Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Course code:
FHSC1134

TOPIC 1:
Course title:
Inorganic Chemistry
Electronic
Structure of
Programme of study:
atoms
Foundation in
Science

Topic Scopes Introduction

Bohr Theory
Inorganic chemistry study of all the
Modern Atomic Theory elements in the periodic table.
Concept of quantum numbers (n, l, ml &
ms)
Studies include: structures, properties and
Electronic configurations (spdf, noble gas reactivities of the elements and their
& orbital box notation) compounds depending on their position in
Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion periodic table.
Principle and Hunds Rule

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Periodic Table Divided into

s-block = group 1, 2 & 18 (He only)
Elements are placed in the order of their p-block = group 13 -18 (except He)
atomic number / proton number d-block = group 3 -12 (Transition
Horizontal rows = periods Elements)
Vertical columns = groups f-block = bottom of periodic table
7 Periods (3 short periods, 4 long periods) (Lanthanide and actinide series)
18 Groups.
The modern Periodic Law states that the
Same group elements have same number
properties of the elements are a periodic
of valence electrons.
function of their proton (atomic) numbers.
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FHSC1134 Inorganic Chemistry 1

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Group Classification of the Elements

1
into the s, p, d and f blocks
2

3
Period

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Bohr Theory Bohr Theory

Bohrs simplest model of a hydrogen atom

was one in which the lone electron moves
in a circular orbit around the nucleus.

It refers to Plancks Quantum Theory,

which states that energy can be absorbed
or emitted in a fixed amount called quanta.

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Bohr Theory Bohrs Model of the Hydrogen Atom

Bohrs postulation on the hydrogen atom model:
1 H
1
Lone electron revolves around the nucleus in fixed
circular paths known as orbits. 1 p, 1 e-
n=1
Energy of each orbit is associated with a fixed amount n=2
of energy (energy is quantised)
n=3
Energy of orbits increases with their distance from the
nucleus.
Each orbit is represented by an integer known as nucleus
principle quantum number, n. The orbit closest to the
nucleus is given the principle quantum number, n = 1. Possible electron orbits
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FHSC1134 Inorganic Chemistry 2

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

An electron is at the ground state, if it is stable and

remains at its lowest energy orbital. Example
An electron is excited to a higher state (excited state)
by absorbing the necessary energy. The wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation
obtained when an electron falls back from fifth
energy level to the first energy level of hydrogen
Excess energy in the transition between ground and
atom is 117 nm.
excited state, E, is released in the form of light.
E = hf = h(c/)
Determine the energy difference in J and kJ/mol
f = frequency (s-1 ); h = Plancks constant (6.63 x 10-34 J s) between two levels.
c= speed of light (3.00 x 108 m s-1); = wavelength (m)

However, this theory does not apply to atoms with 2 or

more electrons (Answer: 1.70 x 10-18 J, 1023.74 kJ/mol)

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Modern Atomic Theory Structure of An Atom

An element is composed of tiny particles called
atoms.
Atoms of an element show same chemical
properties.
All atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and
electrons.
The protons and neutrons of an atom are found
in the nucleus.
Electrons are portrayed as occupying a volume
of space called orbital around the nucleus.
Atoms have no net charge.
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Table: Properties & Location of Protons, Quantum numbers

Neutrons & Electrons In An Atom
The shape, size, and energy of each orbital is a
Subatomic Symbol Relative Mass Mass Location function of three quantum numbers which describe the
Particle electrical (g) (amu) location of an electron within an atom or ion.
charge
Proton p+ +1 1.6726 1 In the n (principal) shell / energy level
x 10-24 nucleus l (orbital) subshell / shape of orbitals
Electron e- -1 9.1094 0.0005 Outside ml (magnetic) orientation of orbitals
x 10-28 the
nucleus There is another quantum number that determine the
direction of the electrons in the orbitals.
Neutron n0 0 1.6749 1 In the
x 10-24 nucleus ms (spin) spin of the electrons
1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.6605 x 10-24 g (clockwise or counterclockwise: + or -)
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FHSC1134 Inorganic Chemistry 3

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Quantum Numbers Subshells and Orbitals

1) Principal quantum number, n
l Subshell Number of orbitals in
Known as electron shell / electron level
Values = positive integer (1, 2, 3, 4)
subshell = 2l + 1
n , electrons average distance from the nucleus 0 s 1
1 p 3
2) Angular momentum quantum number, l
subshell / orbital shape / orbital type 2 d 5
Values = positive integer from 0 to ( n -1 ) 3 f 7
No. of orbitals in subshell = 2l + 1
4 g 9
energy of sublevels increases in order of
ns < np < nd < nf 5 h 11
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Shape of Atomic Orbitals Quantum Numbers

