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LABORATORY REPORT

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY II (EP 110)

NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT: Experiment 4

EXPERIMENT TITLE: ENTHALPY OF VAPOURIZATION

LAB SESSION/GROUP NUMBER: TUESDAY/GROUP 2

STUDENT NAME: MAISARAH BINTI ABDULLAH

STUDENT ID: 1001644692

TUTORS NAME: NOOR ASHIQIN BINTI JAAFAR @ MUSTAFA

UCSI UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 30/05/2017 DATE OF SUBMISSION : 06/06/2017


Table of Contents

1.0 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................3


2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................3
3.0 Material/Apparatus ....................................................................................................................4
4.0 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................5
5.0 Results and Calculation..............................................................................................................6
6.0 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................8
7.0 Limitation Of Experiment/Safety Precautions .........................................................................11
8.0 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................12
9.0 References ................................................................................................................................12
10.0 Appendix ................................................................................................................................13
11.0 Rubrix ....................................................................................................................................14
EXPERIMENT 4: ENTHALPY OF VAPOURIZATION

OBJECTIVES
To measure the vapour pressure of water as a function of temperature change
1
To prepare a graph of ln(P) as a function of ()

To calculate the enthalpy of Vaporization (Hvap) of water

INTRODUCTION

Vapour pressures are everywhere surrounding us, but some do not realize this common
occurrence. The definition of vapour pressure is the pressure made by a vapour or gas that forms
above a liquid or solid of similar substance. The vaporization heat shows the amount of energy
needed to expand the volume of a liquid material to that of its gas. For 0.018 L of liquid water at
1 atm and 273 K, for example, the molecules must be separated far enough to produce about
22.4L of vapour.
Substantial energy is required for the process of vaporization, as the strong attraction forces
found between the molecules in the liquid must be overcome. The heat of vaporization of a solid
is called heat of sublimation. If the solid is an ionic compound, the heat of vaporization reflects
the amount of energy required to remove the electrical charged ions from their crystal lattice to
form an ion gas. This energy is called the lattice energy and the heat is much larger than the heat
of vaporization reacted with liquids. A strong relation should exist between the volatility of a
liquid and its heat of vaporization. Volatile materials, such as chloroform, evaporate readily at
room temperature. However, nonvolatile liquids, such as vegetable oil, evaporate only slightly.
The volatility of liquid is readily determined through measuring its vapour pressure.
The liquid is placed in a closed container and allowed to evaporate into an empty area. As the
vapour of the liquid fills the empty space, the pressure increases, some vapour molecules collide
with one another and are caught and trapped by the liquid. The escape rate from the liquid is
mainly determined by the strength of intermolecular bonds. The weaker the bonds between
molecules, the greater the escape rate. However the return rate is determined by the density of
molecules found in the vapour. This particle density (n/V) increases as vapour pressure increase
in accordance to the law of ideal gas:

=

When vapour is considered an ideal gas, the change in the saturated vapour pressure, P,
against temperature is given by Clausius-Clapeyron equation:

ln
=
2

: Molar enthalpy of vaporization


When pressure, P, is measured in atmosphere, and assuming is independent on
temperature, the equation can be integrated resulting in:

1 1
ln = ( )

: Normal boiling point at pressure, P = 1 atm

The equation has the form of a straight line:


y = mx + c
If ln() is associated with y, 1/T with x, Hvap , R with slope m, and the constant with y-
intercept b, a graph of log( ) versus 1/T should yield a straight line with a slope directly
proportional to the heat of vaporization.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS


Materials:
1. Water
Apparatus:
1. 100mL Beaker
2. Thermometer
3. Metal Ruler
4. Electrical Heater
5. Graduated Cylinder
METHODOLOGY:

