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Form 5

Physics
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The study of matter

Chapter 2:
1 End
Electricity
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Physics: Chapter 2
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Objectives:
(what you will learn)
< Back 1) electric fields & charge flow
Next >
2) electric current & potential difference
3) series & parallel circuits
4) electromotive force & internal resistance
5) electrical energy & power
2 End
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Electric Fields
Electric field: region where a charged body
experiences a force
It is shown by a field pattern that are lines of forces.

line of force = path of a test charge in the field

< Back

Next > direction = motion of a free positive charge

electric field pattern

3 End
Positive point charge Negative point charge
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Electric Fields
Electric lines of force

Between a positive
and a negative
< Back
point charge
Next >

Between two
positive point
charges
4 End
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Electric Fields
Electric field between two
parallel metal plates that
are oppositely charged.

< Back

Next >

Electric field between

5 End
two opposite charges.
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Electric Fields
Experiments to show existence of electric fields.

Ball coated with conductor

+
hangs vertically in the centre
because it is neutral.
< Back
Ball oscillating between 2
Next > + plates, after it touches one side
+ causing a force, F to repel the
F F
ball due to like charges.
Positive ions
Negative ions
Candle flame spreading
+ sideways between 2 plates due
6 End to attraction between oppositely
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Electric Fields
Electric fields cause charges to move.
Net movement of charges = electric current
In the late 1700s scientists chose the direction of electric
current to be the direction in which positive charges move in
an electric field. They did not know that electrons and
< Back
protons were the negative and positive charge particles, and
Next > that the electron moved much more easily.

In a copper wire, the outer electrons of the copper

atom move relative to the nucleus of the atom.
Current, I electrons
+ -
7 End So, the charge carriers (electrons) move in the
opposite direction to the current.
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Electric Charge
Basic unit of electric charge = Coulomb (C)
Charge of a proton or electron = 1.60 10-19 C
A Coulomb of charge is a lot, at 6.25 x 1018 electrons
most objects have charges in the C (10-6 C) range.
< Back

Next >
Electric charge, Q = It
units Q in Coulomb, I in Ampere, t in second
C=As

Electric current = Rate of flow of electric charge

Q
8 End I=
t
, t = time
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Potential Difference
Potential difference (V) between 2 points in
an electric field = work done (W) in moving 1
coulomb of charge (Q) between the 2 points.
W Work done
< Back V= =
Q Charge
Next >

Potential difference between 2 points

Moving 1 coulomb of charge

A B

Unit of potential difference:

J
9 End Volt (V) =
C
= J C-1
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Electric Current
Ohms Law
The current (I) in a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (V) across
the conductor if the temperature is constant.
V I
< Back = constant
I
Next >
Ohmic conductor 0 V
A conductor that obeys Ohms Law.
Switch
I
Rheostat Circuit used to find the
A
Conductor relationship between current
I and potential difference V
10 End
V for a conductor.
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Electric Current
Non-ohmic conductor
A conductor that does not obey Ohms Law.
Examples

I I I
< Back

Next > 0 V 0 V 0 V
Dilute sulphuric acid Filament lamp Junction diode

A circuit element is non-ohmic if the graph of

current versus voltage is nonlinear.
A filament lamp is a non-ohmic conductor since its
resistivity, like most materials, varies with
11 End temperature. As the filament gets hot, the
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Resistance
The resistance, R of a conductor is defined as the
ratio of the potential difference V across the
conductor to the current I in the conductor.

V
< Back Resistance, R =
I
Next >
The unit of resistance is the ohm ().
conductor
I I

V
12 End Potential difference, V = IR
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Resistance
Factors that affect the resistance of a conductor:
a. length of wire, l
b. cross-sectional area, A
c. type of material with resistivity, p
d. temperature, T
< Back
Based on a constant temperature:
Next >
pl
Resistance, R =
A

R R

13 End 0 T/oC 0 T/oC

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Series Circuit
When resistors are connected in series:
a. Same current I is in all the resistors
b. Potential difference,

< Back V1 = IR1

Next >
V2 = IR2 I
V3 = IR3 R1 R2 R3

V1 V2 V3
c. V = V1 + V2 + V3 V

d. Effective resistance,
14 End R = R1 + R2 + R3
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Parallel Circuit
When resistors are connected in parallel:
a. Same potential differences across all resistors, V
b. Current in the resistors,
V
I1 = R1 I
< Back R1 I1
V
Next > I2 = R2 R2 I2
V
I3 = R3
R3 I3
c. I = I1 + I2 + I3
V
d. Effective resistance,
1 1 1 1
15 End
R
=
R1
+
R2
+
R3
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Electromotive Force
Electromotive force (e.m.f.), E
Work done to drive a unit charge (1 C) around circuit
where the unit is
volt, V = J C-1
< Back
Using a high resistance voltmeter
Next > E = 1.5 V
Potential difference V < e.m.f. E
r
because work is done to drive a
charge through a cell with internal I
resistance, r.
V
E = V + Ir = I(R + r)
I
R
E R+r r
16 End
V
=
R
=1+
R V
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Electrical Energy
The potential difference V across a conductor is the
work done in moving a charge of 1 C across the
conductor. The work done is transformed into heat
which is dissipated from the conductor.

< Back Energy dissipated, E

From volt, V = J C-1 =
Next > Charge, Q
substitutions
Energy dissipated, E = QV Q = It
= IVt V = IR
= I2Rt I = V/R
V2t
17 End E=
R
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Electrical Power
Energy dissipated
Electrical power, P = E = IVt
Time, t
= IV substitutions V = IR
= I2R I = V/R
V2
< Back P=
R
Next >
Power rating of an electrical appliance is the power
consumed by it when the stated voltage is applied.
V2
Resistance of the appliance, R =
P
1 unit of electrical energy consumed = 1 kW h
= (1000 Js-1)(3600 s) = 3.6 x 106 J
18 End
Cost of electrical energy = units x cost per unit
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Summary
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What you have learned:

1. Electric fields & charge flow

< Back 2. Electric current & potential difference

3. Series & parallel circuits
4. Electromotive force & internal resistance

5. Electrical energy & power

19 End Thank You

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