asutosh
the output is from
Kar, IIIT the emitter.
Bhubaneswar
Emitter-Follower Configuration
re Model
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
Zi R B || Zb Zb (re R E )
Zb re ( 1)R E Z b R E
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Emitter-Follower Configuration
r r
and e e re
( 1)
Vi
Ie
R E Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
reAsutosh
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Impedance Calculations (contd)
Output Impedance:
Defining the output impedence for the emitter follower configurat ion
Vi
Ie
re R E
Zo R E || re Zo re
R E r e
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
Vo RE Vo
Av Av 1
Vi R E re Vi R E re , R E re R E
R B
Ai
R B Zb
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:
Zi
A i A v
RE
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Voltage gain
R E Vi
Vo
R E re
Vo RE
Av
Vi R E re
R E usually much greater th an re ,
R E re R E
Vo
Av 1
Vi
Vo
The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
re Model
Impedance Calculations
Zi R E || re Zo R C
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
Vo R C R C
Av
Vi re re
Io
A i 1
Ii
Vo I o R C (I c R C )
I e R C
Ie Ii
Vi
Ie I o I e Ii
re
Vi Io
Vo R C A i 1
re Ii
V R R
AV o C C
Vi re re
Vo
The network has a dc feedback resistor for increased stability, yet the capacitor C3 will
shift portions of the feedback resistance to the input and output sections of the network
in the ac domain. The portion of RF shifted to the input or output side will be determined
by the desired ac input and output resistance
Asutosh Kar, IIITlevels.
Bhubaneswar
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Voltage Gain
R' ro || R F2 || R C
Vo I b R'
Vi
Ib
re
Vi
Vo R'
re
Vo ro || R F2 || R C
Av
Vi re
for ro 10R C ,
Vo R F2 || R C
Av
Vi re
Asutosh Kar, IIIT Bhubaneswar
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
For the inp ut side Current Gain
R F Ii Ib RF
Ib or
R F re Ii R F re
and for the outp ut side using R' ro || R F2
R' I b Io R'
Io or
R' R C Ib R' R C
the current gain ,
I I I R' R F1
Ai o o . b .
Ii I b Ii R' R C R F re
Io R' R F1
Ai
Ii R' R C R F1 re
since R F1 is usually much larger tha n re , R F1 re R F1
Io R F1 (ro || R F2 )
Ai
Ii R F1 ro || R F2 R C
Io
Ai
Ii RC
1
ro || R F2
Io Zi
or A i A V
Ii RC
hie = re hib = re
hfe = hfb = -
hoe = 1/ro
The h-parameters are also found in the specification sheet for the transistor.
1. Check the DC bias voltages if not correct check power supply, resistors, transistor.
Also check to ensure that the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages is OK.
2. Check the AC voltages if not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect
of the next stage.
Audio Mixer
Preamplifier
Random-Noise Generator