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Chapter 4 Switching and Queuing Delay Models 227

routing with Types of Service. Therefore, in addition to the information that controls where a
packet is forwarded (next hop), an entry in the forwarding table may include the information
about what resources the packet may use, such as a particular outgoing queue that the packet
should be placed on (known as packet classification, to be described later). Forwarding of unicast
packets requires longest prefix match based on the network-layer destination address. Unicast
forwarding with Types of Service requires the longest match on the destination network-layer
address, plus the exact match (fixed-length match) on the Type of Service (TOS) bits carried in
the network-layer header (Figure 1-36). Forwarding of multicast packets requires longest match
on the source network-layer address, plus the exact match (fixed-length match) on both source
and destination addresses, where the destination address is the multicast group address.
For the purposes of multicast forwarding, some entries in the forwarding table/FIB may have
multiple subentries. In multicast, a packet that arrives on one network interface needs to be sent
out on multiple outgoing interfaces that are identified in subentries of a FIB record.

4.1.4 Switching Fabric Design


Problems related to this section: ?? Problem 4.7
Switch Design Issues:
Switch contention occurs when several packets are crossing each others path switch cannot
support arbitrary set of transfers;
Complex rearranging of the timetable for packet servicing (known as scheduling) is needed to
avoid switch contention;
High clock/transfer rate needed for bus-based design (first- and second-generation routers);
Packet queuing (or, buffering) to avoid packet loss is needed when the component that provides
service (generally known as server) is busy;
Example switch fabrics include:
Bus (first- and second-generation routers)
Crossbar
Banyan network
Banyan networks and other interconnection networks were initially developed to connect
processors in a multiprocessor. They typically provide lower capacity than a complete crossbar.
Switching fabric may introduce different types of packet blocking. For example, if two or more
packets at different inputs want to cross the switching fabric simultaneously towards the same
output, then these packets experience output blocking. When one packet is heading for an idle
port, but in front of it (in the same waiting line/queue) is another packet headed for a different
output port that is currently busy, and the former packet must wait until the latter departs, then the
former packet experiences head-of-line blocking. Find more information about packet blocking in
Section 4.1.5.

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