Figure 1: Apparatus Set-up

1. The apparatus can be set up as shown in Figure 1.


2. 10mL of graduated cylinder was obtained and filled with approximately 9mL of water.
3. 1000mL of beaker was filled and approximated three-fourths full with water.
4. The top of the graduated cylinder was covered with a finger and was inverted into a
1000mL beaker. The mouth of the graduated cylinder was not released with the finger
until it was under the surface of the water in the beaker.
5. A ruler was used and the difference between height of the water in the graduated cylinder
and the height of the water in the beaker was measured.
6. The barometric pressure was recorded in mmHg.
7. A 1000mL beaker was heated on an electrical heater until the water was about 50C.
8. The temperature and the volume were recorded.
9. Step 7 to step 8 was repeated by increasing the temperature of the electrical heater with a
value of 55C, 60C, 65C, 70C, 75C and 80C.
10. The electrical heater was switched off and all the apparatus were cleaned before leaving
the laboratory.
RESULTS AND CALCULATION
Table 1: Data 1
Height of water (cm) Height of Volume of Corrected Total
Temperature
trapped air, trapped air, Volume, Pressure,
(C) Cylinder Beaker
h (mm) V (mL) (mL) (mmHg)
28 8.2 12.5 43 5.8 5.6 763.162
50 7.5 12.5 50 6.8 6.6 763.676
55 7.3 12.5 52 7.0 6.8 763.824
60 6.8 12.5 57 7.6 7.4 764.191
65 6.3 12.5 62 8.2 8.0 764.559
70 5.8 12.4 66 9.0 8.8 764.853
75 5.2 12.2 70 9.8 9.6 765.147
80 4.5 12.0 75 10.6 10.4 765.515

Table 2: Data 2
Partial Vapour
Corrected
Temperature, Pressure of Pressure of 1
Volume, (K-1) ln(Pwater)

T (K) Air, Pair Water, Pwater
(mL)
(mmHg) (mmHg)
301.15 5.6 763.162 0 3.32110-3 0
323.15 6.6 763.676 68.838 3.09510-3 4.232
328.15 6.8 763.824 78.987 3.04710-3 4.369
333.15 7.4 764.191 125.293 3.00210-3 4.831
338.15 8.0 764.559 164.709 2.95710-3 5.104
343.15 8.8 764.853 211.471 2.91410-3 5.354
348.15 9.6 765.147 250.489 2.87210-3 5.523
353.15 10.4 765.515 283.623 2.83210-3 5.648
ln(Pwater) vs 1/T
7

4
lnPwater

y = -5783.8x + 22.128
3

0
0.0028 0.00285 0.0029 0.00295 0.003 0.00305 0.0031 0.00315
1/T (K-1)

Ln (Pwater) Linear (Ln (Pwater))

Figure 2: The graph above shows the relationship between ln(P) vs 1/T. A best straight line is
shown in the trend line above.

The value of experimentally:


1
ln = ()+ constant

y = mx + b
From the two corresponding equation, it can be deduced:

Slope =
2 1
=
2 1


(8.314) = -5783.8K

= 48086.51 J/mol
= 48.087 kJ/mol

Therefore the is 48.087 kJ/mol.


Percentage Error:

The actual value of enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.65 kJ/mol.


= 100%

48.087 40.650
= 100%
40.650

= 18.30%

Therefore the percentage error is 18.30%

DISCUSSION

The following experiment was conducted to determined the vapour pressure of water as a
function of temperature change. Firstly, 10mL of graduated cylinder was filled with 9mL of
water. A 1000mL beaker was then filled with approximately three-fourths full with water. The
top of the graduated cylinder was carefully covered with a finger and quickly inverted into the
1000mL beaker filled with three-fourth of water to avoid air bubbles. The graduated cylinder
was placed within the beaker until the mouth is under the surface of the water in the beaker. A
ruler was carefully placed inside the beaker to measure the difference between the height of the
water in the graduated cylinder and in the 1000mL beaker to obtain the height of trapped air. The
height of water in the graduated cylinder was 8.2cm and the height of water within the 1000mL
beaker was 12.5cm and through subtraction, a value of 43mm was obtained for the height of
trapped air. The volume of the trapped air was 5.8mL and by subtracting 0.2mL, the corrected
volume was 5.6mL. Using the formula which can be labelled as formula 1: PT = Patm + h mmH2O
1.00
(13.6 ), The total pressure was calculated and obtained a value of 763.162mmHg. The
2

