Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
The static and dynamic characteristic of undisturbed residual soils under drying-wetting cycles
repetition
Mohammad Muntaha i), Ria Asih Aryani Soemitro ii) and Dwa Desa Warnana iii)
ABSTRACT
In tropical volcanic countries such as Indonesia, residual soil covers most of the islands; as the weathering process of
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks is still actively undergone due to the tropical climate. The presented
objective of this paper is the effect of drying-wetting cycles repetition on the static and dynamic properties of three
natural residual soils.
The laboratory and field test results from three residual soils show that the low void ratio and high soil cohesion
occured due to the increasing of clay fraction. Drying-wetting cycles repetition reduces the void ratio, negative
pore-water pressure, cohesion and internal friction angle of soils. The cohesion of three natural residual soils after
the sixth cycle reduces 8,70%, 9,09% and 1,5% respectively. On the other hand, the unit weight of soil and shear
modulus (GUBE) increase with the number of cycles. Shear modulus (GUBE) after the sixth cycle for all residual soils
increases 25,46%, 24,15% and 11,25% respectively. As the soil densities and void ratio were increase, the soil
cohesion were decrease.
Keywords: residual soil, drying-wetting cycles, void ratio, unit weight, cohesion, shear modulus.
http://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.INA-04 591
Soil was sampled by shelby tube with 7.62 cm in fraction of Mojokerto was 25.81%; Jember was
diameter, at depth 0.5 - 1 m from original ground level. 12.58%; and Malang was 7.81%. For void ratio
To maintain the original water content, upper part of comparison, Malang has 1.963 in void ratio or 34%
shelby tube was covered by liquid wax. These samples greater than Mojokertos void ratio. Jembers void ratio
were investigated for physical, mechanical and dynamic was 1.464 which 25% less than Malangs void ratio.
soil properties at initial condition. Soil sampling It could be seen that clay fraction induces the soil
procedure applies the Indonesian standard SNI 03- void ratio. High clay fraction fills the gaps between soil
4148.1-2000. The undisturbed and disturbed soils are pore and performs particle cementation, therefore the
sampled from Jember, Mojokerto and Malang. soil density will be increased. On the other hand, due to
Physical soil properties test consists of gravimetric- low clay fraction, Malang soil has high void ratio and in
volumetric test and soil grain size analysis (ASTM D loose condition.
422-63 and ASTM D 1140-54). Dynamic soil Mojokerto soil cohesion at initial condition was
properties were investigated by using bender element. 0.203 kg/cm2, the cohesion was twice greater than
Soil sample dimension is cylinder having 4.91 cm in Malang soil cohesion (c = 0.140 kg/cm2) and three
diameter and 10.92 in height. Due to limited ability of times greater than Jember soil cohesion (c = 0.08
equipment, the soil samples were prepared in the form kg/cm2).
of cylinder having 3.81 cm in diameter and 3.00 cm in The overall evidences showed that clay fraction
height. Shear modulus test was conducted by using influences the soil cohesion. In comparison with
ASTM D 2845-95. Jember and Malang soil, Mojokerto soil had the highest
Wetting process was conducted by adding water into soil cohesion as well as the highest clay fraction (23%).
the samples and left for 3 (three) days to fulfill the Das (1985) expressed that soil cohesion mainly depends
homogenized condition. The water quantity in wetting on inter-particle stress and surface particle cohesion.
process is as follows: wi + 25% (wsat- wi); wi + 50% Inter-particle soil stress is determined by coarse grain
(wsat - wi); wi + 75% (wsat -wi); wi + 100% (wsat - wi), soil stress, while cohesion is determined by fine
which wi is initial water content and wsat is the saturated fraction (clay and silt). Fine fraction (clay and silt)
water content. could enhance the soil stiffness and shear strength.
Increase of stiffness and soil shear strength induced the
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS low soil strain during loading process.
Form Table 1, it was also seen that Mojokerto soil
3.1 Initial condition
had the highest shear modulus (GUBE) among the others.
