2first Chapter To Four12

B.E.
(Civil) - 068 Batch, NCE : Final Year Project on Earthquake Resistance Design of Multi Storied Apartment Building at Kathmandu.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Kathmandu is one of the fastest growing city, the capital of Nepal. Since the decade of 50,
construction activities have been tremendously increased in Nepal; especially in Kathmandu
valley. Various kinds of complex structures like high rise apartment, hospital buildings, etc. are
being constructed to fulfill the demand of rapidly increasing population.
With the changing living style, increasing population and with more pronounced scarcity of the
land, the demand for multi-storey buildings with larger spans and sizes is soaring day by day. The
studies related with earthquake demand the structures to be stronger and safer. The earthquake,
being inevitable natural catastrophe, safe design should hold the paramount important loss of lives
and properties are unpleasant because of worst scenario it can create.
In the history of Nepal, numerous earthquakes which damaged many lives and infrastructures.
Briefly speaking earthquake of "8 Rector Scale" were in 19th century in 1810, 1833, 1866 and
1934 AD in Nepal. Recently, we faced earthquake of 7.8 Rector Scale in 12, Baisakh, 2072 B.S.
which lead to the tremendous loss of lives and properties. It is the consequences of lack of regular
supervision of the Engineer during the construction. The random and unmonitored construction
without proper design and guidance is one of the factor for the earthquake disaster. Earthquake
can take many lives, destruction of massive structures and create worst scenario as ever. While
designing a structure great emphasis must be given for seismic analysis so that an earthquake of
large intensity cannot destroy the buildings easily or the structure after earthquake must serve for
the purpose.
It is a great challenge to design the structure considering durability, safety, and economic factor at
one attempt. Durability, economy and safety factors are the challenging element for such type of
complex structure.
In addition to this Nepal is located between the Indian and Tibetan plate along which a relative
strain of about 2 cm has been estimated. The Indian plate is also sub-ducting at the rate thought to
be 3 cm per year. The existence of Himalayan range with the world's highest peak is evidence of
high tectonics beneath the country. So, Nepal is seismically very active. As well as Nepal lies in
IVth and Vth zone which is at high risk of vulnerability and this lead people to death, loss of
property, injuries, etc. So the seismic consideration in the design of buildings is the most
important one.
The design provision of high-seismic system are also intended to result in distributed deformation
throughout the frame, rather than the formation of story mechanisms, so as to increase the level of
available every dissipation and corresponding level of ground motion that can be withstood.There
are various types of structure that are subjected to various loads like static load and dynamic loads
(earthquake load). During the design process, the structures are subjected to internal forces like
axial forces, shear forces, bending and torsional moment etc. We have to analyze these internal
forces in the members of the structures and design various sizes of member of structures to resist
these forces during the earthquake. Our project work STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF MULTI STOREYED APARTMENT BUILDING" deals with multistorey frame
structural building located in the Sukedhara, Kathmandu, Nepal, which lies in the earthquake
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Prepared By : Damodar Dhungana , Bishnu Dhungana, Sudip Nepal, Prabesh Pandit, Roshan Shrestha, Ashish Bastakoti
B.E. (Civil) - 068 Batch, NCE : Final Year Project on Earthquake Resistance Design of Multi Storied Apartment Building at Kathmandu.
prone zone. So the effect of earthquake load must to be taken into consideration as such the
structures are analyzed for earthquake load as well as lateral load along with vertical load. The
structural analysis is carried out with help of computer program SAP 2000, Microsoft Excel and
AutoCAD draws detail drawings etc.
A structure analysis has to deal with various structures ranging from simple ones like curtain rods
and electric poles to more complex ones like multistoried frame buildings, shell roofs bridges etc.
These structures are subjected to various load like concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads,
uniformly varying load, live loads, earthquake loads and other dynamic forces. The structure
transfers the loads acting on it to the supports and ultimately to the ground. While transferring the
loads acting on the structures, the members of the structures are subjected to the internal forces
like axial force, shear force, bending and torsion moments.
Structural design deals with sizing of various members of the structures to resist the internal
forces to which they are subjected during their effective life span. Unless the proper structural
detailing method is adopted, the structural design will be no more effective. The IS code of
practice and NBC of Nepal should be thoroughly adopted for proper analysis, design and detailing
with respect to safety, economy, stability and strength.
The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in Indian
standard, Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS 456:2000, Design aids for
reinforced concrete to IS 456:2000(SP16), Criteria for earthquake resistance design structure IS
1893:2000, Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure subjected to seismic forces, Code of
practice IS 13920:1993, Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing SP 34. Use of these
codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility besides
satisfactory serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures. These
codes are based on principles of limit state of design.
1.2 Theme of the Project
The main aim of the project work under the title is to acquire knowledge and skill with an
emphasis of practical application. Besides, the utilization of analytical methods and design
approaches, exposures and application of various available codes of practices are another aim of
the work.
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1.3 Objectives and Scopes of the Work

Objectives :
1. Identification of structural arrangements of plan.
2. Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
3. Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program.
4. Sectional design of structural components.
5. Structural detailing of members and the system.
Scopes :
1. Identification of the building and the requirements of the space.
2. Determination of the structural system of the building to undertake the vertical and
horizontal loads.
3. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake.
4. Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.
5. Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis.
6. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load.
7. Identification of load cases and load combination cases.
8. Finite element modeling of the building and input analysis.
9. The structural design of the building by sap2000 for different cases of loads.
10. Review of analysis outputs for design of individual components.
1.4 Principles of Earthquake Resistant Building

Every building structure is expected to experiences moderate to major earthquake during its
life period. Design of building structures should follow the principle of earthquake resistant
design a well designed earthquake resistant building should be able to:
a. Resist minor earthquake without damage
b. Resist major earthquake without collapse but with some structural as well as non-
structural damage.
c. Conform to local building codes providing Life Safety, meaning that the building may
collapse eventually after its design period but not during earthquake.
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1.5 Seismic Design Philosophy for Buildings

The seismic design philosophy may be summarized as follows:
(a) Under minor but frequent shaking, the main members of the building that carry vertical and
horizontal forces should not be damaged; however building parts that do not carry load may
sustain repairable damage.
(b) Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main members may sustain repairable damage,
while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that they may even have to be replaced
after the earthquake.
(c) Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even irreparable)
damage, but the building should not collapse.
1.6 Affect on Reinforced Building by Earthquake

RC Buildings:
A typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams &slabs) and vertical members
(columns &wall), and supported by foundation that rest on ground. The system comprising of RC
columns and connecting beams is called RC frame the RC frame participates in resisting the
earthquake forces. Shaking due to earthquake develops the inertia forces in the building which are
proportioned to the building mass.
Earthquake induced inertia forces preliminary develop at the floor level of these forces travel
downwards through slab and beam to column and walls, & then to the foundation from where
they are dispersed to the ground. Inertia forces accumulate downwards from the top of the
building the columns and wall at the lower storey experience higher earthquake-induced forces &
are therefore designed to be stronger than those in storeys above.
When beams bend in the vertical direction during earthquakes, these thin slabs bend along with
them. When beams move with column in horizontal direction, the slab usually forces the beams to
move together with. This behavior is known as rigid diaphragm action.
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For the building to remain safe during earthquake shaking, columns (which receive forces from
beams) should be stronger than beams, and foundations (which receive forces from columns)
should be stronger than columns. Connections between beams & columns, columns &foundation
should not fail before the failure of beam.
1.7 Architectural Features that Affect Buildings During Earthquakes

The importance of the configuration was aptly summarized by Late Henry Degenkolb, a noted
Earthquake Engineer of USA, as If we have a poor configuration to start with, all the engineer
can do is to provide a band-aid, improve a basically poor solution as best as he can. Conversely, if
we start-off with a good configuration and reasonable framing system, even a poor engineer
cannot harm its ultimate performance too much.
Irregular (Improper) configuration:
(i) Buildings with large height to base size ratio. Ref fig.1 (a)
(ii) Short height but very long building. Ref fig.1 (b)
(iii) Buildings with large plan area like warehouse. Ref fig.1(c)
(iv) L-shaped buildings
1.8 Ductile Detailing for Earthquake Resistant Construction

For satisfactory performance in an earthquake a structure must have strength as well as ductility.
If the elastic strength of each element in a structure exceeds the greatest load imposed upon it
there can be no significant structural damage. If members are brittle, they will fail, throwing their
share of the load to the remaining elements. If they are sufficiently ductile, they can continue to
participate in resisting the lateral force nearly up to their full strength after they yield, throwing
only the excess load.
A ductile material is the one that can undergo considerable strains and support loads. The
termsductility term refers the ability to sustain significant inelastic deformations prior to collapse
while brittle material fails suddenly upon attaining maximum load.
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Significance of the ductility
If a structure is ductile, it can be expected to adapt to the unexpected overloads, load reversals,
impact and structural movements due to the foundation settlements and volume change.
Buildings occupant will have sufficient warnings of the impending failure thus reducing the
probability of loss of life in the event of collapse.
Limit state design procedure assumes that all the critical section in the structure will reach
their maximum capacities at design load for the structure. For this to occur, all the joints and
splices must be to withstand forces and deformations corresponding to yielding of the
reinforcement.
Fig; Ductile force-deformation behaviour
1.9 Identification of Loads

a. Dead loads are calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 1)-1987
b. Seismic load according to IS: 1893 (Part 1): 2002 considering Kathmandu located at
Zone V.
c. Imposed loads according to IS: 875 (Part 2) 1978
1.10 Description of the Proposed Project

The proposed MULTI STOREYED APARTMENT BUILDING at Kathmandu, which is to be
served as for the purpose of shopping. The general features of this proposed building are as
follows:
1. Name of project : Multi Storied Apartment Building
2. Location : Kathmandu
3. Structure system : RCC framed structure
4. Plinth area : 367.58 m2 (h=27.35m)
5. No .of storey : Nine storey with Basement
6. Types of slab : Two way slab

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7. Types of beam : Rectangular Size 450mmx580mm ; 280mmx410mm
8. Types of column : Square (i) 540mm
9. Types of foundation : Raft / Mat foundation
10. Types of staircase : Dog- Legged
11. Method of Analysis : SAP2000-V15
12. Design concept : Limit state design
13. Concrete Grade used : M20; M25
14. Reinforcement Grade : Fe 415
15. Dead Load : As per materials usage in building
16. Live load : As per usage and as specified relevant code
17. Seismic load : As per usage and as specified relevant code
18. Soil type : Sandy soil (especially gravel mixed clay assumed)
19. Topography : Plain terrain
20. Occupancy of
the building : Apartmental Type.
1.11 Brief Description of the Plan

The Plinth Area of Building is described below:
Basement : 367.45 sq. m.
Ground : 367.58 sq. m.
1st Floor : 369.54 sq. m.
2nd/3rd Floor : 409.74 sq. m.
4th/ 5th/6th/7thFloor : 424.17 sq. m.
The Height of the Building is described below:
Basement : 3050 mm
Ground Floor : 3300 mm
1st to Top : 3000 mm
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2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Planning of the Building
Functional Planning of Building is done based on two principles:
a) Client Requirements are the primary governing factor in space requirement calculations. These
requirements are enumerated then planned in the available space with architectural provisions for
space allocation and management.
b) Municipal By-Laws and Guidelines dictate the design of building structures within their
judicial province. At our proposed site in Kathmandu, the building by-laws prepared and
implemented by Kathmandu Metropolitan City is in action.
Thus, with consideration of both the planning features explained above in brief, the planning was
done for maximum benefit of client.
Structural planning: The building is to be designed as earthquake resistant structure, regular
geometrical shape without any abrupt changes in plan are incorporated based on IS1893
(part1):2002.
2.2 Load Assessment and Preliminary Design
a) Gravity Loads (Dead Load and Imposed Load)
Gravity Loads acting on the building are the weight of structural members, floor finishes, partition
walls etc. To assess these loads, the materials to be used are chosen and their weights/density
determined based Indian standard code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures:
i. IS 875 (part I):1987 Dead Loads

ii. IS 875 (part II):1987 Imposed Loads
b) Lateral Loads (Earthquake Load)
Lateral Loads acting on the building as earthquake load over the entire structure. Earthquake load
is based on IS 1893 (part I):2002. Earthquake load is calculated based on this code by Seismic
Coefficient Method which is an approximation of dynamic loading due to earthquake by
equivalent static lateral loads.
Preliminary Design
Preliminary Design of structural member is based on the IS Code provisions for slab, beam,
column of serviceability criteria for deflection control and moment criteria method. Appropriate
sizing is done with consideration to the fact that the preliminary design based on gravity loads is
required to resist the lateral loads acting on the structure. The details of preliminary design
computations for slabs, beams and columns are prepared.
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2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Structure

2.3.1. Idealization of Load
Idealization of load on the superstructure is done separately for individual elements i.e. beam,
column, slab staircase. These idealizations are done based on IS 456:2000 for distribution of load
from slab to beam by tributary method.
2.3.2. Idealization of Joint Constraints

Joints are defined with constraints to serve as rigid floor diaphragm at individual floor level. Due
to this definition of joints, the slabs subjected to lateral loads behave in in-plane action of thin
shell and hence act as rigid floor diaphragm.
2.4 Modeling and Analysis of Structure