formula: PairV=nairRT, was used to determined the number of moles of trapped air and obtained a
value of 2.74410-4mol when the vapour pressure of water was negligible at this low temperature
which was 28C. The vapour pressure of water was zero since previously stated at this
temperature which was 28C, the vapour pressure of water was negligible. By calculating 1/T,
the value of 3.32110-3K-1 was obtained. Ln (Pwater) cannot be calculated due to the negligibility
if vapour pressure of water.
For each temperature above the lowest one, the initial partial pressure of air in the cylinder
was calculated using the constant moles of gas at 28C previously obtained. Therefore at 50C,
the height of water within the graduated cylinder was 7.5cm and the height of water within the
1000mL of beaker was 12.5cm. After subtraction, a value of 50mm was obtained for the height
of trapped air. The volume of trapped air was obtained at 6.8mL and by subtracting 0.2mL, the
corrected volume was 6.6mL. Using the formula 1 from the previous calculation, the total
pressure was obtained at 763.767mmHg. Using a formula that can be labelled as formula 2:
PairV=nairRT, to obtain Pair then substituting as the result in the formula that can be labelled as
formula 3: Pwater=PT-Pair. The vapour pressure of water was determined to be 68.838mmHg. A
value of 3.09510-3K-1 was obtained by calculating 1/T. By calculating Ln (Pwater), a value of
4.232 was obtained. At 55C, the height of water within the graduated cylinder was 7.3cm and
the height of water within the 1000mL of beaker was 12.5cm. A value of 52mm was obtained for
the height of trapped air after subtraction. The volume of trapped air was obtained at 7.0mL and
by subtracting 0.2mL, the corrected volume was 6.8mL. Using the formula 1 from the previous
calculation, the total pressure was obtained at 763.824mmHg. Using the formula 2 from the
previous calculation, then substituting into formula 3, The vapour pressure of water was
determined to be 78.987mmHg. A value of 3.04710-3K-1 was obtained by calculating 1/T. By
calculating Ln (Pwater), a value of 4.369 was obtained.
At 60C, the height of water within the graduated cylinder was 6.8cm and the height of water
within the 1000mL of beaker was 12.5cm. A value of 57mm was obtained for the height of
trapped air after subtraction. The volume of trapped air was obtained at 7.6mL and by
subtracting 0.2mL, the corrected volume was 7.4mL. Using the formula 1 from the previous
calculation, the total pressure was obtained at 764.191mmHg. Using the formula 2 from the
previous calculation, then substituting into formula 3, The vapour pressure of water was
determined to be 125.293mmHg. A value of 3.00210-3K-1 was obtained by calculating 1/T and
a value of 4.831 was obtained by calculating Ln (Pwater). At 65C, the height of water within the
graduated cylinder was 6.3cm and the height of water within the 1000mL of beaker was 12.5cm.
A value of 62mm was obtained for the height of trapped air after subtraction. The volume of
trapped air was obtained at 8.2mL and by subtracting 0.2mL, the corrected volume was 8.0mL.
Using the formula 1 from the previous calculation, the total pressure was obtained at
764.559mmHg. Using the formula 2 from the previous calculation, then substituting into formula
3, The vapour pressure of water was determined to be 164.709mmHg. A value of 2.95710-3K-1
was obtained by calculating 1/T and a value of 5.104 was obtained by calculating Ln (Pwater).
At 70C, the height of water within the graduated cylinder was 5.8cm and the height of water
within the 1000mL of beaker was 12.4cm. A value of 66mm was obtained for the height of
trapped air after subtraction. The volume of trapped air was obtained at 9.0mL and by
subtracting 0.2mL, the corrected volume was 8.8mL. Using the formula 1 from the previous
calculation, the total pressure was obtained at 764.853mmHg. Using the formula 2 from the
previous calculation, then substituting into formula 3, The vapour pressure of water was
determined to be 211.471mmHg. A value of 2.91410-3K-1 was obtained by calculating 1/T and
a value of 5.354 was obtained by calculating Ln (Pwater). At 75C, the height of water within the
graduated cylinder was 5.2cm and the height of water within the 1000mL of beaker was 12.2cm.
A value of 70mm was obtained for the height of trapped air after subtraction. The volume of
trapped air was obtained at 9.8mL and by subtracting 0.2mL, the corrected volume was 9.6mL.
Using the formula 1 from the previous calculation, the total pressure was obtained at
765.147mmHg. Using the formula 2 from the previous calculation, then substituting into formula
3, The vapour pressure of water was determined to be 250.489mmHg. A value of 2.87210-3K-1
was obtained by calculating 1/T and a value of 5.523 was obtained by calculating Ln (Pwater). At
80C, the height of water within the graduated cylinder was 4.5cm and the height of water within
the 1000mL of beaker was 12.0cm. A value of 75mm was obtained for the height of trapped air
after subtraction. The volume of trapped air was obtained at 10.6mL and by subtracting 0.2mL,
the corrected volume was 10.4mL. Using the formula 1 from the previous calculation, the total
pressure was obtained at 765.515mmHg. Using the formula 2 from the previous calculation, then
substituting into formula 3, The vapour pressure of water was determined to be 283.623mmHg.
A value of 2.83210-3K-1 was obtained by calculating 1/T and a value of 5.648 was obtained by
calculating Ln (Pwater).
The overall data was recorded and plotted ln(P) versus 1/T. The graph shows the relationship

