VALVES - example: gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch, and

Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and lift Check Valves
pressure within a system or process. Rotary Motion Valves
FUNCTIONS:
- travels along an angular or circular path
To slow down or stop the flow of a fluid
To reduce or increase the flow rate of a fluid. - example: butterfly, ball, plug, and Swing
To control the direction of a flow Check Valves
To regulate process pressure. Quarter Turn Valves
To relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure - 0 through 90motion

A. Basic Parts of Valves

2. BASED ON PRIMARY FUNCTION:
1. Valve Body Shutoff valves (Block valves/ Isolation valves)
- or shell - close on/off the flow through a pipe
- is the primary boundary of a pressure valve - should give a positive seal in the closed
- framework that holds all the parts together. position and minimum resistance to flow
when open.
2. Valve Bonnet - Gate, plug, and ball valves
- second most important boundary of a pressure
valve. Gate Valves
- acts as a cover on the valve body - majority of valves in the plant are of this
3. Valve Disk type.
- allows, throttles, or stops flow, depending on its - MECHANISM: flow is straight through and is
position. regulated by raising or lowering the gate.
- third most important primary pressure boundary. - Several turns of the valve handle are usually
- Most valves are named according to the design of required to close the valve - best used when
their disks. operated infrequently.
- not used to regulate or throttle flow - the
4. Valve Seat disk tends to vibrate from the fluid flow
- provide the seating surface for the disk causing it to wear.
- valve may have one or more seats.
5. Valve Stem Applications
- provides the necessary movement to the disc - Viscous liquids such as heavy oils,
- connected to the valve actuator at one end and creams etc.
on the other side to the valve disc. - Slurries
6. Valve Stem Packing Ball Valves
- seal between the stem and the bonnet - are considered quick-acting because they
- prevents damage to the stem and fluid or gas loss only require a 90 turn
7. Actuator (Hand Wheel) - uses a ball-shaped disk to stop or start flow.
- operates the stem and disk assembly - valve is opened, the ball rotates to a point
- may be controlled manually or automatically. where the hole through the ball is in line to
- Basic actuators - fully open or fully close a valve. the flow openings
- Actuators for controlling or regulating valves - valve is closed, the ball is rotated so that the
given positioning signal to move to any hole is perpendicular to the flow openings
intermediate position Applications of Ball Valves
8. Yoke - Air, gaseous, and liquid applications
- connects the valve body or bonnet with the - Drains and vents in liquid, gaseous, and
actuating mechanism other fluid services
- strong enough to withstand forces, moments, and - Steam service
torque developed by the actuator. Advantages
- least expensive of any valve
B. CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES configuration and has low maintenance
1. BASED ON MECHANICAL MOTION costs.
Linear Motion Valves - compact, require no lubrication, and
- moves in a straight line to allow, stop, or give tight sealing with low torque.
throttle the flow
Disadvantages
 - poor throttling characteristics - exposed
seat rapidly erodes because of the
impingement of high velocity flow.
- In slurry or other applications, the
suspended particles can settle and
become trapped in body cavities
causing wear, leakage, or valve failure.
Plug Valves
- quarter-turn rotational motion valve
that uses a tapered or cylindrical plug
- same operation with ball valve
- advantage over gate valves is that they
only require a quarter turn to open or
close
- often actuated by solenoids and are
used where quick on-off switching is
needed.
Applications
- perform well in slurry applications.
- Air, gaseous, and vapor services
- Natural gas piping systems
- Oil piping systems
- Vacuum to high-pressure applications
Advantages
- Quick quarter turn on-off operation
- Minimal resistance to flow
- Smaller in size than most other valves
Disadvantages
- Requires a large force to actuate, due to
high friction.
- NPS 4 and larger valves requires the use
of an actuator.
- Reduced port, due to tapered plug
Control Valve
- used to regulate flow through a pipe
- Globe, diaphragm, and butterfly valves
Globe Valves
- spherical body shape
- separated by an internal baffle.
- mechanism: perpendicular movement of
the disk away from the seat
- gradual change in spacing between the
disk and seat ring = good throttling ability
Application
- used for liquids mostly water system
- not suitable for both slurry and high purity
liquids (become entrapped)
- essential when tight shut off are needed (gas
flow)
3 BODY DESIGNS:
i. Tee Pattern Globe valve
- most common body type
- Z-shaped diaphragm
- travel perpendicular to the horizontal
line.
ii. Angle Pattern Globe valves
- ends are at an angle of 90 degrees (inlet
and outlet are perpendicular)
- flow from vertical to horizontal.
iii. Wye Pattern Globe valves
- alternative for the high pressure drop
- angled at approximately 45 degree (
Gives a straighter flow path)
Butterfly Valves
- easy and fast to open.
- "butterfly" - metal disc mounted on a
rod.
- used for the control of gas and vapour
flows.
- OPEN = disk lies parallel to the piping
run. CLOSE = disk approaches the
perpendicular position
- chief advantage: high capacity in a small
package due to the body design and
very low initial cost.
-
Applications
- perform well in slurry applications.
- Cooling water, air, gases, fire protection
etc.
- Slurry and similar services
- Vacuum service
- High-pressure, high-temperature water,
steam services
Diaphragm Valves
- Used for regulation of most gases and liquids
- throttling characteristics = large shutoff area
along the seat.
- Mechanism: stem of the valve is used to
push down a flexible diaphragm, which
blocks fluid path
- main advantage - isolates the moving parts
of the valve from the process fluid. (suitable
for handling aggressive fluids and for those
containing suspended solids)
- can be made from inexpensive materials,
reducing the overall cost
- used under the conditions of low P and T
because of the physical limitations of the
diaphragm membrane (less than 175C.)
- particularly suited for the handling of
corrosive fluids, fibrous slurries, radioactive
fluids (fluids that must remain free from
contamination)
 Two different classifications:
C. Rule of Thumb for Valve Selection
- Weir type - A weir is cast into the body, and
when closed, the diaphragm rests on the Control valves should always be sized for a flow
weir, restricting the flow. rate larger than the normal flow condition.
- Straight-through type - The bore runs Choose a valve that is no smaller than half the
laterally through the body and a wedge- pipe size.
shaped diaphragm is used to make the A typical globe-type control valve has a
closure. rangeability 50:1 (FLOW RATE)

Pinch Valves
- simplest valve design
- include any valve with a flexible
elastomeric body
- low maintenance, low weight, and can
be used in systems requiring explosion-
proof line closure.
- used in sterile lines and in situations
where product purity is a high priority,
- Due to their elastomeric bodies, pinch
valves are not viable in high T and P

Other Valves

Check Valves
- valves that open with forward flow and close
with reverse flow.
- prevent flow in the reverse direction.

i. Swing Check Valve

- MECHANISM: disk swings away from
the valve-seat to allow flow in the
forward direction, and returns to valve-
seat when upstream flow is stopped.
ii. Lift Check Valve
- suitable for high-pressure service
where velocity of flow is high.
- MECHANISM: the piston or ball is raised
within guides from the seat by the
pressure of the upward flow. When the
flow stops or reverses, the piston is
forced onto the seat by both the
backflow and gravity.

Relief and Safety Valves

- prevent equipment damage by relieving
accidental over-pressurization of fluid
systems.
- A relief valve opens only as necessary to
relieve the over-pressure condition.
- used for incompressible fluids such as water
or oil.
- A safety valve will stay fully open until the
pressure drops below a reset pressure.
- typically used for compressible fluids such as
steam or other gases.