Writing the

OGS, SSHRC, and NSERC Proposal

A Workshop for Graduate Students

BOBA SAMUELS & JORDANA GARBATI

LAURIER WRITING CENTRE

CREATED BY Y-DANG TROEUNG,

LAURIER WRITING CENTRE, WWW.WLU.CA/WRITING
 Handouts provided

PowerPoint slides, minus the excerpts of the student samples

2 copies of a sample winning SSHRC proposal
(1 marked up with macro-level moves and 1 marked up with
micro-level moves
CARS model handout

Please sign-in with your WLU email and student ID

Additional handouts are available at the Writing Centre

 The research behind this workshop

Draws on published peer-reviewed research about

proposal writing
Based on genre analysis of several dozen winning
SSHRC, OGS, and NSERC proposals of Laurier
students of the past four years
Draws on personal experience of writing and peer-
editing SSHRC and OGS proposals throughout my
academic career
 Scholarship applications: why graduate students
find them so intimidating

Grant applications compel you to look into

an otherwise unclear or unformed
intellectual future, and to construct
yourself on paper as a thinker you may not
yet quite be or believe you could ever be
someone who has an uncannily clear view
of the work to come, someone who is
confident, disciplined, and focussed.
David L. Clark, Some Notes on Grantspersonship, 1
 The Writing Process

Start Early! The planning and researching of the

proposal should begin in the summer
An early start date ensures that
You have enough time to access resources that you may need to write
your proposal
You have enough time to get feedback on your proposal
You have a strong draft to present to your advisors when you ask for
letters of reference
You dont become overwhelmed by the September rush
It is worth your time to put effort into your proposal
 Entering the Discourse Community

SSHRC, OGS, NSERC = discourse communities

A discourse community establishes shared
goals, values, and conventions for the
scholarship proposal genre (Beaufort, College Writing
and Beyond)
The process of writing a proposal is largely a
process of presentingor creatingin a text
ones role in the [academic] community
(Myers, Writing Biology 43)
The grant giver's goal is to fund work that
furthers their mission (Rasey, The Art of Grant Writing
387)
grant = scholarship
 Successful scholarship applications require:

you continually strive to build your knowledge of:

The Discourse The Subject

Community Matter

The Scholarship
Proposal Genre
and Rhetorical Focus of todays
Writing Strategies workshop
 Know your audience

Who will be reading and assessing your proposal?

1) Graduate studies committee in your department
2) Multidisciplinary selection committee in your university
3) Multidisciplinary selection committee appointed by the
granting body

Thus, your audience = members of your academic

community, who are not necessarily in your exact field
or discipline
What is the implication of this on how you write
your proposal?
 Who should you ask for help?

Rasey recommends that you get

experienced grant writers to review
your drafts:

An expert in your field

A good scientific editor
An intelligent non-specialist

From The Art of Grant Writing, 387

 The secret to writing a strong proposal?

Learning the moves that matter in grant

proposals
Successful proposals do not follow a rigid,
formulaic structure, but they do tend to
make the same kinds of rhetorical moves
BUT, not all formulas are bad
Graff and Birkenstein: They Say / I
Say model of academic writing as
conversation
 The moves that matter in grant proposals

Macro-level moves
I. Moves to create a research space
(CARS)
II.Moves to establish ethos and pathos
(emotion and credibility)
Micro-level moves
I. Linguistic choices made at the sentence
level
 Macro-Level Moves I

Moves to create a research space for your

project

This section of the proposal is similar to the

introduction of an academic research article.

John Swales CARS (Create a Research Space)

Model of Introductions
Analyzed hundreds of sample introductions from
published scientific articles and developed a
model to account for the most common rhetorical
moves made in these introductions
 CARS Model for Introductions

Move 1 Establishing a territory

Move 2 Establishing a niche
Move 3 Occupying the niche

John M. Swales, Genre Analysis, pg. 140-141

 Move 1 Establishing a territory

Step 1 Making centrality claims

Recently, there has been wide interest in .
The study of . has become an important aspect of .
Step 2 Making topic generalizations
There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis
that .
There are many situations where .
Step 3 Reviewing items of previous research
Malcolm has pointed out that .
Bries theory (1988) claims that .