Salient Features of SAP2000 v15
SAP2000 V15 represents one of the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of SAP series of
computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the analysis, and
checking and optimization of the design are all done. Graphical displays of the results are easily
produced. The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three
dimensional FRAME element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general, three
dimensional, beam-column formulation which includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion,
axial deformation, and biaxial shear deformations. A Frame element is modeled as a straight line
connecting two joints. Each element has its own local coordinate system for defining section
properties and loads, and for interpreting output.
Modeling in SAP 2000
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building we used the structural analysis program
SAP2000. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. A floor
diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that all points on
any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane. This type of modeling is
very useful in the lateral dynamic analysis of building. The base shear and earthquake lateral force
are calculated as per code IS 1893 (part1) : 2002 and are applied at each master joint located on
every storey of the building. The building is modeled as a 3D bare frame. Results from analysis
are used in design of beams and columns. Joints are defined with constraints to serve as rigid floor
diaphragm and hence slabs are designed manually as effect of seismic load is not seen on slab..
Material properties are defined for elements in terms of their characteristic strength i.e. M20 for
slabs, beams and M25 for columns. Loading combination based on IS 875 (part V):1987 and IS
1893 (part 1):2002 for ultimate limit state and IS 456:2000 for serviceability limit state is
prepared.
As we are working with a computer based system, the importance of data input is as important as
the result of output derived from analysis. Hence with possibility of garbage-in-garbage-out, we
need to check our input parameters in explicit detail.
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2.4.1 Design Philosophy

Limit State Method of Design for Reinforced Concrete Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Members is done based on the limit state method of design
following IS 456:2000 as the code of practice. The basic philosophy of design is that the structure
is designed for strength at the ultimate limit state of collapse and for performance at limit state of
serviceability. A check for these two limit states is done based on code of practice to achieve safe,
economic and efficient design.
The design principle is based on probabilistic approach that any structural element designed by
limit state will function well during its intended live and not reach the ultimate limit state of
collapse under normal performance conditions.
Assumptions of Limit State Design Method for Flexure:
i. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
ii. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fiber is 0.0035.
iii. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the
strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoidal, parabola or any other
shape which results in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the result
of test. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure
shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor
= 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
iv. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
v. The design stresses in reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor = 1.15 shall be applied.
vi. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less
than:
Where, fy = characteristic strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
2.4.2 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structure

Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure is done based on IS 13920:1993 for the
provision of compliance with earthquake resistant design philosophy. Special consideration is
taken in detailing to achieve ductility to assure the capacity theory of STRONG COLUMN |
WEAK BEAMS. Detailing provisions of IS 13920:1993 and IS 456:2000 are used extensively for
these members to comply with the relevant codes of practice.
2.4.3 Codal References

The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in Indian
Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456:2000, Design Aids for
Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:2000(SP-16), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design Structures IS
1893 (Part 1):2002, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic
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Forces- Code of Practice IS 13920:1993, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing SP-
34. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing sufficient safety, economy, strength and
ductility besides satisfactory serviceability requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete
structures. These codes are based on principles of Limit State of Design.
2.5 Organization and Preparation of Project Work Report

The project work report is prepared in the standard format availed by the NCE, Department of
Civil Engineering under the supervision of Er. Amrit Man Tuladhar (Associate Professor).
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3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Analysis
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building, we use the structural analysis program
SAP2000 V15. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system. A
floor diaphragm is modelled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so that all
points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modeling is very useful in the seismic analysis of building. The base shear and
earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS1893(Part I )2002 as calculated before and
are applied at each frame joints in every storey of the building in X-Y direction respectively.
Various load combinations has been adopted as per IS 1893 (part 1):2002, clauses 6.3.1.2. They
are as follows:
3.2 Load Combination

Different load cases and load combinations cases are considered to obtain most critical elements
stresses in the structures in the course of analysis.There are all together four load cases considered
for the structural analysis and are mentioned as below:
i. Dead Load(DL)
ii. Live Load(LL)
iii. Earthquake load in X direction (EQx)
iv. Earthquake load in Y direction (EQy)
Following loads combinations are adopted as per Cl. 6.3.1.2 of IS1893 (Part I):2002
i. 1.5(DL+ LL)
ii. 1.5(DL + EQx)
iii. 1.5(DL - EQx)
iv. 1.5(DL + EQy)
v. 1.5(DL - EQy)
vi. 1.2(DL + LL + EQx)
vii. 1.2(DL + LL - EQx)
viii. 1.2(DL + LL + EQy)
ix. 1.2(DL + LL - EQy)
x. 0.9DL + 1.5 EQx
xi. 0.9DL - 1.5 EQx
xii. 0.9DL + 1.5 EQy
xiii. 0.9DL - 1.5 EQy
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4. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING

4.1 Structural Arrangement Plan
The architectural drawing of Apartment Building is to be constructed at Sukedhara in Kathmandu.
The planning of the building has been done under available of land area, shape, space according
to building-bye-laws and requirement of residential building. The positioning of column,
staircase, toilet, lift etc. is appropriately done and accordingly beam arrangement is carried out so
that the whole building will be aesthetically, functionally, and economically feasible.
The aim of the design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being design
will perform satisfactory during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they
should sustain all the adequate resistance to the effect of misuse and fire.
4.2 Preliminary Design of RCC Slab, Beam, and Column For the Proposed
Apartment Building
Preliminary Design of RCC Slab Element
For analysis of the building, it requires the rough idea on the member sizes used in the building as
beam, column, and slab. According to which the contributed dead load of the member to the
structure could be estimated. The size of the members is dependent on the limit state of
serviceability on deflection and cracking. For this, the IS code 456-2000 is referred.
The preliminary design of RCC slab for the roof of the proposed building is based on the
fulfillment of deflection control criteria of IS 456-20000 and behavior of floor slab as a rigid
diaphragm in earthquake resistant design based in IS 1893-2002.
i) For Design of Slab

Hence, from IS 456-2000 Clause 23.2; Control of Deflection, we can draw out the
following methodological steps to get the thickness of slab.
()
<
()
4.3 Gravity (Vertical) Load Calculations

Loading Pattern
Loading pattern from slab to beam is obtained by drawing bisecting angle from each corner. The
obtained triangular or trapezoidal loadings are converted into equivalent uniformly distributed
load in the following way:
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h w
q
L L
Physical geometry loading geometry
Loading intensity per unit length, w=DL or LL of slab per sq. unit*h
4.4 Lateral Load Calculation (Seismic Load)

4.4.1 Seismic Load
Seismic weight is the total dead load plus approximately amount of specified imposed load. While
computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any storey shall
be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic weight of the whole
building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors.
Seismic load or earthquake load on the building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness and mass. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an
earthquake, the mass is imparted by building whereas the acceleration is imparted by the ground
disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of the building should be as low as
possible.
There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in a building:
a) Seismic coefficient method
b) Response spectrum method or modal analysis method
The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40m in height and those
are more or less symmetrical in plan andelevation.
Response spectrum
The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom system having
certain period of vibration and damping during earthquake is referred to as response spectrum.
The maximum response, maximum absolute acceleration, maximum velocity or maximum
relative displacement of the single degree of freedom system is plotted against the un-damped
natural period and for various damping values.
Processing in SAP2000 V15
1) Materials used in the column and beam concrete were defined with their corresponding unit
weight and stress as 25Mpa and 20Mpa respectively. Properties of other materials like rebar
used as longitudinal and traverse reinforcement.
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2) Frame section properties were also defined as per the preliminary design with their
dimensions.
3) Coordinate grid system was defined then 3D modeling of the structure was done.
4) Mass source was also defined. The mass multiplier for the loads were defined as 1 for all the
dead loads of the building whereas, it was defined as 0.5 for live loads greater than 3KN/m 2
and 0.25 for live loads less than or equals to 3KN/m2.
5) Load pattern was defined with dead load self weight multiplier as unity and then live load.
Besides load applied, the codal earthquake loads in x and y direction; manual earthquake loads
in x and y direction were also defined.
6) The load combinations were also defined as per IS 1893 (part I):2002. Also the envelope for
the seismic, response spectrum and manual loads combinations were also made to obtain the
required value from the combinations.
7) The model of the structure was made and the loads (live as well as loads) were applied on the
frames.
8) The modal was run.
9) The time period, base shear and mass load participation were made from the analysis output
tables and checked.
4.4.2 Calculation of Natural Period of Vibration (Ta)
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta) in seconds of a moment resisting
frame building without brick infill panels may be also obtained by the empirical expressions.
a) Ta= 0.075h.75 (code IS 1893:2002 clause 7.6.1)
b) Ta=0.09h/(d)1/2 (code IS 1893:2002 clause 7.6.2)
c) Ta=0.1n
4.4.3 Calculations of Base Shear and Design Lateral Force
Base shear (VBZ) = Ah *W (Code IS 1893:2002)
Where,
Ah= design horizontal seismic coefficient
W= weight of the building (KN)
h= height of the building (m)

Ah= 2 (Code IS 1893:2002 clause 6.4.2)
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Where,
Z= zone factor as given (IS 1983(part1):2002)
I= Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structure
R= response reduction factor
Sa/g= average response acceleration coefficient
Center Of Mass And Center of Stiffness

X Y
Floor CM C. S CM C.S
m m m m
Basement and ground floor 6.84 6.85 13.1403 13.43
First to seventh 6.85 6.85 12.48 12.45
STOREY SHEAR CALCULATION

SEISMIC
WEIGHT)
S.N. Floor ID Loads (KN) (Wi ) (KN) hi Wihi Wihi^2 Q V
Beam Columns Slab Wall Live load

1 SEVENTH FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 25.67 85183.3 2186656 658.88 658.88
2 SIXTH FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 22.67 75228.1 1705422 513.88 1172.8
3 FIFTH FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 19.67 65272.9 1283918 386.87 1559.6
4 FOURTH FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 16.67 55317.7 922147 277.86 1837.5
5 THIRD FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 13.67 45362.5 620106 186.85 2024.3
6 SECOND FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 10.67 35407.3 377796 113.84 2138.2
7 FIRST FLOOR 363.3 524.9 1132.2 810.3 487.7 3318.4 7.67 25452.1 195218 58.823 2197
8 GROUND FLOOR 375.7 625.5 871 913.2 375.2 3160.6 4.67 14760 68929.2 20.77 2217.8
9 BASEMENT 0 265.4 0 428.3 293.8 987.5 1.37 1352.88 1853.44 0.5585 2218.3
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Additional Shear Calculation Due to Torsion in Building
Center of Rigidity (CR) - A point through which a horizontal force is applied resulting in
translation of the floor without any rotation
Center of Mass (CM) - Center of gravity of all the floor masses.
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TIME PERIOD FOR VARIOUS MODES

FOR EQX
Storey U1 Storey height Interstorey drift (mm) 0.004*storey height check
Basement 0 1370 0 5.48 OK

Ground 0.006954 3300 -6.954 13.2 OK
First 0.007291 3000 -0.337 12 OK
Second 0.007265 3000 0.026 12 OK
Third 0.00703 3000 0.235 12 OK
Fourth 0.006532 3000 0.498 12 OK
Fifth 0.005731 3000 0.801 12 OK
Sixth 0.004604 3000 1.127 12 OK
Seventh 0.003218 3000
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PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF R.C.C. SLAB FOR THE PROPOSED

APARTMENT BUILDING
Preliminary Design of RCC Slab Element
The preliminary design of RCC slab for the floor and roof of the proposed building is based on
fulfillment of deflection control criteria of IS 456:2000 and behavior of floor slab as a rigid
diaphragm in earthquake resistant design based on IS 1893:2002.
For design of slab
The project building has largest span of 5.3m X 6.7m.
lx = 5.3m=5300mm (i.e. the smallest of the two dimensions of the slab)
ly = 6.7m =6700mm (i.e. the largest of the two dimensions of the slab)
6700
= = 1.26 2
5300
Hence the slab is two way continuous slab.
From IS 456:2000 Clause 23.2
Control of Deflection, we can draw out the following methodical steps to get the thickness of slab.
Here d represents the thickness of the slab
()

()
Here, l= lx= 5000 mm
= 26 (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 24.1 Note 2 )
(As the steel is high strength steel and for continuous slab)
span factor =1 for largest span less than 10m (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 b.)
Assuming 1% reinforcement and fs = 120
From Fig. 4, (Page 38) IS 456: 2000
= 1.6
= 1 no compression reinforcement in the slab (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1d)
= 1 for slab being rectangular section without flange (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 e)
5300
deff= 111.6132= 103.52mm 110 mm
Thus the effective depth is 110 mm
19
A clear cover of 15mm for main bar of diameter 10mm we get the overall depth of slab as:
Overall Depth of Slab (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5x Dia. of main bar + Clear Cover

= deff + 2 +clear cover
= 110 + 0.5 x10 + 15 ( can be either 10 mm or 8 mm not more or

less)
D = 130 mm
Load Calculations:
Dead Loads on Slab:
DL= rea of the section= D*B KN/m
DL of slab 130 mm thick( DLs) = 25*.13*1 = 3.25 KN/m
DL of Floor Finish (marble/sandstone) 25 mm thick (DLm ) =22* .025* 1 = .55 KN/m
(Ref:For IS 875 Part I Table II Page 8)
DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick(DLscreed) = 21*.025*1= 0.525 KN/m
(Ref:For IS 875 Part I Table II Page 8)
Although only with screed value of =20.4 KN/m3 but with punning =21 KN/m3
DL of Ceiling and Plaster 12.5 mm thick (DLC) =20.4* 0.0125*1= 0.255 KN/m
(Ref:For IS 875 Part I Table IV Page 10)
Total Dead Load=3.25+0.55+0.525+0.255=4.58 KN/m.
Live Loads on Slab:
Live Load =LL = 3 KN/m2 (Ref. 875 Part II)
Total Load = Sum of Dead Load and Live Load=4.58+3.0=7.58 KN/m
Factored Load= 1.5* (Sum of Dead Load and Live Load)
= 1.5(7.58)
=11.37KN/m
WU=11.00 KN/m
20
Calculation of Bending Moments by IS method / Method of Coefficients:
From IS456:2000 Annex D Clause D-1
For RESTRAINED SLABS
Mux= xwu lx2
Muy= ywu lx2
From IS456:2000 Annex D Table 26
OURS IS A CASE OF Interior Panels"

= .

