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routing with Types of Service. Therefore, in addition to the information that controls where a
packet is forwarded (next hop), an entry in the forwarding table may include the information
about what resources the packet may use, such as a particular outgoing queue that the packet
should be placed on (known as packet classification, to be described later). Forwarding of unicast
packets requires longest prefix match based on the network-layer destination address. Unicast
forwarding with Types of Service requires the longest match on the destination network-layer
address, plus the exact match (fixed-length match) on the Type of Service (TOS) bits carried in
the network-layer header (Figure 1-36). Forwarding of multicast packets requires longest match
on the source network-layer address, plus the exact match (fixed-length match) on both source
and destination addresses, where the destination address is the multicast group address.
For the purposes of multicast forwarding, some entries in the forwarding table/FIB may have
multiple subentries. In multicast, a packet that arrives on one network interface needs to be sent
out on multiple outgoing interfaces that are identified in subentries of a FIB record.