A Flowing Gas

Continuum
Continuum Mechanics
Mechanics

Fluid
Fluid Mechanics
Mechanics Solid
Solid Mechanics
Mechanics

Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics Hydrodynamics
Hydrodynamics

Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics isis aa special
special subset
subset ofof Fluid
Fluid
Mechanics,
Mechanics, which
which in in turn
turn isis aa subset
subset of
of
Continuum
Continuum Mechanics
Mechanics
 Four Aerodynamic Quantities

Pressure
Pressure
Force
Force per
per unit
unit area:
area: N/m
N/m22,, lb/in
lb/in22,, lb/ft
lb/ft22
Density
Density
Mass
Mass per
per unit
unit volume:
volume: kg/m
kg/m33,, slug/ft
slug/ft33
Temperature
Temperature
Measure
Measure of
of average
average kinetic
kinetic energy
energy
Velocity
Velocity
AA vector
vector quantity:
quantity: ft/s,
ft/s, m/s,
m/s, mi/hr,
mi/hr, km/hr
km/hr
 Pressure
Pressure the normal
Pressure isis the normal force
force per
per unit
unit area
area exerted
exerted on
on aa
surface
surface due
due to to the
the time
time rate
rate of
of change
change of of momentum
momentum of of
the
the gas
gas molecules
molecules impacting
impacting onon that
that surface.
surface.

The
The concept
concept of
of force
force arises
arises from
from Newtons nd Law:
Newtons 22nd Law:
FF == mm aa or d(mv)/dt or
or FF == d(mv)/dt or FF == m
m dv/dt
dv/dt
dF
mv is
mv is the
the momentum
momentum or or linear
linear momentum
momentum
Pressure
Pressure varies
varies from
from point
point to
to point
point
pp == lim dF/dA as
lim dF/dA dA
as dA 00
B
dA
Pressure
Pressure depends
depends on
on position
position and
and time:
time:
p(x,y,z,t) where
pp == p(x,y,z,t) t-dependence
where t-dependence unsteady
unsteady flow
flow gas
p(x,y,z) where
pp == p(x,y,z) where no t-dependence
no t-dependence steady
steady flow
flow
 Density
The density
The density of
of aa substance
substance (including
(including aa gas)
gas) isis
the
the mass
mass of
of that
that substance
substance per
per unit
unit volume.
volume.

The
The concept
concept of
of density
density obviously
obviously combines
combines the
the
concepts of mass
concepts of and volume
mass and volume
Density
Density varies
varies from
from point
point to
to point
point
== lim B
(dm/dv) as
lim (dm/dv) dv
as dv 00 dv
Density
Density depends
depends on
on position
position and
and
time:
time: gas
== (x,y,z,t)
(x,y,z,t) where t-dependence
where t-dependence unsteady
unsteady flow
flow
== (x,y,z)
(x,y,z) where
where no t-dependence
no t-dependence steady
steady flow
flow
 Temperature
Temperature
Temperature isis aa measure
measure of of the
the average
average kinetic
kinetic
energy
energy of
of the
the particles
particles in
in the
the gas.
gas. IfIf KE
KE isis the
the mean
mean
molecular
molecular kinetic
kinetic energy,
energy, thenthen temperature
temperature isis given
given by
by
KE (3/2)kT, where
KE == (3/2)kT, where kk isis the
the Boltzmann
Boltzmann constant.
constant.
The
The Boltzmann
Boltzmann constant
constant hashas the
the value:
value:
1.38 10 J/K (Joules
(Joules per
per Kelvin)
-23
kk == 1.38 10-23 J/K Kelvin)
Temperature
Temperature depends
depends on
on position
position and
and time:
time:
T(x,y,z,t) where
TT == T(x,y,z,t) t-dependence
where t-dependence unsteady
unsteady flow
flow
T(x,y,z) where
TT == T(x,y,z) where no t-dependence
no t-dependence steady
steady flow
flow
Typical
Typical units:
units:
Kelvin
Kelvin (K),
(K), degree
degree Celsius
Celsius (C)
(C)
degree
degree Rankine
Rankine (R),
(R), degree
degree Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit (F)
(F)
 Flow Velocity
The velocity
The velocity at at any
any fixed
fixed point
point BB in
in aa flowing
flowing gas
gas isis
the
the velocity
velocity ofof an
an infinitesimally
infinitesimally small
small fluid
fluid element
element as as
itit sweeps
sweeps through
through B. B.
Velocity isis aa vector
Velocity vector quantity: has magnitude
quantity: itit has magnitude and and
direction
direction
IfIf the flow isis steady
the flow steady (not
(not t-dependent),
t-dependent), then
then aa moving
moving
fluid
fluid element
element traces
traces out
out aa fixed
fixed path or streamline
path or streamline
V
V
 Flow Field
The
The four
four aerodynamic
aerodynamic quantities
quantities
Pressure
Pressure pp == p(x,y,z,t),
p(x,y,z,t), (a
(a scalar)
scalar)
Density
Density == (x,y,z,t),
(x,y,z,t), (a
(a scalar)
scalar)
Temperature
Temperature TT == T(x,y,z,t),
T(x,y,z,t), (a
(a scalar)
scalar)
Velocity
Velocity VV == V(x,y,z,t)
V(x,y,z,t) (a
(a vector)
vector)
define the flow
define the flow field
field
y