John M. Swales, Genre Analysis, 144-154

 Examples of moves to establish a territory

There has been a great deal of research calling into

question dominant constructions of the histories of
contact between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal
peoples (Churchill, 1992; Dickson, 1992). At the same
time, post-colonial scholars have also
questioned the effects of straight-forward strategies
of 'telling the truth' about what has happened and
continues to happen to Indigenous peoples (Smith,
1999).

Bold: Step 1 Making centrality claims

 Examples of moves to establish a territory

Previous research has found that social anxiety disorder and

alcohol abuse tend to co-occur (Ross, 1995). There are a
number of theories in the current literature that explain the
connection between social anxiety and alcohol use. Tension
Reduction Theory (Conger, 1951) proposes that socially
anxious individuals use alcohol to reduce anxious feelings
during a social event. Jones and Berglass Self-
Handicapping Theory (1999) proposes that socially anxious
people may drink because it allows them to externalize their
poor performance.

Which step does this writer use to establish territory?

 Examples of moves to establish a territory

Research suggests that there are distinct differences

between the male and female experience of depression as
I discovered as a co-author of a paper entitled A
Comparison of Blogs by Depressed Men and Women.
This paper is particularly relevant to my proposed
research as it investigates the differences between male
and female experiences of depression as documented in
their blogs and is slated for publication in the Mental
Health Nursing Journal.

Step 3 Reviewing items of previous research

Students sometimes review their own previous research
 Examples of moves to establish a territory

Since Richard Donners Superman: The Movie (1978), the

superhero has been a staple of comic books and Hollywood
cinema alike. From Donners Superman to Tim Burtons
Batman (1989) to Bryan Singers Superman Returns (2006),
superhero films have dominated both the box-office and
the pop cultural consciousness in North America .... Also, the
frequency with which new superhero films are being
produced and released . assures that the genre will
continue to grow in both quantity and diversity for
some time, providing material for a new discourse that
will be an important and timely addition to genre
studies.

Bold: Step 1 making topic generalizations

 Examples of moves to establish a territory

The study of auditory feedback is crucial in

understanding speech production in humans.
During development, infants and children use
auditory feedback as a learning tool to control
and manipulate their vocal tract and subsequent
vocal productions. As adults, auditory feedback is
used to maintain correct speech patterns while
compensating for physiological and
environmental changes . . . that may affect the
intelligibility of an individuals speech.

Step 2 Topic generalisations what do we know?

 Territory + How Professors Think

Michele Lamonts book How Professors

Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic
Judgement (Harvard UP, 2009):
The reason why academics are asked to
evaluate is because we spend our lives
developing a fairly detailed classification
system that allows us to know whats been
done already and to determine what is
original and what is significant. These
are the two main criteria [for funding].
 Advice on establishing a territory

Do your research and consult with your advisors about

the present state of the field
Ask yourself the following questions:
Has there been much published on this topic?
If so, what are the seminal pieces of
research/criticism?
If not, why is your topic still worthy of academic
inquiry?
Keep this section as concise and specific as possible
Keep in mind that the purpose of establishing territory in
your proposal is to indicate how and why your project is
original and relevant
 Move 2 Establishing a niche

Step 1 Counter-claiming
This existing research, however, is misguided because
Step 2 Indicating a gap
However, there has been little research that .
The research has tended to focus on .., rather than .
Step 3 Question-raising
A question remains whether .
Step 4 Continuing a tradition
The differences need to be analyzed .
This must represent .