TYPES OF PANEL
SHORT SPAN LONG SPAN
1.26
Negative moment at 0.0454 0.032
Continuous Edge
Positive Moment at Mid 0.0344 0.024

Span
For ax =0.0454, ay =0.032
For ax = 0.0344, ay =0.024
Calculation of Moments:
Along the shorter span
At support
Mux= xwu lx2 = -0.0454*11.37*5.32=-14.5KN-m
At Mid span
Mux= xwu lx2 = 0.0344*11.37*5.32= 10.99~11 KN-m
Along the longer span
At support
Muy= ywu lx2= -0.032*11.37*5.32= -10.22 KN-m
At Mid span
Mux= ywu lx2= 0.024*11.37*5.32 =7.665 KN-m
21
Numerically, the maximum value Bending Moment = |14.5|kNm
Now, from flexural considerations, the depth of slab must be enough to ensure under reinforced
behavior for the above load.

..
Where,
For M20 grade of concrete and Fe415 grade of steel

,
Q= 0.36 fck (1 0.42,

) = 2.76 (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Annex G-1.1.c)

, 0.0035
Where = = 0.479 for Fe415 from strain compatibility condition.
0.0035+0.002+0.87

(Ref. IS 456: 2000 Annex G-1.1.a)
In designing slab, we take unit width of slab for computation. So, b=1m = 1000mm
Mu=14.5x 106Nmm
Thus the value of 'd' = 72.482mm < 110 mm (Okay)
As the moment for the slab considered is maximum, and since the considered slab is maximum in
the size from the floor plan, a uniform slab thickness of 130 mm when provided.
22
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF R.C.C. BEAM FOR THE

PROPOSED APARTMENT BUILDUING.
Preliminary Design of RCC Beam Element

From the architectural plan of the proposed building, the maximum span length of the beam is
6.7m c/c at 4-4 and 5.3m c/c at B-B.
Preliminary Design can be done either by

A) Deflection Control Criteria
B)By Moment Criteria
PROCEDURE 1
A) DESIGNING BY DEFLECTION CONTROL CRITERIA
The methodical steps in designing the beam element preliminarily with respect to IS 456:2000, IS
1893, IS13920, IS 4326 are same as the slab element.
Hence, from Clause 23.2 Control of Deflection of IS 456:2000 we can draw out the following
methodical steps to get the depth of beam
()

()
Where,
Span (l) = 6.7 m= 6700mm (i.e. the largest available span length from the floor plan.)
= 26 (for continuous beam) (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1)
span factor =1 for largest span less than 10m (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 b.)
Assuming 1.4 % tension reinforcement and fs = 120
From Fig. 4, (Page 38) IS 456: 2000
= 1.4
Assuming 1 % compression reinforcement
From Fig. 5, (Page 39) IS 456: 2000
= 1.25 (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 d)
= 1 for slab being rectangular section without flange (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 e)
23
However as the span of beam is greater than 5m, secondary beam is felt necessary by
experience.

= 0.8 for flange beam assuming = 0.3 (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Fig. 6 Page 39)

6700
deff= 2611.41.250.8= 184.065mm 190 mm
Thus the effective depth is 190 mm
A clear cover of 25mm for main bar of diameter 20 mm we get the overall depth of beam as:
Overall Depth of Beam (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5x Dia. of main bar + Clear Cover

= 190 + 0.5 X 20 + 25 ( is taken 20 mm)
D = 225 mm 230 mm
PROCEDURE 2
B) DETERMINATION OF DEPTH OF BEAM BY MOMENT CRITERIA:
Area of Influence = 10.770946+10.770946 m2=21.55m2
Load Calculations:
Dead Loads on Beam:
DL= rea of the section= D* Area of Influence KN
DL of slab 130 mm thick ( DLs) = 25*.13*21.55 = 70.04 KN
DL of marble 25 mm thick (DLm ) = 22* .025* 21.55 = 11.8525 KN
(Ref :For IS 875 Part I Table II Page 8)
DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick(DLscreed) = 21*.025*21.55 = 11.314 KN
Although only with screed, value of =20.4 KN/m3 but with punning =21 KN/m3(assumed)
DL of Ceiling and Plaster 12.5 mm thick (DLC) =20.4* 0.0125*21.55 = 5.495 KN
TOTAL DEAD LOAD =70.04+11.8525+11.314+5.495 =98.7015 KN
24
Live Loads on Beam:
Live Load =LL = 3 KN/m2 (Being Apartment building;the Live Load on floors are considered
as LL on Residential Building ) (Ref. 875 Part II Pg. 6)
Live Load on influence area= 3*21.55= 64.65 KN
Wall Loads on Beam:
External Wall = 230 mm(9)
Internal Wall = 115 mm(4.5)
As the influence area cover only partition wall so
Wall Load due to partition wall only= 19* 3*.115 *6.7= 43.9185 KN
Total Load = Sum of Dead Load and Live Load
Factored Load= 1.5* (Sum of all Loads)
= 1.5(98.7015+64.65+43.9185)
=310.905 KN
310.905
WU = =46.404 KN/m
6.7

- - 12

+
8 24
46.4046.76.7
Max Moment = 12
= 12
= 173.59KN-m
Considering Balanced Section
Moment of Resistance (Mu) =0.36 fck*b* xm* (d-0.42 xm)
For Fe415 steel, xm= 0.48d
Mu =0.36 fck*b* 0.48d* (d-0.42*0.48d) = 2.76 bd2
Assuming b=350 mm
173.599* 106 = 2.76 *b*(1.5b)2
b= 303.499 mm
25
Thus d= 455.25 mm 460

= 460 + 0.5 X 20 + 25 ( is taken 20 mm)
D =495 500 mm
500
Therefore, b = = 333.33 340
1.5
Size of Beam = (340 X 500) mm2
FOR SPAN LENGTH OF THE BEAM 5.3m c/c AT B-B
A) DETERMINATION OF DEPTH OF BEAM BY MOMENT CRITERIA:

Area of Influence = 13.39m2
Load Calculations:
Dead Loads on Beam:
DL= rea of the section= D* Area of Influence KN
DL of slab 130 mm thick ( DLs) = 25*.13*13.39 = 43.52 KN
DL of marble 25 mm thick (DLm ) = 22* .025* 13.39 = 7.635 KN
DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick(DLscreed) = 21*.025*13.39 = 7.03 KN
DL of Ceiling and Plaster 12.5 mm thick (DLC) =20.4* 0.0125*13.39 = 3.424 KN
TOTAL DEAD LOAD =43.52+7.635+7.03+3.424=61.609 KN
Live Loads on Beam:
Live Load =LL = 3 KN/m2 (Ref. 875 Part II Pg. 6)

26
Live Load on influence area= 3*13.39= 40.17 KN
Wall Loads on Beam:
External Wall = 230 mm
Internal Wall = 115 mm
As the influence area cover only partition wall so
Wall Load due to partition wall only= 19* 3*.115 *5.3= 34.742 KN
Factored Load= 1.5* (Sum of all Loads)
= 1.5(61.609+40.17+34.742)
= 204.78 KN
204.78
WU = =38.64 KN/m
5.3

- - 12

+
8 24
38.645.35.3
Max Moment = = = 90.45 KN-m
12 12
Considering Balanced Section
Moment of Resistance (Mu) =0.36 fck*b* xm* (d-0.42 xm)
For Fe415 steel, xm= 0.48d
Mu =0.36 fck*b* 0.48d* (d-0.42*0.48d) = 2.76 bd2
Putting d=1.5b
90.45* 106 = 2.76 *b*(1.5b)2
b= 244.214 mm
Thus d= 366.321 mm 370
27

= deff + +clear cover
2
= 370 + 0.5 X 20 + 25 ( is taken 20 mm)
D =405 410 mm
410
Therefore, b = = 273.33 280
1.5
Size of Beam = (280 X 410) mm2
Conclusion: From Deflection Criteria, overall depth of beam =230mm
From Moment Criteria, Overall depth of beam of span 6.7m =500mm
Overall depth of beam of span 5.3m=410mm
28
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF R.C.C. COLUMN FOR THE

PROPOSED APARTMENT BUILDING.
Preliminary Design of RCC Column Element:
The column to be designed is taken as approximation of maximum stressed columns that have the
maximum area of loading with respect to number of beams connected into them and the loaded
slab area.
We adopt 3.0m as the floor to ceiling height of a storey.
Influence Area= 27.23 m
(From architectural drawing)
LOAD CALCULATION:
Dead Loads:
Dead Load of Slab = 27.23 * 0.13 * 25 = 88.498 KN
Dead Load of Ceiling plaster = 27.23 x 0.0125 x 20.4 = 6.944 KN
Dead Load of screed and punning = 27.23*0.025*21 = 14.296 KN
Dead Load of finish(Marble, Sand stone) = 27.23*0.025*22 = 14.977 KN
Dead Load of Beam = (5.10549+5.334) *( 0.34 * 0.5 )* 25 = 44.37 KN
Wall Load = (5.1054+5.334) *0.115 * 3.0 * 19 = 68.43 KN
Assuming deduction for opening 30% of the wall load,
Hence, actual wall load = 0.7 * 68.43 = 47.9 KN
Total Dead load on the one intermediate floor/panel
= 88.498+6.944+14.296+14.977+44.37+47.9
= 216.985 KN per floor
Here we have 9 floors including Basement.
Hence,
Total dead load = 9 x 216.985
= 1952.865 KN
Live Loads:
For Live load on influence area = 3 KN/m2 = 3*27.23 =81.69 KN
29
Reduction in Live Load;
Live Load on Ground Floor = 81.69 KN
Live Load on 1st Floor = 0.9 x 81.69 = 73.521 KN
Live Load on 2nd Floor = 0.8 x 81.69 = 65.352 KN
Live Load on 3rd Floor = 0.7 x 81.69 = 57.183 KN
Live Load on 4th Floor = 0.6 x 81.69 = 49.014 KN
Total load=473.802 KN
(For reduction in Live Load for floors, Ref: IS 875, Part-II, Page 12)
Live Load on Roof Floor = 0.75 KN/m (Access not Provided)
LL on Top Floor = 27.23 x 0.75 = 20.4225 KN
(For Live Load on Roof Floor, Ref: IS 875, Part II, Table-2, Page 14)
Total Live Load = 494.22 KN
Total load on column:
= 1952.865+494.22
= 2447.085 KN
With a partial safety factor of 1.5,
Factored Load:
= 1.5 x 2447.085
= 3670.6275 KN
Earthquake Load
Load can be increased by 25%;
=3670.6275*1.25
= 4588.28 KN
30
Axial load on RCC column is given by:
Pu= 0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAs (Ref.: IS 456, Page 71, Cl.: 39.3)
Assuming, 3% of cross-section area of column for reinforcement in column;
Pu= 0.4 x 20 x (Ag - Ast) + 0.67 x 415 x 0.03 x Ag
Or, 4588.284*1000= 0.4*20*0.97 Ag + 0.67 * 415 *0.03 * Ag
Or, Ag = 284960.058 mm2
Choosing a square section for the column,
Ag =533.81mm x533.81mm.
540mm x 540mm
Hence the preliminarily designed column is 540mm x 540mm.
31
5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The structure should be designed in such a way that it fulfills the targeted requirement throughout
its life. The objective of structural design is to design such kind of building that gives complete
resonance with safety (in terms of strength, stability and structural integrity),adequate
serviceability (in terms of stiffness ,durability etc .) and economy .
It is necessary that reinforced concrete structure should satisfy the serviceability limit state, i.e. if
a section is of sufficient strength to support the design loads, there should not be excessive
deformation, deflection, cracking etc, which may affect its appearance. Safety implies that the
likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is acceptably low not only under the normal
expected loads (service load) but also under abnormal but probable overloads (such as earthquake
or extreme wind). The objective here is to minimize the likelihood of progressive collapse.
But through the increment of design margins we can resist the problem regarding structural failure
but at the same time cost also increases with the increase in design margins for safety and
serviceability. So, considering overall economy the cost associated with increased safety and
serviceability should be weighed against the potential losses and the best cost is selected.
5.1 Limit State Method of Design

