List of Physics Equations SF016

Physical Quantities and Measurements

Magnitude of a vector : | A |= Ax 2 + Ay 2
Ay
Direction of a vector : tan =
Ax

written in unit vector notation : A = Axi + Ayj + Azk

Dot product : A B =| A || B | cos

A B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

Cross product : | A B |=| A || B | sin

Kinematics of Linear Motion

Uniform acceleration motion :

v = u + at
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as

Free fall motion, substitute a = g = 9.81 m s 2

Projectile motion, component x, a = 0 ; component y, a = g

Momentum and Impulse

Momentum, p = mv

Conservation of momentum : In a closed system (no external force), p initial = pfinal

Impulse, J = p = pfinal pinitial ; J = F t

Forces

Newtons First law of motion : F = 0

Newtons Second law of motion : F = ma or Fnet = ma

Static friction, fs sN Limiting static friction, fs (max) = sN

Kinetic (dynamic) friction, fk = kN * Note: s > k

1
 Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a force, W = F s = F s cos
Gravitational Potential energy, U = mgh
1 2
Elastic Potential energy, U = kx
2
Hookes Law , F = kx
1
Kinetic energy, K = mv 2
2
Work energy theorem, W = K
Conservation of energy, E initial = Efinal

W
Average Power, Pav =
t

dW
Instantaneous Power, P = = F v
dt

Pout
Mechanical efficiency, = 100% ( * 1 horse power = 746 Watt )
Pin

Uniform Circular Motion

2
Angular velocity, = = = 2 f
t T
Linear velocity, v = r

v2
Centripetal acceleration, ac = = r 2
r
mv 2
Centripetal force, F = = mr 2
r

Rotation of a rigid body

Linear distance, s = r
Linear velocity, v = r
Linear (tangential) acceleration, a = r
Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration :

= o + t
2 = o 2 + 2
1
= ot + t 2
2

2
Condition for static equilibrium of rigid body :

F x =0 ; F y =0 ; =0

Torque, = F r sin = F d

Moment of Inertia, I = m r 2

Torque, = I
1 2
Rotational Kinetic energy, Kr = I
2
Rotational work, W =
Rotational power, P =

1 1
Kinetic energy for rolling object, K = mv 2 + I 2
2 2

Angular momentum for a particle, L = mrv

Angular momentum for a rigid body, L = I

Conservation of angular momentum, L initial = Lfinal

Gravitational
GMm
Newtons law of gravitation, F =
r2
GM
Gravitational Field Strength, g = ag =
r2
GM
Gravitational Potential, V =
r
GMm
Gravitational Potential Energy, U =
r
Satellite motion:
GM
Velocity, v =
r

r3
Period of revolution, T = 2
GM

GMm
Total energy satellite, E =
2r

3
 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Equation for SHM : x = A sin t

Velocity, v = A cos t ; v = A 2 x 2 ; maximum velocity, v max = A

Acceleration, a = 2 x ; maximum acceleration, a max = 2 A

1 1
Frequency, f = ; Period, T =
T f

2
Angular frequency, = 2 f =
T
1
Kinetic energy, K = m 2 ( A 2 x 2 )
2
1
Potential energy, U = m 2 x 2
2
1
Total energy SHM, E = U + K = m 2 A 2
2

l
Simple pendulum, T = 2
g

m
Spring mass system, T = 2
k

Mechanical Waves

Equation for Progressive wave : y = A sin( t k x + ) + : left ; : right

2 2
Angular frequency, = ; Wave number, k =
T
dy
Particle vibrational velocity, vy = = A cos( t k x + )
dt
Wave propagation velocity, v = f
Stationary (standing) wave equation : Y = 2 A cos k x sin t

Sound Waves
Propagation of sound in term of variation of pressure and displacement
y ( x, t ) = A sin( t kx)
p ( x, t ) po sin( t kx + )

4
Beat frequency, fb =| f 1 f 2 |

T m
Velocity of progressive wave in a stretched string, v = where =
L

Fundamental and overtone frequencies

nv T
Stretched string : fn = where v = n = 1,2,3
2L

nv
Closed end air column : fn = n = 1,3,5,7 * v = speed of sound
4L
nv
With end correction fn =
4( L + c)

nv
Open end air column : fn = n = 1,2,3, * v = speed of sound
2L
nv
With end correction fn =
2( L + 2c)

P
Intensity of sound, I =
4 r 2

Dependence of intensity on: (i) amplitude I A 2

1
(ii) distance from a point source I
r2
Doppler effect
v vo
Apparent frequency, f ' = f
v vs
+ vo : observer approaches source
vo : observer moves away from source
+ vs : source moves away from observer
vs : source approaches observer

Deformation of Solids
F
Stress, =
A
e
Strain, =
lo

Young Modulus, Y =

1
Strain Energy (energy stored in a wire), U = Fe
2

5
 Heat
Conduction
Q k AT
=
t x
Thermal expansion
Linear : L = Lo T
Area : A = Ao T = 2

Volume : V = Vo T = 3

Apparent Expansion : for liquid in container, Voverflow = Vliquid Vcontainer

Kinetic Theory of Gases

V1 V 2
Charles Law =
T1 T 2
Boyles Law p1V 1 = p 2V 2

P1 P 2
Pressure Law =
T1 T 2
Ideal Gas equation pV = nRT or pV = NkT

1 1
pV = Nm < v 2 > or p= < v2 >
3 3

N m
No of moles n = =
NA M

R
Boltzmann constant, k =
NA

v1 2 + v 2 2 + + vn 2
Mean square speed, < v 2 >=
N
Root mean square speed,
vrms = < v 2 >

3kT 3RT
vrms = =
m M

Translational Kinetic energy of n moles of gases,

3 3
Ktr = NkT = nRT
2 2
f f
Internal energy of gases, U = NkT = nRT
2 2

6
Degree of freedom, f
Monoatomic f = 3 Diatomic f = 5 Polyatomic f = 6

Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamic Q = U + W

Thermodynamic processes :
Isothermal T constant U = 0 obey Boyles law
Isovolumetric V constant W =0 obey Pressure law
Isobaric p constant obey Charles law
Adiabatic No Heat change Q=0

V2 p1
Work done in isothermal process : W = nRT ln or W = nRT ln
V1 p2

Work done in isobaric process : W = p [V 2 V 1]

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