John M. Swales, Genre Analysis, 155-156

 Examples of moves to establish a niche

Silent within the literature are explorations of the ways

that non-Aboriginal people might negotiate these
discursive practices of colonization and construct
alternative histories While there has been
considerable scholarship that addresses and
critiques notions of white allies (Lawrence & Tatum,
1997), as well as some initial investigation into
discourses underlying Aboriginal solidarity movements
in Canada (Funk-Unrau, 2005), these two lines of
inquiry have not informed each other.

Bold: Step 2 indicating a gap

Examples of moves to establish a niche

These, and other problems of aesthetic representation will

be the focus of my first chapter, drawing on the works
of Susan Sontag, who is frustrated with atrocity
photographs for their failure to incite the viewer to
action and Susan Bordo, who understands our
psychopathologies (eating disorders in particular) as a
crystallization of much that is wrong (141) with
contemporary culture.
Following Judith Butlers question, of what, politically,
might be made of grief (Precarious Life, Giving an
Account of Onself), I will argue
What step is this writer using to establish a
niche?
 Examples of moves to establish a niche

One commonality among the aforementioned

theories is that they all focus on how alcohol may
reduce feelings of anxiety during a social
interaction. The purpose of my research is to
expand on these theories and to test more
specifically how alcohol may be used to reduce
feelings of anxiety after a social interaction.

Which step does this student use to

establish a niche?
 Examples of moves to establish a niche

Studies have yet to investigate how much feedback

alteration is needed to produce compensation.
Moreover, researchers have not determined the role of
conscious awareness and whether or not compensation
occurs before or after the individual becomes aware of
feedback changes . . .
As stated previously, there is little research
regarding the role of conscious awareness for
compensations to changes in auditory feedback during
speech.

Which step is this student demonstrating to

establish a niche?
 Examples of moves to establish a niche

Similar studies have taken various theoretical

perspectives, including normative theory, structural theory,
as well as those theories that focus on the power of
medicalization, to provide macro level explanations about
the differences in gender and depression, but they do not
answer the question of how inequalities are understood
and reproduced by those who have been diagnosed with a
mental illness (Simon & Nath, 2004). Since research has
shown that the experience of mental illness is gendered, it is
reasonable to ask if women's and men's views of and
experiences with [therapeutic] services also differ.
Bold: Step 2 indicating a gap
Italics: Step 3 question raising
 Advice on establishing a niche

Argue positively (rather than negatively)

about how your project relates to existing
positions
Dont say: The existing treatment of Topic A
by Writer X is superficial and inadequate, and
so my project .
Do say: The existing treatment of Topic A by
Writer X has provided a starting point for me
to focus more specifically on .
 Move 3 Occupying the niche

Step 1 Outlining purposes

The main purpose of this research is to .

My study will explore the relationship between

Step 2 Announcing methodology, claims, or

contributions to knowledge
My methodology will involve .

I will argue that .

My hypothesis is that

Step 3 Indicating research project structure

In chapter one of my thesis, I will examine .

adapted from John M. Swales, Genre Analysis

Examples of moves to occupy the niche

Within the discipline of social work, findings from

this research will inform efforts to decolonize
social work curriculum (Waterfall, 2002), as well
as offer insight into the best practices and pitfalls
regarding ally efforts to work with Aboriginal
Peoples in undermining on-going practices of
colonization.

Which step is the student using here to

occupy the niche?
 Examples of moves to occupy the niche

It is hypothesized that individuals with high

levels of social anxiety will report lower levels of
rumination when they have consumed alcohol
than when they have not consumed alcohol.
Levels of rumination are expected to be similar
for individuals with low levels of social anxiety
whether they consume alcohol or do not
consume alcohol.

Step 2 Announcing claims

 Examples of moves to occupy the niche

The study will involve an adaptive psychophysical method

adapted from Levitt (1971). There will be two conditions.
In the first condition, participants will not be exposed to
pitch-shifted auditory feedback while vocalizing; however, the
participants will not be informed of any alterations to their
feedback during the session. During the second
condition, participants will be informed that their auditory
feedback will be altered and then asked to respond when they
notice any changes.

