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INTRODUCTION
METHODS OF DYEING
EXPERIMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
Dyes are colored substances which can adhere to
the surface of materials and are used to give
color to paper, food- stuffs, and various textiles
such as cotton, wool, synthetic fibres, silk etc.
For example alizarin, indigo, Congo red, etc.
Chemically, a dye contains:
1. Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the color of the dye.
2. Some groups (such as NH2, -SO3H, -
COOH, etc) which makes the dye stick to the
fabric by formation of some salt.
Dyeing is the process of adding color to
textile products like fibres, yarn and fabrics.
The temperature and time controlling are two
key factors in dyeing.
The primary source of dye, historically has been
nature, with the dyes being extracted from
plants and animals. Since the 18th century,
humans produced artificial dyes to achieve a
broader range of colors and to render the dyes more
stable to resist washing and general use. The dyed
fabrics appear to be colored because a particular
dye absorbs radiations of some specific
wavelengths from the visible region of
electromagnetic radiations which fall on the
surface. The remaining radiations
(complementary colors) of light are reflected. The
color which we observe is due to the reflected
light. For example, if a dye absorbs the light in
the wavelength region corresponding to red,
then it would appear green, which is the
complementary color of red. Similarly, if a dye
absorbs blue colour, it would appear orange.
Methods to apply dye
Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing
1. Direct application
2. Yarn dyeing
Characteristics of a dye
1. It must have a suitable color.
material.
dilute acids.
Methods of dyeing
Colour is applied to fabric by different methods
2. Stock Dyeing
Stock dyeing refers to the dyeing of the fibers,
3. Top Dyeing
Top dyeing is also the dyeing of the fibre
shades.
4. Yarn Dyeing
Yarn dyeing is the dyeing of the yarns before
B. Package Dyeing
D. Space Dyeing
5. Piece Dyeing
The dyeing of cloth after it is being woven or
dyeing.
6. Garment Dyeing
Garment dyeing is the dyeing of the completed
the article.
Requirements:
500ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass
rod, spatula, wool cloth, cotton cloth and silk
cloth. Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartar
emetic and malachite green.
Procedure:
1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:
Take about 0.5g if solid sodium carbonate and
dissolve it in 250ml of water.
2. Preparation of tartar emetic solution: Take
about 0.2g of tartar emetic and dissolve it in
100ml of water by stirring with the help of a
glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take
100 ml of water in a beaker and add about
1.0g of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On
heating a clear solution of tannic acid is
obtained.
4. Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1g
of malachite green dye and add to it 400 ml
of water. On warming a clear solution of the
dye results.
5. Dyeing of wool and silk: Take about 200ml
dye solution and dip in it the woolen/ silk cloth
to be dyed. Boil the solution for about 2
minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash
it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep
it for drying.
6. Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb
malachite green readily, therefore it requires
the use of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth
dip it in sodium carbonate solution for about
10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then
put the cloth in hot tannic acid solution for
about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from
tannic acid solution and keep it in tartar
emetic solution for about 5 minutes. Remove
the cloth and squeeze it with the spatula to
remove most of the solution. Now place the
cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about 2
minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth thou
roughly with water, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
7. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece
of cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling
solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2
minutes. Remove the cloth, wash with water,
squeeze and keep it for drying.
Observations:
1. The colour of the wool cloth dyed directly by
dipping in hot solution of malachite green dye
is fast.
2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed directly
(without using mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not fast to
washing and is of low intensity.
3. The colour of cotton cloth dyed by using
mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and is of
high intensity.
4. The colour of the silk cloth is fast and is
of high intensity.
Conclusion:
1. Wool and silk absorb the dye colour well.
2. Use of mordant helps in giving fast colour to
the cotton cloth.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
en.wikipedia.org
www.encyclopedia.com
www.google.co.in