Design Manual Petroleum Oil Gas

ARPO ORGANISING TYPE OF ISSUING DOC.
REFER TO
DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY' DEPT. TYPE SECTION N.
PAGE. 1
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division OF 295
STAP P 1 M 7100
TITLE
COMPLETION DESIGN MANUAL
DISTRIBUTION LIST
Eni - Agip Division Italian Districts

Eni - Agip Division Affiliated Companies
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Drilling & Completion Units
STAP Archive
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Subsurface Geology Units
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Reservoir Units
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Coordination Units for Italian Activities
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Coordination Units for Foreign Activities
NOTE: The present document is available in Eni Agip Intranet (http://wwwarpo.in.agip.it) and a
CD-Rom version can also be distributed (requests will be addressed to STAP Dept. in
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter)
Date of issue: 28/06/99
B
A
@
?
> Issued by M. Bassanini C. Lanzetta A. Galletta
28/06/99 28/06/99 28/06/99
REVISIONS PREP'D CHK'D APPR'D
The present document is CONFIDENTIAL and it is property of AGIP It shall not be shown to third parties nor shall it be used for
reasons different from those owing to which it was given
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 2 OF 295
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division REVISION
STAP-P-1-M-7100 0
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 8
1.1. PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL 8
1.2. OBJECTIVES 12
1.3. FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLETION 13
1.4. MANUAL UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION 13
2. RESERVOIR CONSIDERATIONS 14
2.1. INTRODUCTION 14
2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESERVOIR ROCKS 14
2.2.1. Porosity 14
2.2.2. Permeability 14
2.2.3. Relative Permeability 15
2.2.4. Wettabilty 16
2.2.5. Fluid Distribution 17
2.2.6. Fluid Flow In The Reservoir 18
2.2.7. Effects Of Reservoir Characteristics 24
2.2.8. Reservoir Homogeneity 27
2.3. HYDROCARBON DATA 28
2.3.1. Oil Property Correlation 28
2.4. RESERVOIR/PRODUCTION FORECAST 29
2.4.1. Inflow Perfomance 31
2.4.2. Reservoir Simulation For IPR Curves 42
2.4.3. IPR Selection 44
2.4.4. Outflow Performance 46
2.4.5. Flow Rate Prediction 55
3. WELL TESTING 60
3.1. INTRODUCTION 60
3.1.1. Types of Tests 60
3.2. DST OBJECTIVE 63
3.3. DST STRING 64
3.4. RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS 69
3.4.1. Pressure Build-Up Analysis 69
3.4.2. Basics Of DST Operations 77
3.4.3. Common Test Tools Description 77
3.4.4. Tools Utilised With Permanent Packer Systems 80
3.4.5. Sub-Sea Test Tools Used On Semi-Submersibles 80
3.4.6. Deep Water Tools 81
3.4.7. Downhole Pressure Recording 82
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3.5. WELL PRODUCTION TEST OBJECTIVES 83

3.5.1. Periodic Tests 83
3.5.2. Productivity Or Deliverability Tests 84
3.5.3. Transient Tests 84
4. DRILLING CONSIDERATIONS 87
4.1. CASING DESIGN 87
4.1.1. Casing Profile 87
4.1.2. Casing Specifications 88
4.1.3. Casing Connections 89
4.2. WELL DEVIATION SURVEYS 89
4.3. CASING CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS 90
4.3.1. Production Casing Cementing 90
4.3.2. Production Casing Cement Evaluation 91
5. WELL COMPLETION DESIGN 92

5.1. FACTORS INFLUENCING COMPLETION DESIGN 94
5.1.1. Reservoir Considerations 94
5.1.2. Mechanical Considerations 96
5.1.3. Safety Considerations 96
5.2. RESERVOIR-WELLBORE INTERFACE 97
5.2.1. Open Hole Completions 97
5.2.2. Uncemented Liner Completions 98
5.2.3. Perforated Completions 100
5.2.4. Multi-Zone Completions 101
5.3. CASING-TUBING INTERFACE 104
5.3.1. Packer Applications 106
5.3.2. Packer-Tubing Interfaces 107
5.3.3. Annulus Circulation 108
5.4. TUBING-WELLHEAD INTERFACE 109
5.4.1. Tubing Hanger Systems 109
5.4.2. Xmas Trees 115
5.4.3. Metal-To-Metal Seals 115
5.5. FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 117
5.5.1. Stimulation 118
5.5.2. Formation Management 118
5.5.3. Well Servicing Techniques 119
5.6. OPTIMISING TUBING SIZE 121
5.6.1. Reservoir Pressure 123
5.6.2. Flowing Wellhead Pressure 123
5.6.3. Gas-Liquid Ratio 123
5.6.4. Artificial Lift 124
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6. CORROSION 126
6.1. DEVELOPMENT WELLS 126
6.2. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO CORROSION 126
6.3. FORMS OF CORROSION 128
6.3.1. Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) 128
-
6.3.2. Corrosion Caused By CO2 And Cl 135
6.3.3. Corrosion Caused By H2S, CO2 And Cl- 137
6.4. CORROSION CONTROL MEASURES 138
6.5. CORROSION INHIBITORS 139
6.6. CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STAINLESS STEELS 139
6.6.1. Martensitic Stainless Steels 139
6.6.2. Ferritic Stainless Steels 140
6.6.3. Austenitic Stainless Steels 140
6.6.4. Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels 140
6.6.5. Duplex Stainless Steel 142
6.7. COMPANY DESIGN PROCEDURE 142
6.7.1. CO2 Corrosion 142
6.7.2. H2S Corrosion 142
6.8. MATERIAL SELECTION 144
6.8.1. OCTG Specifications 145
6.8.2. DHE Specifications 146
6.8.3. Wellhead Specifications 147
6.9. ORDERING SPECIFICATIONS 152
7. TUBING DESIGN 153