between ln(P) is inversely proportional to 1/T. By using the formula: Slope = , the value of

obtained was 48.087 kJ/mol. The percentage of error was obtained which was 18.30% using

the formula: = 100% and the actual value of enthalpy of

vaporization of water at 40.65 kJ/mole. The deviation between Hvap with the literature values is
7437 J/mol. The accepted heat of vaporization of water is 40.65 kJ/mol, however the Hvap
calculated was 7437 J/mol higher than the interpolated value. The measured uncertainty in H is
7 joule/mol and the estimate from propagation of errors is ~ 3 joule/mole. Thus, this can be
deduced that a few errors had occurred during the experiment.

LIMITATION OF THE EXPERIMENT/ SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Throughout the experiment, a few errors that might have affected the results and data. First
error that occurred was the boiling liquid does not reach its equilibrium value, in which this
makes the value of the heat of vaporization higher than it should be. In order to resolve this error,
the measurements should be done in an evacuated container. Equilibrium vapor pressures are
attained more rapidly in the absence of air.
During the experiment, an error occurred in which the eye was not perpendicular to the ruler
reading during the measurement of the height of water in the graduated cylinder and in the
1000mL beaker. This can cause an inaccuracy in data. For a more accurate result, the position of
the eye must be perpendicular to the reading of apparatus when measuring the height of
graduated cylinder and 1000mL beaker using a ruler or by calculating the average reading.
During the experiment, an error occurred in which the laboratory had a blackout twice. This
made the electrical heater turned off and disrupting the heating of water included the data. To
avoid this error, each student must make sure they are not using a broken electrical heater, switch
or plug before using the electrical heater to a higher temperature.
Some safety precautions are laboratory coats, safety goggles and covered shoes must be worn
at all times during lab session.
CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the vapour pressure of water for at 50C was 68.838mmHg, at 55C was
78.987mmHg, at 60C was 125.293mmHg, at 65C was 164.709mmHg, at 70C was
211.471mmHg, at 75C was 250.489mmHg and at 80C was 283.623mmHg. The graph of ln(P)
1 1
as a function of () was plotted and ln(P) was inversely proportional to (). The enthalpy of

Vaporization (Hvap) of water was calculated and obtained a value of 48.087 kJ/mol. Thus, the
objectives of the experiment were achieved.

REFERENCES
1. Harvey (2000). Modern Analytical Chemistry. (International ed.). 2 Penn Plaza, New
York.: McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Silberberg (2009). Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. (5th ed.).
1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York.: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
3. Tro N.J (2009). Introductory Chemistry. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.:
Prentice Hall.

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