3) Magnetic quantum number, ml
orientation of the orbitals in a subshell
Values = integer; from l to +l include 0
All these orbitals have same energy
Example :
when l = 2,
ml has 5 values: -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

4) Spin quantum number, ms

orientations for electron spin
s orbital p orbital d orbital ms = +1/2 () or -1/2 ()

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Relationships of the Quantum Numbers (n, l, ml)

n l ml Type of Orbitals No. of e- No. of
orbitals available possible orbitals
in the in in in shell
subshell subshell subshell (n2)
(2l +1) [2(2l + 1)]
1 0 0 1s 1 2 1
2 0 0 2s 1 2
4
1 -1, 0, +1 2p 3 6
3 0 0 3s 1 2
1 -1, 0, +1 3p 3 6 9
l = 1, p subshell, ml = -1, 0, +1 2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 3d 5 10
three orbitals with same energy level 4 0 0 4s 1 2
(degenerate) 1 -1, 0, +1 4p 3 6
16
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 4d 5 10
3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 4f 7 14
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FHSC1134 Inorganic Chemistry 4

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Exercise Electron Configuration

Give the n, l and ml values for the following How electrons are arranged in their shells,
orbitals. subshells and orbitals
a) 3p Hydrogen electron configuration :
b) 5d spdf notation or Orbital box notation
c) 4s
d) 5p 1s1 Number of electrons
assigned to designated
How many orbitals are present in the electron subshell 1s
shell with the principal quantum number of n = Electron
3? shell (n) Orbital type (l)
[subshell]

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Aufbau Principle
3 Rules to determine the exact
Steps:
ground state electron configuration 1s
1. Write the energy levels from top
to bottom.
1) Aufbau Principle 2s 2p 2. Write the orbitals in s, p, d, f order.
Write the same number of orbitals
Orbitals are filled in the order of increasing energy as the energy level.
from the lowest level to the highest level 3s 3p 3d 3. Draw diagonal lines from the top
right to the bottom left.
Subshells in atom are filled in the order of increasing
4s 4p 4d 4f 4. To get the correct order,
n+l follow the arrows!

5s 5p 5d 5f 5g?
Electron filling order :
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g? 6h?
4d 5p 6s 4f 5d..
7s 7p 7d 7f 7g? 7h? 7i?
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3) Hunds Rule
2) Pauli Exclusion Principle
When there is a set of orbitals of equal energy,
No 2 electrons in an atom can have the same set of
each orbital becomes half-filled before any of them
4 quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
becomes completely filled
No atomic orbital can contain > 2 electrons
The most stable arrangement of electron is that
with the maximum number of unpaired electrons
Each orbital can hold up to 2 electrons with spins
(with the same spin direction)
paired (opposite spin directions)
The total energy of an atom is as low as
possible

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FHSC1134 Inorganic Chemistry 5

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

Example : 7N Electron Configurations

1s 2s 2p Elements Orbital Box Diagram Electron Noble Gas
Configuration Notation
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
H (1) 1s1
More stable than He (2) 1s2

1s 2s 2p Li (3) 1s22s1 [He] 2s1

or Be (4) 1s22s2 [He] 2s2

B (5) 1s22s22p1 [He] 2s22p1

C (6) 1s22s22p2 [He] 2s22p2

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Elements Orbital Box Diagram Electron Noble Gas

Exercise
Configuration Notation Write the electronic configuration for Phosphorus, P
1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s
(Z = 15) using
N (7) 1s22s22p3 [He] 2s22p3 (a) orbital box notation (b) spdf notation
(c) noble gas spdf notation
O (8) 1s22s22p4 [He] 2s22p4

F (9) 1s22s22p5 [He] 2s22p5 (a) P :

Ne (10) 1s22s22p6 [He] 2s22p6
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Na (11) 1s22s22p63s1 [Ne] 3s1 (b) P : 1s22s22p63s23p3
(c) P : [Ne] 3s23p3
Mg (12) 1s22s22p63s2 [Ne] 3s2

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What are they saying?

Learning Outcome
Discuss the electron arrangements and electron
configurations.

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FHSC1134 Inorganic Chemistry 6