Chapter 22 Electric Charges and Forces

22.1 Developing a Charge Model

22.2 Charge
22.3 Insulators and Conductors
22.4 Coulombs Law
22.5 The Electric Field

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Electric Charge property of matter (like mass)
charge comes in two types: positive & negative
like charges repel each other
opposite charges attract each other

This atom contains charge carriers (electrons and protons); but overall
the atom has zero net charge. Most matter is full of charge carriers, but
with little or no net charge. The term neutral means zero net charge.
2
Electricity

3
Coulombs Law

q1

q2

Coulombs Law is sometimes

expressed in terms of the
SIDE NOTE permittivity of free space
8.85 10
1
4 4
Coulombs Law
What is the force of attraction between the proton and
electron in a hydrogen atom (r = 5.310-11 m)? 8.99 10

Assuming equal but opposite charging, what would be the charge on a

tiny (0.007 N) scrap of paper lifted by static electricity from a comb
0.01 m away? How many electrons is that?

5
Static Charge

Negative Static Charge Positive Static Charge

(anion) (cation)

6
Static Charge

small piece
of paper
Inductive Charging*

Direct Charging Photoionization Thermionic Heating

7
Conductors
any substance(s) with loosely held
charge carriers allowing for the Redistribution of Charge In/On
flow of electric effects (current) Conductor
ex. metals, plasmas, electrolytes
a net charge will self-distribute
onto the outside of a conductor metal before metal after

Conductivities
wire
Silver 6.3 10
Sea water 5
Drinking water 5 10
Air 5 10

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*Inductive Charging

before after

9
Static Charge - Question
Which of the following would make an uncharged object
have positive charge?
1. remove some neutrons
2. add some neutrons
3. remove some electrons
4. add some electrons
5. remove some protons

10
Static Charge - Question
A neutral metal ball is suspended
by a string. A positively charged
insulating rod is placed near the
ball, which is observed to be
attracted to the rod. This is
because

1. the ball becomes positively charged by induction

2. the ball becomes negatively charged by induction
3. the number of electrons in the ball is more than the number in the rod
4. the string is not a perfect insulator
5. there is a rearrangement of the electrons in the ball

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Static Charge - Question
A positively charged insulating rod
is brought close to an object that is
suspended by a string. If the object
is attracted toward the rod we can
conclude
1. the object is positively charged
2. the object is negatively charged
3. the object is a conductor
4. the object is an insulator
5. none of the above

12
Force is a Vector

Two ways to get unit vectors:

2,3 m

3 m @ 120
+
q1

q2
Note on Coulombs Law:

q1

q2
13
Force is a Vector
Three point charges are arranged in an
equilateral triangle. QA = 2.00 C,
QB = 4.00 C, and QC = 7.00 C.
The length of the sides of the triangle is
0.500 m. Find the total force on QA.

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Force is a Vector - Question
Two identical charges Q are fixed on the x-axis at x = +1 m and
x = 1 m. Where could a third charge q be placed to experience no
net force from the other two charges?

Q
y
x Q

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Force is a Vector - Question
Opposite charges of equal magnitude Q, Q are fixed on the x-axis
at x = +1 m and x = 1 m. Where could a third charge q be placed
to experience no net force from the other two charges?

-Q
y
x Q

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Electric Field (an example of a vector field)

Electric Field Caused by a Point Charge Q

17
Electric Field Due to Negative Point Charge (source)

18
Electric Field Due to Positive Point Charge (source)

q1
+
This larger dot in
q3
middle is positive
- source charge Q,
causing field felt by
Q other charges qi.

-q
2

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Electric Field (field lines)

Electric Field Lines Caused Electric Field Lines Caused

by Positive Point Charge by Negative Point Charge

These blue field

lines represent a
uniform electric
field.
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Electric Field - Question
An electron is observed to travel in a circular
orbit, in the plane of the page. What direction
-
is the electric field that would cause this?

21
Electric Field - Question
Charges Q1 = 3.0 C, Q2 = 4.0 C, and Q1 Q2
Q3 = 5.0 C are arranged at the corners of a
square of side a = 2.0 m. Find the magnitude
and direction of the electric field at the origin.
Q3

22
Electric Field - Question
The electric field 10 cm away from an isolated point charge is
E = 100 N/C. What is the electric field 20 cm away from this same
charge?

23
Electric Field - Question
The electric field 10 cm away from an isolated point charge is
E = 500 V/m. At what distance from the charge is the field
E = 5 V/m?

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Electric Field - Question
A point charge is located at the origin. Along the positive
x-axis, the electric field due to this charge points in the negative
x-direction. What is the direction of the field at points along the
negative y-axis?

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