Which step is the writer using to occupy the niche?

Examples of moves to occupy the niche

I will examine the link between auteurism and the

superhero genre, questioning and redefining issues of
auteur theory while also updating it to a genre-specific
context . I will also analyze the cycles of the
superhero genre, while also exploring the roots of the
superhero film, positing it as an extension and
combination of the American frontier hero and the
Hollywood detective that incorporates sometimes
contradictory elements from the Reagan-era protagonist
of the 1980s action films and the post-Reagan 1990s
action hero.
Bold: Step 1 outlining purposes
Blue: Step 2 announcing claims
 Advice on occupying the niche

Ask yourself the following questions:

Have you provided as much specific detail as
possible about your object(s) of study? (i.e., what is
your archive/data/participants?)
Have you articulated a specific and substantive
methodological or theoretical framework?
Have you provided a preliminary argument or
hypothesis?
Have you conveyed a sense of the structure of your
thesis?
 Advice on occupying the niche

Do the goals of your project sound

feasible within the period of your award
tenure?
Have you emphasized how your research
project will contribute knowledge that will
be useful and relevant?
Is your project interdisciplinary in nature? If
so, have you specified how your research will
contribute to a variety of fields and disciplines?
Focus your project with a strong title
TIP: look up the titles of winning research
 How detailed should I be when I occupy the
niche?

1st-year Masters program

2nd-year Masters program
1st-year doctoral program
2nd-year doctoral program
3rd-year doctoral program
4th-year doctoral program
5th-year doctoral program
Increasingly detailed
about your objects of
analysis, arguments,
methodology, thesis
structure,
contribution to
knowledge
 A note on opening and closing moves

Dont: begin and end your proposal with

background information
Do: begin and end your proposal with
motivating information
Tip: Lead with your strongest move (e.g. a
narrative element about your academic
history, a centrality claim about your issue, a
topic generalisation about your object of
analysis). What is YOUR strongest move?
 Recap of CARS Model

Move 1 Establishing a territory

Move 2 Establishing a niche
Move 3 Occupying the niche

John M. Swales, Genre Analysis, pg. 140-141

Another way of thinking of the CARS model:

Articulating a narrative (past, present, and future)
about the status of knowledge on a given topic in a
given field
 How Professors Think about Emotion

Lamont argues that emotion plays an

important role in evaluating grant
applications
Selection committees will often discuss whats
exciting in the proposals:
A lot of the previous literature on peer review
treated emotion as either irrelevant or
corrupting. And my argument is to say, No,
actually its not irrelevant or corrupting. Its
essential to evaluation.
 Macro-Level Moves II

Moves to establish ethos and pathos

This section of the proposal is similar to a
personal narrative
Somewhere in the proposal, tell a narrative (a story
with a past, present, and future) to persuade the
reader that you are the best person to take on the
proposed research project
Use moves to establish ethos and pathos
(i.e. to establish the voice of your proposal)
Ethos = appeals to credibility

Pathos = appeals to emotion

Examples of moves to establish ethos/pathos

In my undergraduate work at Wilfrid Laurier University, I

was able to turn my lifelong interest in comic book
superheroes into a legitimate academic pursuit,
particularly through the Cultural Studies course
Cartoons & Comics, and a Directed Studies course
that I designed for Professor X called Course Title X.
Through these courses and others, I have found that
the defining criticism of the superhero film genre has
yet to be written. In my graduate work, I wish to
explore the untapped potential of this exciting genre.

What does this narrative convey about the

student's character?
Examples of moves to establish ethos/pathos

Incorporating the findings of my Masters research, I hope

to build upon my program of research at the Doctoral
level. I plan to continue working with Professor X at
Wilfrid Laurier University. Laurier is my primary choice
because of its strong reputation for conducting solid
psychological research, while also providing a variety of
courses applicable to my field of interest (e.g. seminars in
social psychology, research colloquia, and courses on
structural equation modeling).