The limit state method of design is based on the behavior or structure at different limit state
insuring adequate safety against each limit state. The two principle limit states are the ultimate
limit state and the serviceability limit state. The ultimate limit state is reached when the structure
collapses. It requires that structure must withstand the load for which it is designed with adequate
factor of safety without collapse.
The limit state of serviceability corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used
for checking members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of structure or its
components .The limit state corresponds to deflection, cracking and vibration. It requires that the
appearance, durability and of structure must not be effected by deflection and cracking.
5.1.1 Assumptions for Flexure Members (IS 456:2000, clause 38.1)

a. Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
b. The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is 0.0035
c. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in
prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of text. For design purposes, the
compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the
characteristics strength .The partial safety fact m= 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this .
d. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
e. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the type
of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor m= 1.15 shall be applied.
f. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than:
0.002+0.87 fy/Es
32
Where,
fy= characteristics strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
5.1.2 Limit State of Collapse for Compression ( IS 456:2000, clause 39.1)

Assumptions:
In addition to the assumptions given above from a to e for flexure, the following shall be
assumed:
a. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002
b. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.
5.2 SLAB
Slabs are plate element forming floors and roofs of buildings carrying distributed loads primarily
by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car parks. A stair case can be
considered to be an inclined slab. A slab may be supported by beams or walls and may be used as
the flange of a T- or L-beam. The slab in which the main reinforcement is to be designed in only
one direction is called one way slab. If the main reinforcement is to be designed in both directions
the slab is called two way slab.
The slab may be simply supported or continuous or may be cantilever. The bending moments at
critical sections are found to be found and reinforcements designed. Slab is usually designed as a
beam of one meter width to carry moment over a strip of 1 meter. Instead of bars, spacing of bars
are to be found. 8mm or 10 mm bars are commonly used.
5.2.1 Restrained Slabs
A slab may have its few or all edges restrained. The degree of restraints may vary depending
whether it is continuous over its supports or cast monolithically with its supporting beams. A
hogging or negative bending moment will develop on the top face of the slab at the supported
sides. In these slabs the corners are prevented from lifting and provision is made for torsion. The
maximum moments Mx and My at the mid-span on strips of unit width for spans lx and ly are
given by:
Mx= ( x) x w x lx2
My= ( y)x w x lx2
Where xand y are given table 26 of IS 456-2000. In table 26 nine separate arrangements of slab
are given. The location and direction of the moment coefficients given in this table are shown in
fig below
33
ly
lx
Positive moments at mid-span in the long and short span
Negative moment in the short span
Negative Moment in the long span
For the purpose of design of slab and provision of the reinforcement, it is divided into middle and
edge strips as shown below in the fig.
Ly/8 Ly ly/8
Lx/8
Lx
Lx/8
Bending moment coefficients are given in table 23 of code IS 456-2000 which are obtained by
using the yield line theory.
The bending moments calculated from the coefficients are assumed to act in the middle strips of
the slab. In the edge strips, the minimum quality of main reinforcement for slabs is sufficient. The
34
certain minimum reinforcement is provided to prevent excessive local curvature and provide some
resistance to shear forces. It also helps provide resistance to some unforeseen forces applied
during construction.
For moments at supports where two unequal spans meet or in case where the spans are not equally
loaded, the average of the two values for the negative moment at the support may be taken for the
design. There is no need to modify the mid-span moments.
Design Rules:
The rules are as follows:
1) The maximum positive and negative moments apply only to the middle strips subject to
the requirements for minimum areas of reinforcement. The bars are uniformly spaced in
the middle strips.
2) The rules of curtailment of bars in the middle strip are shown in the fig. below:
3) Negative moments arise at discontinuous edges. Tension reinforcement equal to 50% of

that at the mid-span is provided. The steel should extended 0.1 of the span into the span.
4) Minimum tension reinforcement should be provided in the edge strips parallel to that of
the edge.
5) Torsion or corner reinforcements must be provided at corners A and B of the slab.
35
Flow Chart for Slab Design
Start
Determine Factored Load

1.5(DL+LL)
Determine ly/lx ratio
N
IF ly/lx < 2 One way Slab
Two way Slab
Determine bending moment Determine bending moment

coefficients x andy form Table 26 coefficients
or 27, IS 456:2000 Table 12 or 27, IS 456:2000
Determine maximum bending

Determine maximum bending moment
moment, Mx=xwlx2 and My=ywlx2 M = MD+ML,
ANNEX D-1.1, IS 456:2000 MD=Dwlx2 and ML=Lwlx2
36
Calculate Area of Steel Ast.

IS 456:2000 ANNEX G-1.1 (b)
Max Spacing,
Calculate Spacing of bars, i. 300 mm
ii. 3d
Whichever is less.
Calculate Spacing of bars,
Check for Shear,

IS 456:2000 Clause 40.1
End
37
5.2.2 Design of slab

Slab Panel: Ground Floor
The code considers a slab is divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips. The
width of middle strip is of the span and that of the edge strip is 1/8th of the span in each
direction.
1. Design data:
Dimension : 4.5 x 3.5m
Lx c/c =3.5m
Ly c/c =4.5m
Edge condition : Interior Panel
Material : Fe 415 Grade Steel
Concrete Grade : M25
2. Relevant Codes : IS : 456- 2000 & IS 875- 1987 (part 1 & 2)
3. Allowable stresses :
fy = 415 N/mm2
fck = 25 N/mm2
4. Load calculation :
The slab depth is taken as 110mm as per preliminary design.
Taking clear cover 15mm and 10mm diameter.
d=130-15-(10/2) =110 mm
Dead Loads on Slab:
DL= area of the section= D*B KN/m
DL of slab 110 mm thick ( DLs) = 25*0.11*1 = 2.75 KN/m
DL of marble 10 mm thick (DLm ) = 26.7* 0.01* 1 = 0.267 KN/m
(Ref :For, IS 875 Part I Table II Page 8)
DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick(DLscreed) = 21*0.01*1= 0.21 KN/m
(Ref :For, IS 875 Part I Table II Page 8)
DL of Light partition (DLC) =1 KN/m2
38
Live Loads on Slab:
Live Load =LL = 3 KN/m2 (Ref. 875 Part II Pg. 6 )
= 1.5(7.55)
=11.325
WU=11.33 KN/m
5. Design:
Lx c/c= 3.5m Lyc/c=6.7m
Lx clear= 3.5-.28=3.22 m
Ly clear= 6.7-.45= 6.25
Lx eff=3.22 + d= 3.22 +0.11=3.33 m
Ly eff=6.36 + d=6.36 +0.11=6.47 m
Lx= smallest of Lxc/c and Lxeff = 3.22 m

Ly= smallest of Lyc/c and Lyeff=6.25m
(Ref IS 456-2000 Cl.22.2( a )Pg 34 )
Moment Coefficient from IS : 456 2000 Table 26

6.25
For = 3.22 = 1.94 < 2

Case Type of Panel and Short span Long span

No. Moment coefficients coefficients
Consideration x y
1 Interior Panel
At Negative Moment at 0.065 0.032

support Continuous Edge
At Positive Moment at 0.049 0.024
Mid- mid-span
span
39
y= 0.032
x =0.049
x= 0.065 ly x= 0.065
y=0.024
lx
y= 0.032
Case Type of Panel Short span Long

No. and Moment coefficient Mx span My
Consideration s coefficien
x ts
y
1 Interior Panel
Negative 0.065 0.032 0.032 x 11.33x

Moment at 0.065x11.33x(3. (6.25)2
Continuous Edge 22)2 =14.16 KN-m
= 7.636 KN-m
Positive Moment 0.049 0.024 0.024 x 11.33 x

at mid-span 0.049x11.33x( (6.25)2
3.22)2 = 10.62 KN-m
= 5.756 KN-m
As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum at support,

d = 0.133
14.16106
= 2.761000
=71.62110 (OK)
The length of the middle and the long edge edge strip along are 3lx/4= (3*3.22)/4=2.415m
=2415mm and lx/8= 3.22/8=.4025m= 402.5 mm
40
The length of the middle and edge strip along the short edge are are 3ly/4=
(3*6.36)/4=4.77 m=4770 mm and ly/8= 6.36/8=.795 m =795 mm
6. Finding Ast:
Mx Ast Bar Ast My Ast Bar Ast

computed provided computed provided
For 7.636 199.798 10300 261.799 14.16 384.41 10 392.69

-ve KN-m (support KN-m @200 (support
ve ve
along along
short long
span) span)
For 5.756 149.12 10300 261.799 10.62 282.45 10 392.69

+ve KN-m (mid +ve KN-m @200 (mid
along +ve
short along
span) long
span)
Spacing should not be greater than

a) 3d=3*110= 330
b) 300
i.e. Spacing <330 mm (OK)
So, Provide 10 @ 300 mm along X-axis and 10 @200 mm along Y-axis
Minimum steel required =0.12%bD

0.12
= 100 1000 130
=156>Ast (OK)
Corner Reinforcement:
Area of each layer=75% of maximum mid span reinforcement
=0.75*261.799
=196.349
Length of Corner reinforcement=lx/8= 3220/8=402.5mm

Spacing Required=250
41
y= 0.032
x =0.049
+ve -ve
x= 0.065 ly x= 0.065
y=0.024
lx
y= 0.032
-ve
+ve
vve
7. Check for Shear:

Vu=Wlx/2 =(11.33*3.22)/2 = 18.2413KN
18.2413 103
v = = = 0.166 N/mm2 (IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.1)
1000 110
100 () 100 261.79

% of tension steel, Pt = = = 0.237%
1000110
K=1.3 (For D=130 mm) (IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.2.1)

K x c = 1.3 x 0.35 = 0.455 N/mm >0.166 (v) OK
2
Hence, safe
42
8. Check for deflection:

()permitted=()*Kt*Kc*Kf
= (30*2*1
= 60 > (Leff/d=3220/110 = 29.27) OK

Fs=0.58
199.798
=0.58*415* 261.79
=184
Hence, safe in deflection.
9. Check for development length :

Ld 1.3 + Lo (IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
0.87415
Development length ,Ld =4bd = = 47.01(IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
4(1.21.6)
Lo=d or 12 whichever is greater (IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
= 110 or (12*10)
= 110 or 120 mm
= 120 mm
Ld=47.01*10= 470.1 mm
Ast providedfy
`Mi=. 87 fy d Ast provided (1 )
bdfck
261.799415
= .87 415 110 261.799(1 100011020)
=9.884 KN-m
(IS 456 -2000 ,Annex G,G.1.1 b)
9.88410^6
1.3 + Lo=1.323.0710^3+120=676.97 470.1 (OK)
43
Slab Panel: Ground Floor 2-Edge Discontinuous
The code considers a slab is divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips. The
width of middle strip is of the span and that of the edge strip is 1/8 th of the span in each
direction.
Concrete Grade: M20 Steel Grade: 415
Ref. Step Calculation Output

1. Design Constants
10. Design data:

Dimension : 5.3 x 3.50m
Lx c/c =3.5m
Ly c/c =5.3m
Edge condition : Two Edge Discontinuous Panel

fy = 415 N/mm2
fck = 20 N/mm2

d=130-15-(10/2) =110 mm
Dead Loads on Slab:
DL of slab 130 mm thick ( DLs) = 25*.13*1 = 3.25 KN/m
DL of marble 25 mm thick (DLm ) = 22* .025* 1 = .55 KN/m
DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick( DLscreed) = 21*.025*1= 0.525 KN/m
44
Live Loads on Slab:
= 1.5*(7.55)
=11.33
WU=11.33 KN/m
14. Design:
Lx clear= 3.5-.28=3.22 m
Ly clear= 5.3-0.45=4.85m
Lx eff=3.22 + d= 3.22 +0.11=3.33 m
Ly eff=5.3 + d=4.85 +0.11=4.96 m

Ly= smallest of Lyc/c and Lyeff=4.96 m
(Ref IS 456-2000 Cl.22.2( a )Pg 34 )

4.96
For = 3.33 = 1.49 < 2


Consideration x y
1 2-Edge
Discontinuous
Mid- mid-span
span
45
x =0.056
x= 0.075 ly
y=0.035
lx
y = 0.047

x ts
y
1 2- Edge
Discontinuous
Negative 0.075 0.047 0.047 x 11.33x
Moment at 0.075x11.33x(3. (4.96)2
= 9.42 KN-m

at mid-span 0.056x11.33x( (4.96)2
3.33)2 = 9.75 KN-m
= 7.03 KN-m

d = 0.133
13.1 106
= 2.761000
=68.89 <110 (OK)
46
The length of the middle and edge strip along the long edge are are 3ly/4=
(3*3.33)/4=2.49m =2415mm and lx/8= 3.33/8=.4163m= 416.3 mm
(3*4.96)/4=3.75 m=3750 mm and ly/8= 4.96/8=.62 m =620 mm
15. Finding Ast:

For 9.42KN- 248.87 10200 392.69 13.1 KN- 353.40 10 392.69

-ve m (support m @200 (support
ve ve
along along
short long
span) span)
For 7.03 183.35.46 10200 392.69 9.75 KN- 258.05 10 392.69

+ve KN-m (mid +ve m @200 (mid
along +ve
short along
span) long
span)

a) 3d=3*110= 330
b) 300
Provide10 @200 at x dirxn and10 @200 at y dirxn
Minimum steel required =0.12%b

0.12
= 100 1000 130
=156>Ast (OK)
Corner reinforcement:
Area of each layer=75% of maximum mid span reinforcement
=0.75*392.69
=294.51mm2
Now, spacing = (1000*ast/ast)

47
=266.67 mm
So provide10 mm dia @ 250mm
Length of corner reinforcement=lx/8=416.25mm
y = 0.047
x =0.056
+ve -ve
x= 0.075 ly x= 0.075
y=0.035
lx
y = 0.047
-ve
+ve
vve
48
16. Check for Shear:
Vu=Wlx/2 =(11.33*3.33)/2 = 18.86 KN

18.86 103
v = = = 0.17 N/mm2 (IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.1)
1000 110
100 () 100 392.69

1000110
K=1.3 (For D=130 mm) (IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.2.1)

K x c = 1.3 x 0.41 = 0.533N/mm >0.17 (v) OK
2
Hence, safe

()permitted =()*Kt*Kc*Kf
= (30.27)*1.8*1*1
= 54.48 > (Leff/d=3330/110 = 30.27) OK

Fs=0.58

248.87
=0.58*415*392.67
=152.55

Ld 1.3 + Lo (IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
0.87415
Development length , Ld =4bd = = 47.01 (IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
4(1.21.6)
= 110 or (12*10)
= 110 or 120 mm
= 120 mm
Ld=47.01*10= 470.1 mm
Ast providedfy
bdfck
392.67415
= .87 415 110 392.67(1 100011020)
=14.43 KN-m
(IS 456 -2000 ,Annex G,G.1.1 b)
14.4310^6
1.3 + Lo=1.318.8610^3+120=1149 470.1 (OK)
49
Slab Panel: Ground Floor 1-Edge Discontinuous
19. Design data:

Dimension : 5.3m x 3.50m
Lx c/c =3.5m
Ly c/c =5.3m
Edge condition : One Edge Discontinuous Panel

fy = 415 N/mm2
fck = 20 N/mm2

d=130-15-(10/2) =110 mm
Dead Loads on Slab:
DL of slab 130 mm thick ( DLs) = 25*.13*1 = 3.25 KN/m
DL of marble 25 mm thick (DLm ) = 22* .025* 1 = .55 KN/m
DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick( DLscreed) = 21*.025*1= 0.525 KN/m
Live Loads on Slab:

50
= 1.5*(7.55)
=11.33
WU=11.33 KN/m
23. Design:
Lx clear= 3.5-0.28=3.22 m
Ly clear= 5.3-0.45=4.85m
Lx eff=3.22 + d= 3.22 +0.11=3.33 m
Ly eff=5.3 + d=4.85+0.11= 4.96m

Ly= smallest of Lyc/c and Lyeff=4.96 m
(Ref IS 456-2000 Cl.22.2( a )Pg 34 )

4.9
For = 3.33 = 1.49 < 2


Consideration x y
1 1-Edge
Discontinuous
Mid- mid-span
span
51
y = 0.067
x =0.051
x= 0.037 ly x= 0.037
y=0.028
lx
y = 0.067

x ts
y
1 1-Edge
Discontinuous
Negative 0.067 0.037 0.037 x 11.33x
Moment at 0.067x11.33x(3. (4.96)2
= 8.42 KN-m

at mid-span 0.051x11.33x( (4.96)2
3.33)2 = 7.8 KN-m
= 6.41KN-m

d = 0.133
10.31106
= 2.761000
=61.1 <110 (OK)
52
The length of the middle and edge strip along the long edge are 3lx/4= (3*3.33)/4=2.49m
=2415mm and lx/8= 3.33/8=.4163m= 416.3 mm
(3*5.01)/4=3.75 m=3750 mm and ly/8= 5.01/8=.62 m =620 mm
24. Finding Ast:

For 8.42KN- 221.25 10200 392.7 10.31 258.0 10 392.7

-ve m (support KN-m @200 (support
ve ve
along along
short long
span) span)
For 6.41KN- 166.64 10200 392.7 7.8KN-m 204.27 10 392.7

+ve m (mid +ve @200 (mid
along +ve
short along
span) long
span)

a) 3d=3*110= 330
b) 300
so, provide 10200 at x-axis and 10 @200 at y axis
Minimum steel required =0.12%bD
0.12
= 100 1000 130
=156>Ast (OK)
53
y = 0.067
x =0.051
+ve -ve
x= 0.037 ly x= 0.037
y=0.028
lx
y = 0.067
-ve
+ve
vve
25. Check for Shear:

Vu=Wlx/2 =(11.33*3.33)/2 = 18. 86 KN
18.86 103
v = = = 0.17 N/mm2 (IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.1)
1000 110
100 () 100392.7
1000110
K=1.3 (For D=130 mm) (IS 456-2000, Cl. 40.2.1)

K x c = 1.3 x 0.411 = 0.53 N/mm >0.17 (v) OK
2
Hence, safe
54

()permitted =()*Kt*Kc*Kf
= (30.27)*2*1*1
= 60.54 > (Leff/d=3330/110 = 30.27) OK

Fs=0.58

221.35
=0.58*415* 392.7
=135.67

Ld 1.3 + Lo (IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
0.87415
Development length , Ld =4bd = = 47.01 (IS 456 -2000 ,clause 26.2.3.3)
4(1.21.6)
= 110 or (12*10)
= 110 or 120 mm
= 120 mm
Ld=47.01*10= 470.1 mm
Ast providedfy
bdfck
392.7415
= .87 415 110 392.7(1 100011020)
=14.43 KN-m
(IS 456 -2000 ,Annex G,G.1.1 b)
15.5910^6
1.3 + Lo=1.318.8610^3+120=1149 470.1 (OK)
55
5.3 Beam
The design of beam requires the determination of steel for the section fixed from the preliminary
design. The design of the section may result as singly or doubly reinforcement which may be
ascertained by comparing the design moment (Mu) with the moment of resistance of balanced
section (Mul) and the section is usually design as under reinforced section.There are two types of
reinforced concrete beams in our case.
A) Singly reinforced beams

B) Doubly reinforced beams
A) Singly Reinforced Beams:
In singly reinforced simply supported beams, reinforcing steel bars are placed near the bottom of
the beams, which is the position where they are most effective in resisting the tensile stresses. In
singly reinforced cantilever beams, reinforcing bars are placed near the top of the beam for the
same reason.
If Mu<Mu1, then it is singly reinforced section and the area of steel Ast is determined by
Mu lim
Ast1=
0.87 fyd 0.42 Xu lim
Where, Xu=neutral axis depth
B) Doubly Reinforced Beams: In doubly reinforced concrete section is reinforced in both
compression and tension regions. The section of the beam may be rectangular, T and L
sections. The necessity of using steel in the compression region arises due to two main reasons.
a) When depth of section is restricted, the strength available for the single reinforced section
is inadequate.
b) At a support of a continuous beam where bending moment changes sign, such a situation
may also arise in design of a beam circular in plan.
If Mu> Mu1, then it is doubly reinforced section and the area of tensile reinforcement Ast is
determined as, Ast = (A st1 + A st 2 )
Ast1 =
Mu lim
+
Mu Mu lim
0.87 fyd 0.42 Xu lim 0.87 fy d d '
The area of compression reinforcement (Asc) is determined as,
Mu Mu lim Where, d
Asc = = effective cover to reinforcement
fsc fcc d d '
f sc , f cc = stresses in compression steel and concrete respectively
Corresponding to strain =
M Mu lim = 0.0035(Xu- d)/Xu
fsc fcc d d '
56
M u1 = 0.133 f ck b d 2 (For Fe 500 steel)
For Transverse reinforcement (vertical stirrups) :Refer IS: 456-2000, clause 40.3, 40.4&
Table 19
5.3.1 Flow Chart of Beam Design (Moment Bars):
Take moment of each beam (Mu)
Calculate Mlim
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
If Mu<Mlim
Yes No
Over reinforced section
Calcualate M= Mu-Mlim
Ast>Ast min= 0.12%
Under reinforced section
0f bD
Calculate Ast2 by
Ast2=M/(0.87*fy*(d-d))
CalcualteAst from
Mu= 0.87fy Ast(d-0.42xu) Calcualte Ast1 from Mlimby
Ast1= Mlim/ (0.87*fy*(d-0.42*xlim))

Calculate numbers of bars
= Ast/Abar
Calculate Asc by Asc=M/(fsc*(d-
d))
CalculateAst=Ast1 + Ast2
Ast>Ast min= 0.12%

of bD Calculate numbers of bars
= Ast/Abar
57
5.3.2 Flow Chart of Beam Design (Shear Reinforcement):
Take maximum shear force Vu
Calculate % of steel by
p= Ast/ (bd)*100
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
Calculate v by v=
Vu/ (bd)
From code, find c and

max.
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
No
If c<v<max Provide minimum shear
reinforcement as per IS
456:2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Yes
Vus= (v-c)*(bd)
Using suitable stirrup, find Find spacing by

Asv Sv= (0.87fy Asv d)/Vus
Check
M minimum2 spacing as per
lim=0.133fckbd
IS 13920:1993 clause 7.2
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
58
DESIGN SAMPLE OF BEAM

Beam ID: B-5-5
Concrete Grade = M25
Steel Grade = Fe415
Span (l) = 6.7m
Ref Step Calculations Output

1 Known Data D=580mm
Overall Depth of Beam, D=580mm B=450mm
Width of Beam, B=450mm
Dia of bar= 20mm
Effective depth, d=580-20/2-25 = 545 mm d=545mm
d=25+20/2=35m
2 Check for Axial Stress m
i. Factored Axial Stress = 2.45 N/mm2 d/d=0.064
IS13920:1993 Axial Stress = 2.45 N/mm2< 0.1 fck
cl. 6.1.1 =2.45 <2.5N/mm2
Hence, design as flexural member. Flexural Member
ii.
a. Check for member size
IS13920:1993 b. Width of beam, B=450mm > 200mm
cl.6.1.3 Depth of beam, D=580mm
IS13920:1993 B/D = 450/580 = 0.76> 0.3
cl.6.1.2 c. Hence, OK
Span Length, L=6.7 m
IS13920:1993 L/D = 6.67/.55 = 11.55> 4 OK
cl.6.1.4
iii.
a Check for Limiting Longitudinal Reinforcement
Min. Reinforcement
fck 25
IS13920:1993 Astmin= 0.24 = 0.24
fy 415
cl.6.2.1b Astmin=708.77mm2
= 2.892 x 10-3 = 0.289%
Ast,max=6525mm2
= 0.289 x 450 x 545 / 100 = 708.77mm2
b
Max. Reinforcement, Ast,max= 0.025bd
IS13920:1993
=0.025 x 580 x 450 = 6525 mm2
cl.6.2.2
3 Mulim=461.131 KN-
Design for Flexure
m
Mulim = 0.138fckbd2 = 3.45x 450 x 5452 = 461.131
KN-m
59
a. From SAP
Beam ID: B-5-5
At Left Span Singly Reinforced
For hogging moment(-ve moment) Section
Mu= 146.96x106 N-mm
Mu<Mulim
So, singly reinforced section.
Ast = 935.44
mm2(Top)
Ast = 0.87(10.42)
Ast = 935.44 mm2
Astmin<Ast<Astm
Provide 20mm dia bars.
935.44
ax
No. of bars = 20 = 2.978=3 (OK)
4
So,provide 3-20mm
Minimum Area=(.85*450*545)/415=502.319
mm2
Maximum Area=(0.04*450*580)=10440 mm2
IS 456,Table 19 4 Check for Shear

Tensile reinforcement provided, Ast =
935.44mm2 c=0.43 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel, p Vc== 105.46 KN
=(100*935.44)/(545*450)
=.38%
Permissible shear stress of concrete, c = 0.43
N/mm2
Design shear strength of concrete, Vc =
cbd/1000
=(.43*450*545)
= 105.46 KN
Calculated factored shear force as per analysis

(Design shear force)
From SAP V2
Vu = 141.359 KN
Here, Vu >Vc, so shear reinforcement is
required.
Design of shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement

Providing 2-legged 8mm stirrups, Asv= 4 82 2
= 100mm2
60
0.87 f y A sv
Spacing of stirrups (Sv) = =
0.4b
= 0.87 x 415 x100 Svmax=200mm

0.4 x 450
Sv= 200.5833 mm
Max spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 545 = 408.75 mm
or 300 whichever is less
Required Capacity of shear Reinforcement

Vus=Vu-Vc=141.359-105.46= 35.899 KN
0.87 0.87415100545
Sv= = =548.127mm>
35.89910^3
200mm(OK)
Therefore, provide 2-legged 8mm dia stirrups