7.1. POLICIES 153
7.2. THEORY 153
7.2.1. Mechanical Properties of Steel 154
7.2.2. Temperature 158
7.2.3. Tubing Movement/Stress Relationship 158
7.3. WELL DATA. 160
7.3.1. Casing Profile/Geometry 160
7.3.2. Tubing Data 160
7.3.3. Bottom-hole Pressure 160
7.3.4. Temperatures (Static and Flowing) 160
7.3.5. Reservoir Fluids 161
7.3.6. Completion Fluid 161
7.4. PRESSURE INDUCED FORCES 161
7.4.1. Piston Effect 162
7.4.2. Buckling Effect 163
7.4.3. Ballooning Effect 167
7.4.4. Temperature Effect 168
7.5. EVALUATION OF TOTAL TUBING MOVEMENT 169
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7.6. ANCHORED TUBING 170

7.6.1. Tubing Permitting Limited Motion 172
7.6.2. Packer Setting 174
7.7. TUBING LOAD CONDITIONS 174
7.7.1. Pressure Testing 174
7.7.2. Acid Stimulation 175
7.7.3. Fracturing 175
7.7.4. Flowing 177
7.7.5. Shut-In 177
7.7.6. Load Condition Summary 181
7.8. TUBING SELECTION 181
7.8.1. Critical Factors 182
7.8.2. Tubing Size And Weight 182
7.8.3. Anchoring Systems 184
7.9. TUBING CONNECTIONS 185
7.9.1. Policy 185
7.9.2. Class of Service 185
7.9.3. Selection Criteria 186
7.9.4. NACE And Proximity Definitions 189
7.9.5. CRA Connections 190
7.9.6. Connection Data 190
7.10. TUBING STRESS CALCULATIONS 190
7.10.1. Calculation Methods 191
7.10.2. Safety Factor 193
7.10.3. External Pressure Limit 195
7.10.4. Packer Load Limits 195
7.10.5. Example Manual Calculation 196
7.10.6. Example Computation 205
8. SUB-SURFACE EQUIPMENT 206

8.1. PACKERS 206
8.1.1. Selection Procedure 207
8.1.2. Selection Criteria 207
8.1.3. Well Classification 209
8.1.4. Packer Selection For Single String Completion 209
8.1.5. Single Selective Completion Packers 217
8.2. SUB-SURFACE SAFETY VALVES 223
8.2.1. Policy 223
8.2.2. Applications 223
8.2.3. Wireline Retrievable Safety Valves 223
8.2.4. Surface Controlled Sub-Surface Safety Valves 224
8.2.5. Valve Type/Closure Mechanism Selection 224
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8.3. CONTROL/INJECTION LINE SELECTION 225

8.3.1. Control Lines 225
8.3.2. Injection Lines 225
8.3.3. Tube Specifications 226
8.3.4. Material Selection 228
8.3.5. Fittings 230
8.3.6. Protectors 230
8.3.7. Encapsulation 231
8.3.8. SCSSV Hydraulic Control fluid 233
8.3.9. Control/Injection Line Selection Procedure Flow Chart 236
8.4. WIRELINE NIPPLE SELECTION 237
8.4.1. Tapered Nipple Configuration 238
8.4.2. Selective Nipple Configuration 239
9. PERFORATING 240
9.1. SHAPED CHARGE PERFORATING 240
9.2. GUN TYPES 241
9.2.1. Wireline Conveyed Casing Guns 241
9.2.2. Through-Tubing Hollow Carrier Guns 243
9.2.3. Through-Tubing Strip Guns 243
9.2.4. Tubing Conveyed Perforating 243
9.3. GUN PERFORMANCE 244
9.3.1. API And Performance Data 244
9.3.2. Underbalanced Perforating 246
9.3.3. Firing Heads 247
9.3.4. Perforating Procedures 247
10. ARTIFICIAL LIFT 250

10.1. GAS LIFT 251
10.1.1. Impact On Completion Design 253
10.1.2. Common Problems 254
10.2. ELECTRICAL SUBMERISBLE PUMPS 254
10.2.1. ESP Performance 256
10.2.3. Common Problems 259
10.3. HYDRAULIC PUMPING SYSTEMS 260
10.4. ROD PUMPS 262
10.5. SCREW PUMP SYSTEMS 265
10.6. PLUNGER LIFT 265
10.7. SUMMARY ARTIFICIAL LIFT SELECTION CHARTS 268
10.7.1. Design Considerations And Comparisons 268
10.7.2. Operating Conditions Summary 270
10.7.3. Artificial Lift Considerations 272
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11. USE OF UNDERBALANCE COMPLETION FLUIDS 274