What does this paragraph convey about the

student's character?
 Examples of moves to establish ethos/pathos

As a white, Euro-Canadian researcher with a commitment to

anti-oppressive practice, the choice to focus my inquiry on
the attempts of non-Aboriginal people to address backlash
to land rights, as opposed to similar attempts on the part of
Aboriginal activists, arises from epistemological concerns
regarding the ethics of critiquing marginalized voices and
agency from a position of dominance. Such a choice also
reflects my interest in mapping with the intention of
attempting to interrupt processes by which dominant
positions tend to reproduce and maintain themselves.

Announcing the students positionality enhances links to

the wider goals of project and enhances his/her credibility
 Examples of moves to establish ethos and pathos

From Most Significant Contributions section:

[Researcher et al.] was conducted as part of my ongoing
masters thesis . . . The results of this study not only
provided novel insights into the underlying sensory
mechanisms, and potential differences between vocal
initiation and pitch maintenance, it also laid the
groundwork allowing for many future studies on this
topic . . . This study was entirely designed, run, and
analyzed, and written up by myself, with some discussion
and insights provided by the other authors.
Past; reflects on the student's ability to work
collaboratively; shows that the student has already
published research
 Moves to establish ethos/pathos

The narrative usually addresses questions such as:

What evidence do you have of your past
achievements as a student/researcher (i.e., previous
awards, scholarships, research assistantships)?
How have you begun to circulate the results of
your research? (e.g., conference presentations,
publications)
What kind of knowledge or research training
have you acquired in the past (e.g., through your
university courses, thesis work, non-academic
experience)?
 Moves to establish your ethos/pathos

Questions contd:
How will this background assist you in completing
your future research? And how will your future
research be different from your previous work?
Which university will you attend, and why (i.e.,
course offerings, potential supervisor(s), special
resources)?
Why do you want to pursue graduate studies?
avoid vague personal goals!
What are your long-term vocational goals?
 Interpreting the task

From the OGS website: You must provide a one-page

statement of interest or plan of study. The statement of
interest should include your reasons for pursuing a
graduate program in your chosen field.
This description is very vague, but don't be fooled by
it
Selection committees expect a very detailed
proposal
combine moves to create a research space AND
moves to create ethos and pathos
Which moves you choose to emphasize will depend
on your particular strengths
Putting together the two essential
components of the grant proposal

Moves to create a Moves to establish

research space ethos and pathos
 Moving from NSERC to OGS:
Blue = Personal Narrative; Red = Research Project