@ 200mm c/c
b.
At Mid Span From SAP
For sagging moment(+ve moment)
Mu = 105.81x106 N-mm Singly Reinforced
Mu<Mulim Section
Ast = 673.51
Ast = 0.87(10.42)
mm2(Bottom)
Ast = 673.51mm2
Provide 20 mm bars.
673.51
No. of bars = 20 = 2.14=3
4
Astmin<Ast<Astm
Minimum Area=(.85*450*545)/415=502.319 ax
mm2
Maximum Area=(0.04*450*580)=10440 mm2
IS456,Table 19
Check for Shear
Tensile reinforcement provided, Ast = 673.51
mm2
Percentage of tensile steel, p c= 0.31 N/mm2
=(100*673.51)/(545* 450)
=.27%
Permissible shear stress of concrete, c = 0.31
N/mm2 Vc=76.03 KN
Design shear strength of concrete, Vc = cbd
/1000
=(.31*450*545)/1000
61
=76.03 KN

Vu = 1.923 KN
Here, Vu <Vc, so no shear reinforcement is
required.
Svmax=250 mm
Provide 2-legged 8mm dia. Stirrups @ 250 For minimum
mm c/c requirement
c.
At Right Span From SAP
For hogging moment(-ve moment)
Mu= 149.94x106 N-mm
Mu<Mulim Singly Reinforced
So, singly reinforced section. Section

Ast = 0.87(10.42)
Ast = 1145.71 mm2
Provide 20 mm dia bars.
1145.71
No. of bars = 20 = 3.646 = 4.
4
So,provide 4-20mm
Minimum Area=(.85*450*545)/415=502.319 Astmin<Ast<Astm
mm2 ax
Maximum Area=(0.04*450*580)=10440 mm2 (OK)
Check for Shear

Tensile reinforcement provided, Ast = 1145.71
mm2
Percentage of tensile steel, p
=(100*1145.71)/(545* 450) c= 0.47 N/mm2
IS 456:2000 =.47%
cl.26.5.1.6 Permissible shear stress of concrete, c = 0.47
N/mm2
IS 456:2000
Design shear strength of concrete, Vc = cbd
cl.26.5.1.5
/1000
Vc=115.27 KN
=(.47*450*545)
= 115.27 KN
From SAP
62
Vu = 142.693 KN
Here, Vu >Vc, so shear reinforcement is
required.


Providing 2-legged 8mm stirrups,Asv= 4 82 2
= 100mm2
IS 456:2000
cl.26.5.1.5 0.87 f y A sv
0.4b
= 0.87 x 415 x100

0.4 x 450
Sv= 200.5833 mm
Max spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 545 = 408.75 mm
IS or 300 whichever is less
13920:1993,Cl.6. Svmax=200mm
3.5 Provide Spacing Sv=200 mm
Required Capacity of Shear Reinforcement

Vus=Vu-Vc=142.693-115.27= 27.423 KN
0.87 0.87415100545
Sv= = =717.545mm>
27.42310^3
200mm
For left,mid and right span
Spacing of stirrups over a length of 2d at

either end of beam shall be lesser of
i. d/4 = 545 / 4 = 136.25 mm

IS13920:1993,C ii. 8 times diameter of smallest 2d=1090mm
L.6.3.5 longitudinal bar = 8 x 20 = 160mm Sv,2d=130mm
Provide 2-legged 8mm @ 130 mm c/c

Spacing of stirrups at mid span should not
exceed d/2 = 272.5mm
Provide 2-legged 8mm @ 250 mm c/c at mid Sv,mid=250mm
span of the beam.
Therefore,provide 4-20mm@130mm spacing
as a main reinforcement.
63
DESIGN SAMPLE OF BEAM

Beam ID: B-5-5
Concrete Grade = M25
Steel Grade = Fe415
Span (l) = 5.3m

1 Known Data D=410mm
Overall Depth of Beam, D=410mm B=280mm
Width of Beam, B=280mm
Dia of bar= 20mm
Effective depth, d=410-20/2-25 = 375 mm d=375mm
d=25+20/2=35m
2 Check for Axial Stress m
IS13920:1993 i. Factored Axial Stress = 0N/mm2 d/d=0.093
cl. 6.1.1 Axial Stress = 0 N/mm2< 0.1 fck
=0<2.5N/mm2
Hence, design as flexural member. Flexural Member
ii. Check for member size

IS13920:1993 a. Width of beam, B=280mm > 200mm
cl.6.1.3 b. Depth of beam, D=410mm
IS13920:1993 B/D = 410/280 = 0.487> 0.3
cl.6.1.2 Hence, OK
c. Span Length, L=5.3 m
IS13920:1993 L/D = 5.3/.41 = 12.93> 4 OK
cl.6.1.4
iii. Check for Limiting Longitudinal Reinforcement

a Min. Reinforcement
fck 25
Astmin= 0.24 = 0.24
fy 415
IS13920:1993
= 2.892 x 10-3 = 0.289%
cl.6.2.1b
= 0.289 x 450 x 545 / 100 = 708.77mm2
Astmin=708.77mm2
Max. Reinforcement, Ast,max= 0.025bd
IS13920:1993 b Ast,max=6525mm2
=0.025 x 280 x 375 = 6525 mm2
cl.6.2.2
Design for Flexure
3
Mulim = 0.138fckbd2 = 3.45x 280 x 3752 = 135.85 KN-m
Mulim= 135.85 KN-m
Beam ID: B-1-66

a.
At Left Span
For hogging moment(-ve moment)
Mu= 74.91*10^6N-mm
From SAP
Mu<Mulim
64
So, singly reinforced section. Singly Reinforced

Section

Ast =
0.87(10.42)
Ast = 692.979mm2
Provide 20mm dia bars.
Ast =692.979
692.979
No. of bars = 20 = 2.2069=3 mm2(Top)
4
Provide 3-20mm Astmin<Ast<Astmax
Minimum Area=(.85*280*375)/415=215.06 mm2 (OK)
Maximum Area=(0.04*280*410)=4592mm2
Check for Shear

Tensile reinforcement provided, Ast = 692.979mm2
Percentage of tensile steel, p =(100*692.979)/(280*375)
IS456,Table 19 =.0.66%
Permissible shear stress of concrete, c = 0.54 N/mm2
Design shear strength of concrete, Vc = cbd/1000 c=0.54 N/mm2
=(.54*280*375) Vc== 56.83 KN
= 56.83 KN

Vu = 1.52KN From SAP V2

Here, Vu <Vc, so Noshear reinforcement is required.
Provide 2-legged 8mm dia. Stirrups @ 250 mm c/c For minimum
requirement
b At Mid Span
For sagging moment(+ve moment)
Mu = 44.91x106 N-mm
Mu<Mulim Singly reinforced
So, singly reinforced section. section

Ast =
0.87(10.42)
Ast = 412.309mm2
Provide 20 mm bars.
412.309
No. of bars = 20 = 1.313=2
4
Astmin<Ast<Astm
2
Minimum Area=(.85*280*375)/415=215.06 mm ax
Maximum Area=(0.04*280*410)=4592mm2
Check for Shear

Tensile reinforcement provided, Ast = 412.309 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel, p =(100*412.309)/(280* 375)
=.0.39%
65
IS456,Table 19 Permissible shear stress of concrete, c = 0.43 N/mm2

Design shear strength of concrete, Vc = cbd /1000
=(.43*280*375)/1000
=44.86 KN

Vu = 48.87 KN From SAP

Here, Vu >Vc, so shear reinforcement is required.
Singly Reinforced
Design of shear reinforcement Section

Providing 2-legged 8mm stirrups, Asv=4 82 2
Ast = 673.51
= 100mm2
IS 456:2000 mm2(Bottom)
cl.26.5.1.6
0.87 f y A sv
0.4b
IS 456:2000
cl.26.5.1.5 0.87 x 415 x100
=
0.4 x 280 Astmin<Ast<Astmax
Sv= 322.366mm
Max spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 375 = 281.25 mm or 300
whichever is less
Provide Spacing Sv=250 mm
Required Capacity of Shear Reinforcement c= 0.31 N/mm2

Vus=Vu-Vc=142.693-115.27= 27.423 KN
0.87 0.87415100375
Sv=
= 2710^3
=717.545mm>200mm
Vc=76.03 KN
Provide 2-legged 8mm dia. Stirrups @ 200 mm c/c
Svmax=250 mm
At Right Span
c For hogging moment(-ve moment)
For minimum
Mu= 121.23x106 N-mm
requirement
Mu<Mulim
From SAP
Ast = 0.87(10.42)
Ast = 1121.479 mm2 Singly Reinforced
Provide 20 mm dia bars. Section
1121.479
No. of bars = 20 = 3.571 = 4.
4
Astmin<Ast<Astmax
(OK)
66
Minimum Area=(.85*280*375)/415=215.06 mm2

Maximum Area=(0.04*280*410)=4592mm2
Check for Shear

Tensile reinforcement provided, Ast = 1145.71 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel, p =(100*1145.71)/(545* 450) 0.47 N/mm2
c=
=.1.069% Vc=115.27 KN
Permissible shear stress of concrete, c = 0.65 N/mm2
Design shear strength of concrete, Vc = cbd /1000
=(.65*280*375)
= 68.712 KN
Vu = 113.28 KN
Here, Vu >Vc, so shear reinforcement is required.
From SAP V2

Providing 2-legged 8mm stirrups, Asv=4 82 2
= 100mm2
0.87 f y A sv
0.4b
0.87 x 415 x100
=
0.4 x 280
Sv= 200.5833 mm
Max spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 375 = 281.25 mm or 300
whichever is less
Provide Spacing Sv=200 mm Svmax=200mm
Required Capacity of Shear Reinforcement

IS 456:2000 Vus=Vu-Vc=142.693-115.27= 44.568 KN
cl.26.5.1.6 0.87 0.87415100375
Sv=
= 44.56810^3 =303.79mm>200mm
Provide 2-legged 8mm dia. Stirrups @ 200 mm c/c

For left,mid and right span
IS 456:2000
cl.26.5.1.5
Spacing of stirrups over a length of 2d at either end
of beam shall be lesser of
i. d/4 = 375 / 4 = 93.75mm

ii. 8 times diameter of smallest longitudinal bar
IS 13920:1993,Cl.6.3.5
= 8 x 20 = 160mm
2d=750mm
Provide 2-legged 8mm @ 90 mm c/c
Sv,2d=90mm
67
Spacing of stirrups at mid span should not exceed d/2

= 187.5mm
Provide 2-legged 8mm @ 250 mm c/c at mid span of
the beam. Sv,mid=250mm
Therefore, provide 4-20mm @ 130mm spacing as a
main reinforcement.
68
5.4 Column
5.4.1 Introduction
The column or strut is a vertical compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three
times at least lateral dimension. Reinforced concrete columns are used to transfer the load of the
structure to its main longitudinal bars to resist compression and /or bending; and transverse steel
(ties) to resist bursting force.
5.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement

a. The cross- sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent
nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross- sectional area of the column.
b. In any column that has a larger cross- sectional area than that required supporting the load,
the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to resist
the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
c. The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
d. The bars shall not be less than 12mm in diameter.
e. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f. In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not be
exceed 300mm
h. In case of pedestal in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken in account in
strength calculation, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15 percent of the
cross sectional area shall be provided.
5.4.3 Pitch and Diameter of Lateral Ties

a. Pitch
The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following
distance:
The least lateral dimension of the compression member
Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied
300mm
b. Diameter
The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one by fourth of
the diameter or 6mm whichever is greater.
69
5.4.4 Design of Compression Members Subjected to Biaxial Bending:

Exact design of members subject to axial load and biaxial bending is extremely laborious.
Therefore, the IS code 456: 2000 permits the design of such members by the following equation:

( ) +( ) 1.0

Where,
Mux, Muy are the moments about x and y axes respectively due to design loads, Muxl, Muyl are
the maximum uniaxial moment capacities with an axial load Pu, bending about x and y axes
respectively, and
is and exponent whose value depends on Pu/Puz (see table below)
Where,
= 0.45 + 0.75
Where,
= Gross X- Section area of column
= Area of reinforcement bars
= Characteristics strength of Concrete.
= Characteristics strength of reinforcement bar (rebar)
TABLE
Pu/Puz
0.2 1.0
0.8 2.0
For intermediate values, linear interpolation may be done; SP- 16 can be used for evaluating Puz.
For different values of Pu/Puz, the appropriate value of has been taken and curves for the
equation.

