1.

Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of
327
C
(600
F).
Assume an energy for va-cancy formation of 0.55 eV/atom.
2. Calculate the energy for vacancy formation in silver, given that the equilibrium number of
vacancies at
800
C
(1073 K) is 3.6 1023m3 The atomic weight and density (at
800
C)
for silver are, respectively, 107.9 g/mol and 9.5 g/cm3
3. Would you expect Frenkel defects for anions to exist in ionic ceramics in relatively large
concentrations? Why or why not?
4. In your own words, briefly define the termstoichiometric.
5. Below, atomic radius, crystal structure, elec-tronegativity, and the most common valence are
tabulated, for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii are in-dicated.

Which of these elements would you expect to form the following with copper:

(a) A substitutional solid solution having complete solubility?

(b) A substitutional solid solution of incom-plete solubility?

(c) An interstitial solid solution?

6. For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, there are two different types of interstitial sites. In each
case, one site is larger than the other, which site is normally occupied by impurity atoms. For FCC,
this larger one is located at the center of each edge of the unit cell; it is termed an octahedral
interstitial site. On the other hand, with BCC the larger site type is found at 0,,
positionsthat is, lying on 100faces, and situated midway between
two unit cell edges on this face and one-quarter of the distance between the other two unit cell
edges; it is termed a tetra-hedral interstitial site. For both FCC and BCC crystal structures, compute
the radius r of an impurity atom that will just fit into one of these sites in terms of the atomic radius
R of the host atom.

7. (a)For an ASTM grain size of 4, approxi-mately how many grains would there be per square inch in
a micrograph taken at a mag-nification of 100 ?

(b) Estimate the grain size number for the photomicrograph in Figure 5.16b, assuming a
magnification of 100 .

8. A photomicrograph was taken of some metal at a magnification of

100 and it was deter-mined that the average number of grains per
square inch is 10. Compute the ASTM grain size number for this alloy.

9. Bagaimana menentukan orientasi dari single kristal dengan metode Laue, Xrd dan xrf
10.A transmission Laue pattern is made of an aluminum crystal with 40-kv tungsten radiation. The
film is 5 cm from the crystal. How close to the center of the pattern can Laue spots be formed by
reflecting planes of maximum spacing, namely (111), and those of next largest spacing, namely
(200)?
11.A transmission Laue pattern is made of an aluminum Crystal with a speci-men-to-film distance of
5 cm. The (111) planes of the crystal make an angle of 3 with the incident beam. What minimum
tube voltage is required to produce a 111 reflection?
12.(a) A back-reflection Laue pattern is made of an aluminum crystal at 50 kv. The (111) planes
make an angle of 88 with the incident beam. What orders of reflection are present in the beam
diffracted by these planes? (Assume that wavelengths larger than ? A are too weak and too easily
absorbed by air to regis-ter on the film.)
(b) What orders of the 111 reflection are present if the tube voltage is reduced ' 40 kv?