The result of physical, mechanical and dynamic soil
Mojokertos soil shear modulus had 10 % greater than
properties on 3 (three) residual soils at Mojokerto,
Jember soil (GUBE = 144,29 MPa) and also 49.04 %
Jember and Malang is presented on Table 1.
greater than Malang soil. It could be seen that
Table 1. Mechanical soil properties at initial condition.
Mojokerto soil had the highest clay fraction as well as
the highest soil shear modulus (GUBE). As it was stated
Type of test Jember Malang Mojokerto by Munirwansyah (2002) that orientation, particle
composition and plasticity (clay mineralogy) factors
1. Water content (w, %) 34,32 61,04 39,73 would influence the soil density, hence it influences the
shear wave propagation.
2. Degree of saturation (Sr, %) 62,19 72,05 82,12
3
3. Unit weight (t, gr/cm ) 1,444 1,233 1,625 3.2 Cyclic drying-wetting influence
4. Specific gravity (Gs) 2,648 2,328 2,661 3.2.1 Physical and mechanical soil properties
5. Void ratio (e) 1,464 1,963 1,289 Fig. 1A was relationship of void ratio (e) and
drying-wetting cyclic repetition at 3 (three) residual
6. Clay fraction (%) 12,58 7,81 25,81
soils. Due to cyclic drying wetting, void ratio of
7. Sand fraction (%) 33,21 39,13 22,45 Malang and Mojokerto soil is decreased. From 1st cycle
8. Cohesion (c, kPa) 8 14 20,3
into 2nd cycle, the void ratio (e) decreased 3.28 %.; 2nd
cycle to 3rd cycle decreased 10.71 % and from 4th cycle
0
9. Internal angle friction ( ) 44,42 12,90 34,91 to 6th cycle decreased 2.92 %.
10. Vs From 3rd cycle to 6th cycle, void ratio of Mojokerto
(m/s) 308,67 256,28 309,63
soil became lower. The void ratio in 1st cycle was 1.304
11. GUBE
(MPa) 144,29 81,90 157,69 and in 2nd cycle was 1.302. On 3rd cycle the void ratio
was 1.292 and on 6th cycle the void ratio was 1.257.
Source: Laboratory test result Therefore, the void ratio decrease 3.69 % from initial
condition to 6th cycle.
Soil grain size analysis showed that sand fraction The void ratio (e) evolution due to cyclic repetition
dominated the overall soil grain size distributions. Clay on Jember soil could be seen on Fig. 1A. It could be
592
summarized that cycles of drying-wetting affect the cohesion although the soil density is increased. As it
void ratio. was expressed by Guan et al. (2010), due to drying, the
soil cohesion is increased, but the soil stiffness is low.
On the other hand, due to wetting, the soil cohesion is
decreased and behave like brittle soil structure.
593
6 REFERENCES
1) Asmaranto, R. (2001), Drying-Wetting Cyclic Repetition
Influence on Dynamic Soil properties of Unsaturated
Expansive Clay Treated with Fly Ash by using Cyclic
Triaxial, Master thesis, Pascasarjana ITS, Surabaya.
2) Das, B.M. (1985). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering,
New York: PWS Publish.
3) Guan, G.S. and Leong, E.C. (2010). Shear strength
equations for unsaturated soils under drying and wetting.
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental engineering,
ASCE, Vol. 1943-5606.
4) Munirwansyah. (2002). Determination of Clayey Sand Soil
Modulus for Low Strain Condition with Resonance Column
Test, Dissertation, Post-graduate program of ITB, Bandung.
5) Saroso, B.S. (2002). Geology and Landslides in Indonesia,
National Conference in Slope, Bandung 2002, pp 1-13.
6) Soemitro, R.A. dan Saing, Z. (2001), Drying-Wetting Cyclic
Repetition Influence on Expansive Soil Compression
Strength, Proceeding National Conference - ITS, Surabaya.
7) Yusdiantoro, Y. (2001), Drying-Wetting Cyclic Repetition
Influence on Dynamic Soil properties of Unsaturated
Expansive Clay Treated with Fly Ash by using Resonance
Column Test, Master thesis, Post-graduate program of ITB.
594