( ) +( ) 1.0
1 1
70
DESIGN SAMPLE OF COLUMN

Concrete Grade = M25 Steel Grade = Fe415
Reference Step Calculations Output
Column ID: EXTERNAL COLUMN C-A2-1
540mm
14.695KN/m
43.456KN/
m 540mm
Known data:
1.
Overall Depth of Column, D = 540mm
D =540mm
Width of Column, B = 540mm
B =540mm
Height, L = 3.05m
L = 3.05m
Clear cover, d= 50mm
effective cover
d= 50mm
Effective Length, le = 0.65 x L = 0.65 x 3.05 =
le = 1.9825m
1982.5mm
Check for Short and Slender Column:
le/D = (1982.5)/540 = 3.67<12,(short column),ok
2.
Design:
Pu= 4514.593KN (Max. force of external column

from SAP)
Mx= 43.456 KNm
My= 14.695 KNm
IS Min. eccentricity:
71
456:2000 emin= l/500 + D/30 20 mm
cl.25.4 where, l= unsupported length of the column
D= lateral dimension in plane of bending
1982.5 540
emin= 21.96 20 mm
500 30
Moment due to minimum eccentricity:
Muex = Pu x emin = 4514.593 x 21.96/1000 =

99.163KNm>43.456KNm
So,design should be for 99.163KNm
Muey = Pu x emin = 4514.593 x 21.96/1000 =

99.163KNm>14.695KNm
So,design should be for 99.163KNm
Assuming suitable % of steel (P) in between 0.8% to Tis is trial so we

4% recommend bars
provided design
P=3%
below
We have,
100
Pt=
As=8748mm2
Assume reinforcement is uniformly distributed on

four sides,
Using 8 bars:
8*d2/4=8748
Diameter of bar(d)=37.31mm
Take commercially available bar 32mm
As=8*d2/4=6433.981mm2 Asc=6433.981 mm2

Then Pt=2.20%
Now,
50
= =0.1 and fe 415
540
72

=0.62 ; =0.088
(IS 456-
1978)
From chart -44;
SP16- 1
Chart 44 =0.055
2
1 =216.513KNm
Muxl=216.513 KN m
Similarly,
Muyl =216.513 KN m
1 =216.513Nm
Puz =5182.77 KN
IS456:2000
(1) + (1) 1.0
cl.39.6

Where, =0.667+1.667 n = 2.11

Now, =0.446 Ac+0.75fyAs
=0.446*25(540*540-
6433.981)+0.75*415*6433.981
=5182.77
=0.667+1.667*(4514.593/5182.77)=2.11
99.163 2.11 99.163 2.11

thus, (216.513) + (216.513) = 0.384 1
Hence, safe and suitable section is thus designed.
3.
IS Design of lateral ties:

13920:1993
t not less than 6mm
cl.7.3.3
0.25*maximum diameter of longitudinal t = 8 mm
reinforcement
= 0.25*32 =8mm
IS Hence, adopt ties of 8mm

456:2000
Spacing of the ties(Sv):
cl
Then for Spacing/Pitch we take whichever is less
8 mm @ 300 mm
73
26.5.3.2.C among c/c
a) 300 in central part

b) D=540
c) 16*32=512
So,pitch =300mm
IS Thus, provide 8mm lateral ties @ 300mm c/c .

13920:1993 Area of cross-section of bar forming rectangular
cl.7.4.8 hoop to be used as confining links
f ck Ag
A sh 0.18 S h
A 1 Ak = 207936 mm2
fy k
Ak = (540- 2 x 50 + 2 x 8)2 =207936 mm2
(540 50 50) 146.667 mm

3
h= Max of
(540 50 50) 146.667 mm
3
where 3 is no. of bars in each face of column section
= 146.67 mm
Area of 8 mm bar = 50.26 mm2
Therefore,
25 540 x540
50.26 0.18 x S x 146.67 1
415 207936
IS or, S= 78.55 mm
13920:1993
Spacing of hoop should be least of
cl.7.4.6 Lo = 540 mm

1 4 of min imum Lateral Dimension 540 4 135

8 mm links @ 300

100 mm
mm c/c
but need not be less than 75 mm
Provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c for a distance

IS Lo which shall not be less than
13920:1993
cl.7.4.1
74
L arg er Lateral Dimension 540 mm

1
6 of Clear Span 3050 6 508.33 mm

450 mm
Hence, Provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c for a

distance
Lo = 540 mm on either side from the joint.
So provide longitudinal bar of 32 mm dia with
8 nos
75
Column ID: EXTERNAL COLUMN C-B1-2:
282.9063KN/m
447.7584KN/m
540mm
1.
Known data:

D =540mm
B =540mm
Height, L = 3.3m
L = 3.3m

effective cover
2145mm
d= 50mm
le = 2.145 m
le/D = (2145)/540 = 3.97<12,(short column),ok
2.
Design:
Pu= 3466.684 KN (Max. force of external column

from SAP)
Mx= 447.7584 KNm
My= 282.906 KNm
Min. eccentricity:
emin= l/500 + D/30 20 mm
where, l= unsupported length of the column
IS D= lateral dimension in plane of bending

456:2000 1982.5 540
emin= 22.29 20 mm
500 30
cl.25.4
Muex = Pu x emin = 3466.684 x 22.29/1000 =

77.27KNm<447.7584 KNm
So,design should be for 447.7584 KNm
Muey = Pu x emin = 3466.684 x 22.29/1000 = 76

77.27KNm <282.906KNm

Reference Step Calculations Output
Column ID: INTERNAL COLUMN C-B2-2:
267.51KN/m
439.43KN/m
540mm
Known data:
1.
D =540mm
B =540mm
Height, L = 3.3m
L = 3.3m
effective cover
d= 50mm
2145mm
le = 2.145m
le/D = (2145)/540 = 3.97<12,(short column),ok

2.
Design:
Pu= 4086.652 KN (Max. force of external column

from SAP)
Mx= 439.43 KNm
My= 267.51 KNm
IS 456:2000 Min. eccentricity:
cl.25.4 emin= l/500 + D/30 20 mm
where, l= unsupported length of the column
D= lateral dimension in plane of bending
77
2145 540
emin= 22.29 20 mm
500 30
Muex = Pu x emin = 4086.652 x 22.29/1000 =
91.09 KNm < 439.43 KNm
Muey = Pu x emin = 4086.652 x 22.29/1000 =
91.09 KNm < 267.51 KNm
Assuming suitable % of steel (P) in between 0.8%

to 4%
P=3.5%
We have,
100
Pt=
As=10206 mm2
Asc=9852.034 mm2
Assume reinforcement is uniformly distributed on
four sides,
Using 16 bars: Provide 28F 16 nos

@ spacing of 110 mm
16*d2/4=10206 c-c
Diameter of bar(d)=28.5 mm
Take commercially available bar 28mm
As=16*d2/4=9852.034mm2
Then Pt=3.37%
Now,
50
= =0.1 and fe 415
540

=0.56 ; =0.135

(IS 456-1978) From chart -44;

SP16-Chart 1
=0.14
44 2
IS456:2000 1 =551.124 KNm
78
cl.39.6 Similarly,
1 =551.124 KNm
Muxl=551.124 KN m
(1) + (1) 1.0
Muyl =551.124 KN m

Where, =0.667+1.667
Puz =6207.935 KN
Now, =0.446 Ac+0.75fyAs
=0.446*25(540*540-
9852.034)+0.75*415*9852.034
n = 1.77
=6207.935
=0.667+1.667*(4086.652/6207.935)=1.77
439.43 1.77 267.51 1.77

thus, (551.124) + (551.124) = 0.94 1.
IS 3. Hence, safe and suitable section is thus designed.

13920:1993 Design of lateral ties:
cl.7.3.3 t not less than 6mm
0.25*maximum diameter of longitudinal

reinforcement
= 0.25*28 =7mm
Hence, adopt ties of 8mm
IS 456:2000 Spacing of the ties(Sv):
cl 26.5.3.2.C Then for Spacing/Pitch we take whichever is less

among t = 8 mm
a) 300
b) D=540
c) 16*28=448
So,pitch =300mm
Thus, provide 8mm lateral ties @ 300mm c/c .

IS
Area of cross-section of bar forming rectangular
13920:1993
hoop to be used as confining links
cl.7.4.8
f ck Ag
A sh 0.18 S h 1
A 8 mm @ 300 mm
fy k
c/c in central part
79
Ak = (540- 2 x 50 + 2 x 8)2 =207936 mm2
(540 50 50) 88 mm
5
h= Max of
(540 50 50) 88 mm
5
Ak = 207936 mm2
where 5 is no. of bars in each face of column section
= 88 mm
Area of 8 mm bar = 50.26 mm2
Therefore,
25 540 x540
50.26 0.18 x S x 88 1
415 207936
or, S= 130.91 mm
IS
Spacing of hoop should be least of
13920:1993
cl.7.4.6
1 4 of min imum Lateral Dimension 540 4 135

100 mm

but need not be less than 75 mm
IS Provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c for a distance

13920:1993 Lo which shall not be less than Lo = 550 mm
cl.7.4.1 L arg er Lateral Dimension 540 mm 8 mm links @ 100

1 mm c/c
6 of Clear Span 3300 6 550mm

450 mm
Hence, Provide 8 mm links @ 100 mm c/c for a

distance
Lo = 550 mm on either side from the joint.
So provide longitudinal bar of 28 mm dia with
16 nos
80
5.5 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

Foundations are structural elements that transfer load from the buildings or individuals columns to
the earth. Foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotations to minimize
differential settlement. Foundations are classified as;
1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Raft or mat footing
4. Pile footing
The type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a number of factors:
a) Soil strata
b) Bearing capacity of soil
c) Type of structure
d) Type of load
e) Permissible differential settlement and
f) Economy
Here we define design raft foundation for the building.
Raft foundation is a foundation unit continues in two direction, covering an area equal to or
greater than the base area of the building.
Here we have a design of raft foundation of uniform thickness, considering it as a slab. The
procedure can be summarized as below :
a. First of all , from the sap analysis data , we have transfer reaction forces data to excel.
b. From the plan of the drawings we have calculated CG of the building plan.
c. After inserting each column loads, we have calculated CG of column loads.
d. Then we have calculated ex,ey,Ix,Iy,Mx,My.
e. Soil pressure at different points are calculated by
P Mx My
= y x
A Ix Iy
This pressure should not exceed safe soil bearing pressure.
f. Taking the maximum soil pressure developed , the moment is calculated by :
Mu = wl2/10
g. On the basis of above moment , depth of raft foundation is calculated by :

Mu x 106
d=
(0.138 x fck xb
h. On the basis of two shear (IS 456:2000, Cl.31.6.3) , Shear stress c = 0.25(fck)0.5
i. The greater of the two depths calculated in steps g and h is adopted.
j. Reinforcement is calculated for bending moment calculated in step f by :

Mu = 0.87 ( 1 ) Clause G 1.1 (b)of IS 456: 2000.
bd fck
k. Minimum reinforcement is provided in the remaining portion.