V
x
z
 Aerodynamic Forces
Theoretical
Theoretical and
and experimental
experimental aerodynamicists
aerodynamicists labor labor to
to
calculate
calculate and
and measure
measure flow
flow fields
fields of
of many
many types.
types.
because
because the
the aerodynamic
aerodynamic forceforce exerted
exerted by by the
the airflow
airflow
on
on the
the surface
surface of
of an
an airplane, missile, etc.
airplane, missile, etc.,, stems
stems from
from only
only
two
two simple
simple natural
natural sources:
sources:
Pressure
Pressure distribution
distribution on on the
the surface
surface (normal
(normal to
to surface)
surface)
Shear
Shear stress
stress (friction)
(friction) on
on the
the surface
surface (tangential
(tangential to
to surface)
surface)

p w
 Aerodynamic Forces
A
A primary
primary function
function of
of theoretical
theoretical and
and
experimental
experimental aerodynamics
aerodynamics isis to
to predict
predict and
and
measure
measure thethe aerodynamic
aerodynamic forces
forces on
on aa body.
body.
Usually
Usually means
means prediction
prediction and
and measurement
measurement of of
and ww
pp and
Prediction
Prediction and
and measurement
measurement of of usually
usually
requires
requires knowledge
knowledge ofof the
the flow
flow field:
field:
p, ,
p, T, and
, T, and VV which
which generally
generally depend
depend on
on
position (x,y,z) and
position (x,y,z) and time
time (t)
(t)
Mystery
Vehicle
Mystery Vehicle
Mystery Vehicle
 Perfect Gas
In
In reality,
reality, aa gas
gas isis not
not aa continuum,
continuum, butbut isis aa
collection
collection ofof particles
particles (molecules,
(molecules, atoms,
atoms, ) )
These
These particles
particles are
are moving
moving with
with essentially
essentially
random
random motion
motion (recall
(recall that
that Temperature
Temperature isis aa
measure
measure of of that
that random
random motion)
motion)
There
There are
are intermolecular
intermolecular forces
forces due
due to
to the
the
electromagnetic
electromagnetic properties
properties ofof the
the particles
particles

A perfect
A perfect gas
gas isis one
one in
in which
which intermolecular
intermolecular
forces
forces are
are negligible.
negligible.
In
In both
both subsonic
subsonic and and supersonic
supersonic flows,
flows, air
air
behaves
behaves essentially
essentially asas aa perfect
perfect gas
gas
 Equation of State for Perfect Gas
Relationship
Relationship between
between pressure,
pressure, density,
density, and
and
temperature:
temperature:
pp == RT
RT
where
where RR isis the
the specific
specific gas
gas constant
constant (gas-dependent)
(gas-dependent)
For
For normal
normal air
air
R
R == 287
287 J/(kg
J/(kg K)
K) == 1716
1716 ftft lb
lb // (slug
(slug R)
R)

Another
Another useful quantity isis specific
useful quantity specific volume
volume::
vv == 1/
1/ (typical
(typical units
units are
are m /kg and
m33/kg and ftft33/slug)
/slug)
Equation
Equation of
of state
state can
can be
be written
written
pv
pv == RT
RT
 Sample Problem
The
The air
air pressure
pressure and
and density
density at
at aa point
point on
on the
the
wing
wing of
of aa Boeing
Boeing 747
747 are
are 1.1010 N/m22 and
1.101055 N/m and
1.20 kg/m33,, respectively.
1.20 kg/m respectively. What
What isis the
the
temperature
temperature at at that
that point?
point?

Solution:
Solution: From
From equation
equation
of state pp == RT;
of state RT;
hence =p/(R), or
hence TT =p/(R), or

1.101055 N/m
TT == 1.1010 N/m22 // [1.20 kg/m33 287
[1.20 kg/m 287 J/(kg
J/(kg K)]
K)]

TT == 319
319 K
K