11.1. POLICY 274
11.2. BARRIER PRINCIPLES 274
11.3. APPLICATION 274
11.4. RISK ASSESSMENT 275
11.4.1. Well Testing 275
11.4.2. Completions 275
APPENDIX A - REPORT FORMS 276

A.1. INITIAL ACTIVITY REPORT (ARPO 01) 277
A.2. DAILY REPORT (ARPO 02) 278
A.3. WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT REPORT (ARPO 06) 279
A.3. PERFORATING REPORT (ARPO 07) 280
A.4. GRAVEL PACK REPORT (ARPO 08) 281
A.5. MATRIX STIMULATION/HYDRAULIC FRACTURE REPORT (APRO 09) 282
A.6. WIRELINE REPORT (ARPO 11) 283
A.7. PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE SURVEY REPORT (ARPO 12) 284
A.8. WELL PROBLEM REPORT (ARPO 13) 285
A.9. WELL SITUATION REPORT (ARPO 20) 286
APPENDIX B - NOMENCLATURE FOR TUBING CALCULATIONS 287
APPENDIX C - ABBREVIATIONS 289
APPENDIX D - BIBLIOGRAPHY 292
APPENDIX E - TUBING MOVEMENT/STRESS COMPUTER PROGRAMMES 294

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL

The purpose of this manual is to guide experienced engineers of all technical disciplines,
within the Eni-Agip Division and Affiliated Companies, in the completion design process and
its importance on well productivity, well servicing capabilities and completion life. These in
consequence, have a large impact on costs and field profit.
The Corporate Standards in this manual define the requirements, methodologies and rules
that enable to operate uniformly and in compliance with the Corporate Company Principles.
This, however, still enables each individual Affiliated Company the capability to operate
according to local laws or particular environmental situations.
The final aim is to improve performance and efficiency in terms of safety, quality and costs,
while providing all personnel involved in Drilling & Completion activities with common
guidelines in all areas worldwide where Eni-Agip operates.
The approach to completion design must be interdiscipline, involving Reservoir Engineering,
Petroleum Engineering, Production Engineering and Drilling Engineering. This is vital in
order to obtain the optimum completion design utilising the process described in this
manual.
The manual will provide the engineers within the various disciplines with a system to guide
them through the process with the objectives of helping them make the key decisions and
obtaining the optimum design to maximise productivity and, hence profit.
Many of the decisions made by the various disciplines are interrelated and impact on the
decisions made by other disciplines. For instance, the decision on the well architecture may
subsequently be changed due to the availability of well servicing or workover techniques.
This does not mean that the process is sequential and many decisions can be made from
studies and analysis run in parallel.
The design process consists of three phases:
Conceptual
Detailed design
Procurement.
The process of well preparation and installation of completions is fully described in the
Completions Procedures manual.
The activities in each phase are illustrated in figure 1.a, figure 1.b and figure 1.c.
The conceptual design process guides the engineers through analysis and key questions to
be considered. During this phase, the user will resolve many of the dilemmas, raised by the
interrelated decisions, at an early time. The final conceptual design will be used as the basis
for the detailed design process.
The conceptual design process begins at the field appraisal stage when a Statement Of
Requirements (SOR) of the completion is produced. It is essential that this is an accurate
statement including all the foreseen requirements, as it has a fundamental effect on the
field final design and development.
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As more information is gleamed from further development wells and as conditions change,
the statement of requirements need to reviewed and altered to modify the conceptual
design for future wells. This provides a system of ongoing completion optimisation to suit
changing conditions, increased knowledge of the field and incorporate new technologies.
Figure 1.A - Conceptual Completion Design Process

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Figure 1.B - Detailed Completion Design Process

Design Manual Petroleum Oil Gas

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Design Manual Petroleum Oil Gas

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ARPO ORGANISING TYPE OF ISSUING DOC.

Eni - Agip Division Italian Districts

Date of issue: 28/06/99

REVISIONS PREP'D CHK'D APPR'D

3.5. WELL PRODUCTION TEST OBJECTIVES 83

5. WELL COMPLETION DESIGN 92

7. TUBING DESIGN 153

7.6. ANCHORED TUBING 170

8. SUB-SURFACE EQUIPMENT 206

8.3. CONTROL/INJECTION LINE SELECTION 225

10. ARTIFICIAL LIFT 250

11. USE OF UNDERBALANCE COMPLETION FLUIDS 274

APPENDIX A - REPORT FORMS 276

APPENDIX B - NOMENCLATURE FOR TUBING CALCULATIONS 287

APPENDIX C - ABBREVIATIONS 289

APPENDIX D - BIBLIOGRAPHY 292

APPENDIX E - TUBING MOVEMENT/STRESS COMPUTER PROGRAMMES 294

1.1. PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL

Figure 1.A - Conceptual Completion Design Process

Figure 1.B - Detailed Completion Design Process

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