81
DESIGN OF MAT FOUNDATION:
Table 1: SAP Output (Joint Reaction for Design of Mat Foundation)

Joint F1 F2 F3 M1 M2 M3
KN KN KN KN-m KN-m KN-m
J-B-1 2.229 -4.085 377.736 -1.2185 5.4503 1.4845
J-B-2 -16.814 -2.401 319.086 -1.3238 -12.9927 0.5509
J-B-3 -45.87 -30.216 2143.114 -27.724 10.3467 2.4958
J-B-4 64.704 44.092 2418.406 -38.3679 -4.5223 -3.6451
J-B-5 -67.498 42.069 2275.531 -36.9637 2.19 3.9454
J-B-6 22.032 -25.742 1842.347 -24.4032 -14.7264 -0.0929
J-B-7 -12.331 2.022 3213.499 -0.3598 -0.7054 0.0055
J-B-8 32.407 -14.857 4594.82 14.4228 31.46 0
J-B-9 -33.679 -14.61 4543.425 14.1833 -32.6949 0
J-B-10 -35.233 1.177 2948.798 -0.7599 -23.3019 0.0112
J-B-11 -19.465 24.198 2484.123 7.3371 -8.9318 0.0964
J-B-12 44.138 -14.271 3590.678 13.8539 42.8476 0
J-B-13 -36.919 -13.875 3680.605 13.469 -35.8401 0
J-B-14 -32.487 23.125 2457.339 6.9637 -21.8286 0.0719
J-B-15 -19.408 -21.083 2487.215 -7.864 -8.8769 -0.0968
J-B-16 43.375 19.418 3581.884 -18.8505 42.1077 0
J-B-17 -36.342 18.988 3668.456 -18.4335 -35.2799 0
J-B-18 -32.346 -20.185 2458.931 -7.4783 -21.6893 -0.0731
J-B-19 -12.568 0.307 3229.11 0.1399 -0.9304 -0.0059
J-B-20 42.911 19.762 4713.063 -19.1848 41.6572 0
J-B-21 -43.966 19.589 4665.747 -19.0167 -42.6816 0
J-B-22 -34.198 2.821 2985.626 0.1793 -22.296 -0.0111
J-B-23 -33.971 -64.528 2129.932 22.6242 11.3763 -594.7942
J-B-24 -1.028 -9.361 3048.645 20.7645 19.2649 -0.4096
J-B-25 2.672 -9.37 3007.961 20.7207 -18.9734 0.4384
J-B-26 20.76 41.94 1876.709 20.2496 -15.4978 -2.606
Total 74742.79 -115.069 -592.6347
82
Total vertical column load=74742.79KN
Design Constants:
Characteristics Strength of concrete (fck) = M25 = 25 N/mm2
Characteristics Strength of steel (fy) = Fe 415 = 415 N/mm2
Diameter of bars = 20 mm
Clear cover = 50 mm
Nominal concrete cover = 60 mm
Bearing capacity of the soil (qu) =150 KN/m2 (Assumed)
Unit weight of soil(s) =19 KN/m2
Design Forces:
Case considered = 1.5(DL + LL+ Soil pressure)
Maximum factored axial load (Pu) = 4713.063 KN
Required area of footing = Pu/qu= 4713.063/150 = 31.42 m2
Assuming the square footing, the side of the footing,
S =31.42 = 5.61 m
Total area of footing =31.42*26=816.92m2
Total area of the foundation, (A) = (29.28 x 15.98) =467.89 m2
50% of total area of foundation = 233.945m2 <816.92m2
Since, the size of the footing is too big to accommodate separately, it is preferred to select the Mat
Foundation encompassing whole of the floor of the building as a block.
According to the preliminary calculation it is preferable to use the mat of size 5.61 m wide from
the centre of the column; hence the mat extends 0.87 m from center of the column outside from
the whole periphery of the building.
Center of mass of the building (CMx ,CMy) = (6.734 m, 14.671 m)
Total vertical column load, (P) = 74742.79KN
83
BUILDING PLAN
84
Eccentricity along x- direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the grid A-A.
CMx=
3.5(3048.645+4713.063+3581.884+3590.67+4594.82+2418.406)+4.4(377.736)+9.3(319.086)+10.2(3007.961
+4665.747+3668.456+3680.605+4543.425+2227.531)+13.7(1876.709+2985.626+2458.93+2457.34+2948.798+1842.35)
74742.79
=6.734m
Eccentricity along y-direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the grid 7-7.
(2.1(2143.114+2418.406+2227.531+1842.347)+7.4(3213.449+4594.82+4543.425+2948.798)+
12.7(2484.123+3590.67+3680.605+2457.339)+16.4(2487.215+3581.884+3668.456+2458.931)+
21.7(3229.11+4713.063+4665.747+2985.626)+27(2129.932+3048.645+3007.961+1876.709))
CMy = 74742.79
=14.671m
ex = CMx - CGx = 6.734-6.85 = -0.116 m
ey= CMy - CGy = 14.671-13.43 = 1.241 m
Ix = 19633.334 m4
Iy= 5356.1454m4
A = 467.89m2
Mxx = P x ey+Mx =74742.79x1.241-115.069= 92593.46 KN-m
Myy = P x ex +My =74742.79x (-0.116)-592.635 = -9233.43 KN-m
P/A = 159.743 m2
Soil pressure at different point is as follows:
= P/A(Myy/Iy)*X(Mxx/Ix)*Y
= 159.743 (-9233.43/5356.1454)x (92593.46/19633.334)y
Corner A-1
. A-1= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(-7.12)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)13.839
=237.284 KN/m2
Corner A-6
. A-6= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(-7.12)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)(-11.601)

= 117.305 KN/m2
85
Grid D-7
. D-7= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(2.72)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)(-13.701)
= 90.438 KN/m2
Grid A-3
. A-3= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(-7.12)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)(3.239)

= 187.293 KN/m2
Grid F-3
. F-3= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(7.12)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)3.239

= 162.744KN/m2
Corner F-1
. F-1= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(7.12)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)13.839

= 212.735 KN/m2
Corner F-6
. F-6= 159.743 +(-9233.43 /5356.1454)(7.12)+( 92593.46 /19633.334)(-11.601)
= 92.757 KN/m2
86
Table2: Calculation of soil pressure of each corner of column
GRID X Y s(KN/m2)
A1 -7.12 13.839 237.284
A2 -7.12 8.539 212.288
A3 -7.12 3.239 187.293
A4 -7.12 -1.001 167.296
A5 -7.12 -6.301 142.301
A6 -7.12 -11.601 117.305
B1 -3.62 13.839 231.250
B6 -3.62 -11.601 111.272
C7 -2.72 -13.701 99.816
D7 2.72 -13.701 90.438
E1 3.62 13.839 218.769
E6 3.62 -11.601 98.791
F1 7.12 13.839 212.735
F2 7.12 8.539 187.740
F3 7.12 3.239 162.744
F4 7.12 -1.001 142.748
F5 7.12 -6.301 117.752
F6 7.12 -11.601 92.757
In the y-direction, the raft is divided into six strips, that is, six equivalent beams.
(i) Beam A-A with 2.62m width and soil pressure of

= 237.284 KN/m2
(ii) Beam B-B with 2.2 m width and soil pressure of

= 237.284kN/m2
(iii) Beam C-C with 2.9m width and soil pressure of

= 231.250kN/m2
(iv) Beam D-D with 2.9 m width and soil pressure of

= 99.816kN/m2
87
(v) Beam E-E with 2.2 m width and soil pressure of

=218.769kN/m2
(vi) Beam F-F with 2.62 m width and soil pressure of

=218.769kN/m2
Taking the maximum soil pressure developed, the moment is calculated by:
Mu = wl2/10
For Strip A-A
Maximum moment = 237.284* 5.32 / 10 = 666.530kNm/m
For Strip B-B
Maximum moment = 237.284 *5.32 / 10 = 666.530kNm/m
For Strip C-C
Maximum moment = 231.250 *5.32/ 10 = 649.582kNm/m
For Strip D-D
Maximum moment = 99.816 *5.32/ 10 = 280.384kNm/m
For Strip E-E
Maximum moment = 218.769*5.32/10 =614.522 kNm/m
For Strip F-F
Maximum moment = 218.769*5.32/10 =614.522kNm/m
In x-direction again the raft is divided into seven strips, i:e seven equivalent beams:
(i) Beam 1-1 with 3.52 m width and soil pressure of

=237.284kN/m2
(ii) Beam 2-2 with 5.3 m width and soil pressure of

= 237.284kN/m2
(iii) Beam 3.-3 with 4.5 m width and soil pressure of

= 212.290kN/m2
(iv) Beam 4-4 with 4.5 m width and soil pressure of

= 187.293kN/m2
(v) Beam 5-5 with 5.3 m width and soil pressure of
=167.296kN/m2
(vi) Beam 6-6 with 3.7 m width and soil pressure of
=142.301kN/m2
88
(vii) Beam 7-7 with 1.92 m width and soil pressure of

=117.305kN/m2
Taking the maximum soil pressure developed, the moment is calculated by :

Mu = wl2/10
For Strip 1-1
Maximum moment = 237.284* 4.92 / 10 = 569.718kNm/m
For Strip 2-2
Maximum moment = 237.284*4.9 2/ 10 = 569.718kNm/m
For Strip 3-3
Maximum moment = 212.290* 4.9 2/ 10 = 509.708kNm/m
For Strip 4-4
Maximum moment = 187.293* 4.9 2/ 10 = 449.690kNm/m
For Strip 5-5
For Strip 6-6
For Strip 7-7
Maximum moment = 117.305*4.92/10= 281.650kNm/m
Note: Here the maximum upward soil pressure (237.284kN/m2) is greater than safe bearing
capacity (150 KN/m2) of foundation soil so it is necessary to increase the strength of the
foundation soil by using geotechnical soil stabilizing process like certain depth of granular
material packing.
89
Concrete Grade = M25 Steel Grade = Fe415
1 Known Data
Strip A-A Upward Soil Pressure, q = 237.284 KN/m2 q= 237.284 KN/m2
Max Span Length, L = 5.3 m
2 Moment Calculation
IS 456- Maximum Support Moment, Ms = q L2 / 10

2000
Ms = 237.284 x 5.32 / 10 Ms = 666.531 KNm
Table 12
= 666.531 KNm per m width
Maximum Span Moment, Mm = q L2 / 12
Mm = 237.284 x 5.32 / 12 Mm = 555.44 KNm
= 555.44 KNm per m width
3 Depth form Moment Consideration

SP 16
M
Table D Depth of footing, d =
0.138x25x b
666.531 10^6

0.138 25 1000
= 439.542 mm
The depth of the mat foundation will be governed by two

way shear at the one of the exterior columns. In each
case location of critical shear is not obvious, it may be
necessary to check all possible locations.
90
For corner column A-1:
Fig: Critical Section in shear

IS 456-
2000 c = c = 0.25 f ck
Cl.
31.6.2.1 = 0.25 * 25
= 1.25 N/mm2
Perimeter(bo) = 2 x (0.5d+600+540)=2x(0.5d+1140)
Pu 2129.932 x10 3
Nominal Shear Stress v =
bo x d 2(0.5d 1140)d
2129.932 x10 3
1.25=
2(0.5d 1140)d
On solving we get,
.d = 593.074 mm
For edge column B-1:
91
c = c = 0.25 f ck
= 0.25 * 25
= 1.25 N/mm2
Perimeter(bo) = (d+540)+2(0.5d+540+600) = (2d+2820)
Pu 3048.645x10 3
v = = 1.25
bo x d (2d 2820) * d
On solving we get,
.d = 605.1462mm
For side column F-2:
c = c = 0.25 f ck
= 0.25 * 25
= 1.25 N/mm2
Perimeter(bo) = (1140+0.5d)*2+(d+540)
=(2d+2820)
Pu 2985.626 x10 3
v = = 1.25
bo x d (2d 2820) * d
On solving we get,
92
.d =595.49 mm
Provide 20 mm bars
4. Thus adopt effective depth = 800 mm and
Overall depth, D =800 + 20/2 + 50 = 860 mm
IS 456- Calculation of Area of steel

2000
Minimum reinforcement in mat slab Ast= 0.12% of bD Min Ast= 1032mm2
Cl.
=( 0.12/100)*1000*860
26.5.2.1
=1032 mm2

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x( 1 )

415
666.531x106= 0.87x415x Astx800x(1 100080025)
IS 456-
2000 Provide
Ast = 2430.156mm2> Min. Ast. Hence OK
Annex G Ast = 2450 mm2
(G-1.1 b)
So provide Ast = 2450 mm2
Provide 20 mm bars
5
Area of each bar, Ab = 314.159 mm2
Ab
Spacing of Bars , S v x 1000
Ast
Spacing Ok
314.159
x 1000
2450 20mm bar @ 120 mm
c/c
= 128.23 mm
Provide 20mm bar @ 120 mm c/c
Ab
Act. A st x 1000
Sv
314.159 Act. Ast =2617.99mm2

x 1000
120
= 2617.99 mm2
Provide bars at top and bottom in both direction.
93
94
95

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B.E.

1.2 Theme of the Project

1.3 Objectives and Scopes of the Work

1. Identification of structural arrangements of plan.

2. Modeling of the building for structural analysis.

3. Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program.

4. Sectional design of structural components.

5. Structural detailing of members and the system.

1. Identification of the building and the requirements of the space.

3. Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake.

4. Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.

5. Determination of fundamental time period by free vibration analysis.

6. Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of equivalent earthquake load.

7. Identification of load cases and load combination cases.

8. Finite element modeling of the building and input analysis.

10. Review of analysis outputs for design of individual components.

1.4 Principles of Earthquake Resistant Building

1.5 Seismic Design Philosophy for Buildings

1.6 Affect on Reinforced Building by Earthquake

1.7 Architectural Features that Affect Buildings During Earthquakes

Irregular (Improper) configuration:

1.8 Ductile Detailing for Earthquake Resistant Construction

Significance of the ductility

Fig; Ductile force-deformation behaviour

1.9 Identification of Loads

1.10 Description of the Proposed Project

1. Name of project : Multi Storied Apartment Building

3. Structure system : RCC framed structure

4. Plinth area : 367.58 m2 (h=27.35m)

5. No .of storey : Nine storey with Basement

6. Types of slab : Two way slab

7. Types of beam : Rectangular Size 450mmx580mm ; 280mmx410mm

8. Types of column : Square (i) 540mm

9. Types of foundation : Raft / Mat foundation

10. Types of staircase : Dog- Legged

11. Method of Analysis : SAP2000-V15

12. Design concept : Limit state design

13. Concrete Grade used : M20; M25

14. Reinforcement Grade : Fe 415

15. Dead Load : As per materials usage in building

16. Live load : As per usage and as specified relevant code

17. Seismic load : As per usage and as specified relevant code

19. Topography : Plain terrain

the building : Apartmental Type.

1.11 Brief Description of the Plan

Basement : 367.45 sq. m.

Ground : 367.58 sq. m.

1st Floor : 369.54 sq. m.

2nd/3rd Floor : 409.74 sq. m.

4th/ 5th/6th/7thFloor : 424.17 sq. m.

The Height of the Building is described below:

Ground Floor : 3300 mm

1st to Top : 3000 mm

i. IS 875 (part I):1987 Dead Loads

b) Lateral Loads (Earthquake Load)

2.3 Idealization and Analysis of Structure

2.3.2. Idealization of Joint Constraints

2.4 Modeling and Analysis of Structure

Modeling in SAP 2000

2.4.1 Design Philosophy

Assumptions of Limit State Design Method for Flexure:

2.4.2 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structure

2.4.3 Codal References

DL of slab 130 mm thick( DLs) = 25.131 = 3.25 KN/m

DL of screed with punning 25 mm thick(DLscreed) = 21.0251= 0.525 KN/m