I intend to pursue a masters degree and eventually a doctorate degree in Mathematics for two main reasons. First, I desire to teach at the
university level because I want to improve students understanding of Mathematics. Currently, I am working as an Instructional Assistant
in two weekly Mathematics labs where I help students complete their hand-in assignments by giving explanations of various concepts and
ideas. Through this experience, I have discovered my love of teaching. In any Mathematical field, every concept has a logical set of reasons
that make it true, which many students cannot see initially; I want to help them grasp this logic so they can really understand how
Mathematics works. As well, with my undergraduate double degree in Mathematics and English and my experience as a student tutor at
the Laurier Writing Centre, I hope to make a unique contribution to the university environment by bridging some of the gaps between
these two subjects.
Second, I want to do research in Mathematics. This past summer, I received an NSERC Undergraduate Student Research Award to study a
particular problem in the field of Graph Theory relating to spanning trees. I enjoyed this experience and would like to continue my
research in this area.
In a connected graph or network, a spanning tree is a minimal set of edges that provides a connection (i.e. path) between every pair of
vertices. Spanning trees have many applications, including efficient data transmission, where the edges of a spanning tree represent
connections that will allow communication between every pair of vertices. Since most graphs actually have many spanning trees, we want
to find spanning trees with additional constraints; however, such problems are generally difficult. With my Undergraduate Student
Research Award, I examined one such open problem, called the intermediate tree problem. Consider two spanning trees T1 and T2 of a
graph G. Does G contain a third spanning tree T* (called an intermediate tree) such that the degree of each vertex v (the number of edges
that are incident with v) of T* is between the degrees of v in T1 and T2? In other words, if T1 and T2 are two ways of building a set of
connections in the graph or network, is there a compromise between the two? If there is such a compromise, how do we find it?
I have proved that in a graph G where each pair of vertices is connected by an edge, every pair of spanning trees has an intermediate tree; I
have also proved that T* does not exist for any spanning tree pair in graphs that have exactly one 3-cycle and no other cycles, and that this
phenomenon only occurs in these graphs. More generally, I know that there are three different situations when a spanning tree pair in a
graph G does not have an intermediate tree. The first two situations are relatively simple to identify, but little is known about the third. I
would like to know when this third one arises in order to characterize precisely when T* does not exist. I then hope to be able to develop an
algorithm for finding T* when it does exist.
As well, there are similar open problems where we know that a certain structure always exists, but we have no way of finding this structure.
One example is the Smith (Tutte 1946)/Thomason (1978) Theorem which says that in a graph where all vertices have odd degree, if there is
one Hamilton path (a special type of spanning tree) joining the ends of an edge e, then another such Hamilton path exists. An efficient
algorithm for finding this second Hamilton path has yet to be determined.
In addition, I am interested in other areas of research in Mathematics such as algebraic groups and Number Theory, in particular elliptic
curves and Cryptography. I would like an opportunity to study and investigate these areas further.
Thus, I am pursuing graduate studies to learn more about Mathematics, to impart my knowledge to other students, to bring Mathematics
and English closer together, and ultimately to make my own contribution to the field of Mathematics.
 Beyond Scholarship Proposals

Many of the rhetorical writing strategies used in

scholarship proposals are also used in other proposal
genres (academic and non-academic)
- conference abstracts
- thesis proposals
- grad school application proposals
- academic job letters
- personal statements for professional programs
- book proposal
- arts council funding
- NGO funding
- private-sector doctoral and postdoctoral fellowships
- business proposal
 Micro-level moves

In your proposal, you MUST demonstrate a strong

command of language and form
Use language and sentence structure to reinforce the
overall presentation of
yourself as a motivated, energetic, intellectually
curious and academically rigorous student
your research as original, relevant, contextualized,
focused
Successful proposals are all written in a mature,
compact writing style: concise, coherent, varied and
vigorous
 The Science of Scientific Writing

Gopen and Swan's (1990) article The

Science of Scientific Writing emphasizes:
writing with the reader in mind
personal style
clarity and coherence in your writing
by using a known/new strategy
 Examples of micro-level moves

My thesis research (currently funded by

SSHRC) is examining how a moderate
amount of alcohol affects levels of rumination
in participants who are high or low in social
anxiety. Rumination is defined as the post-
event, reflection period when one cognitively
reviews a recent social encounter. It may
include reflecting on perceived inadequacies,
mistakes and/or imperfections that occurred
during the social encounter.
Known/new strategy
 Examples of micro-level moves

Recent studies have demonstrated the profound effect

that altered auditory feedback can have on speech
production. It has been shown that when auditory
feedback is delayed, individuals experience disruptions
in speech production (e.g. stuttering) (Jones & Streimer,
in press). Furthermore, when auditory feedback is
shifted up or down in frequency, participants
compensate by shifting their pitch in the opposite
direction (Jones & Munhall, 2000).

Use of the present perfect tense

 Examples of micro-level moves

I will examine the link between auteurism and the

superhero genre, questioning and redefining issues of
auteur theory while also updating it to a genre-specific
context . I will also analyze the cycles of the superhero
genre, while also exploring the roots of the superhero
film, positing it as an extension and combination of the
American frontier hero and the Hollywood detective . . . .
Ultimately, my study will authorize the superhero film as
a genre worthy of academic consideration, beginning a
new and exciting discourse within film studies.
Red: the active voice, the first-person
Blue: participle form
 Examples of micro-level moves

Previous research has found that social anxiety disorder and

alcohol abuse tend to co-occur (Ross, 1995). There are a
number of theories in the current literature that explain the
connection between social anxiety and alcohol use. Tension
Reduction Theory (Conger, 1951) proposes that socially
anxious individuals use alcohol to reduce anxious feelings
during a social event. Jones and Berglass Self-
Handicapping Theory (1999) proposes that socially anxious
people may drink because it allows them to externalize their
poor performance.

Blue: present perfect tense

Orange: idea-focused citation;
Green: researcher-focused citation
 Examples of micro-level moves

For various graphs, I plan to list the degree sequence of all

spanning trees and then check every possible pair from this
list to see if there is another degree sequence that matches
the parameters created by the pair. If there is no such
sequence, then T* does not exist. As the number of vertices
increase, this becomes an immense task, so I will design a
computer program to check the degree sequences. Once I
have enough examples, I will try to find patterns, create
conjectures, and attempt to prove them.

Liberal use of the first-person; specific verbs

 Final Advice
Start early
Look over your most
successful course papers
Discuss potential projects
with your professors
Study winning proposals
Check if there is a file of
these in your department
Ask a colleague in your
department who has won
Get feedback on your
proposal
Ask a professor or a peer
Bring your proposal to the
Writing Centre
Ensure your proposal is
perfect
Follow all the guidelines and
proofread carefully; make
every word count
Revise, revise, revise
Re-work your proposal year
after year, and dont give
up!
 Sign-up for a Writing Consultation

A writing professional at the Writing

Centre will be happy to give you one-on-
one feedback on your grant proposal
Please schedule an appointment in
advance
Good luck!
 The Writing Centre

Visit our website for information about our

location, hours, staff, and upcoming workshops:
www.wlu.ca/writing

@LaurierWriting
Laurier Writing Centre

Get in contact with us:

Boba Samuels, Manager

Jordana Garbati, PhD, Writing Consultant

 Selected Bibliography

Beaufort, Anne. College Writing and Beyond: A New Framework for

University Writing Instruction. Logan: Utah State U P, 2007
Bernard, Nicole. Grant Writing Tips. McGill University Health Centre.
10 Sept 2010 <http://muhc.ca/research/page/grant-writing-tips>.
Clark, David L. Some Notes on Grantspersonship. David L. Clark.
Personal Homepage. 20 June 2007
<http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/~dclark/Clarklinks.htm>.
Ding, Huling. Genre Analysis of Personal Statements: Analysis of Moves
in Application Essays to Medical and Dental Schools. English for
Specific Purposes 26. 3 (2007): 368-392.
Doran, Jo. Writing the Personal Statement. The Owl at Purdue. Purdue
University. 2 July 2008
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resources/642/01/>.
Graff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. They Say/I Say: The Moves That
Matter in Academic Writing. New York: W. W. Norton & Company,
2006.
Kolln, Martha. Rhetorical Grammar : Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical
Effects. 5th ed ed. New York: Pearson Education, 2007.
 Selected Bibliography

Lamont, Michele. How Professors Think: Inside the Curious World of Academic
Judgement. Boston: Harvard UP, 2009.
Locke, Lawrence F., Waneen Wyrick Spirduso, and Stephen J. Silverman. Proposals
that Work : A Guide for Planning Dissertations and Grant Proposals. 4th ed ed.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2000.
Misser, Emmy. All You Need to Know about Verbs and Verb Look-Alikes. Writing
Centre Handouts. Laurier Writing Centre. 20 June 2007
<www.wlu.ca/forms/935/Verbs_and_Verb_Look-Alikes.pdf>.
---. Sentence Revision for a Mature Compact Style. Writing Centre Handouts.
Laurier Writing Centre. 20 June 2007
<www.wlu.ca/forms/918/Sentence_Revision.pdf>.
Myers, Greg. Chapter 2: Social Construction in Two Biologists Proposal. Writing
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