Assignment (HVAC)

Psychrometry
Psychrometry is the science of studying the thermodynamic properties of moist air and the
use of these properties to analyze conditions and processes involving moist air.

Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapour. In atmospheric air, water vapour content
varies from 0 to 3% by mass.

Psychrometry OPsychrometry is the science dealing with the physical laws of air water
vapour mixtures. OWhen designing an air conditioning system, the temperature and
moisture content of the air to be conditioned, and the same properties of the air needed
to produce the desired air conditioning effect. OIn other words, we can say that
Psychrometry is the study of MOIST AIR or mixture of dry air and water vapour.

DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

Daltons law of partial pressure says that: 1) Two or more gases can exist in a closed
space at the same time and form the mixture without reacting with each other. In a
mechanical mixture of the gases that dont react chemically, each gas or vapor exerts its
partial pressure which is exactly same as that it would have applied if the gas was
separated from the mixture and occupied the space alone. 2) The total pressure applied
by the whole mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures exerted by the all
individual gases or vapors.

AMAGATS LAW OF PARTIAL VOLUME

For a mixture of non-reacting gases the sum of partial volumes of these gases is equal to
total volume of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure.

DRY -BULB TEMPERATURE

The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the
air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation. The term dry-bulb is customarily added
to temperature to distinguish it from wet-bulb and dew point temperature.

WET BULB TEMPERATURE

Wet bulb temperature is the temperature recorded by thermometer when the bulb is
enveloped by cotton wick saturated with water. The accuracy of a simple wet-bulb
thermometer depends on how fast air passes over the bulb and how well the thermometer
is shielded from the radiant temperature of its surroundings.
Dew Point
is the temperature at which water vapor starts to condense in the air - the temperature at
which air becomes completely saturated. Above this temperature the moisture stays in
the air.

HUMIDITY
Specific Humidity
is defined as the proportion of the mass of water vapour per unit mass of the moist
air sample (dry air plus the water vapour); it is closely related to humidity ratio and
always lower in value.
Absolute Humidity
The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air containing the water vapor. This
quantity is also known as the water vapour density.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
the amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the amount
needed for saturation at the same temperature.

The ratio of the vapor pressure of moisture in the sample to the saturation pressure at
the dry bulb temperature of the sample.

Humidity ratio or Specific Humidity

Humidity ratio is the proportion of mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air at the
given conditions (DBT, WBT, DPT, RH, etc.). It is also known as the moisture content
or mixing ratio.
Specific humidity is defined as the proportion of the mass of water vapor per unit
mass of the moist air sample (including both dry air and the water vapor); it is closely
related to humidity ratio and always lower in value.

Degree of Saturation
is the ratio of the humidity ratio of moist air - to the humidity ratio of saturated moist air
at the same temperature and pressure.

Enthalpy -h-(kJ/kg) of moist air

is defined as the total enthalpy of the dry air and the water vapor mixture per kg of moist
air, includes the
enthalpy of the dry air -the sensibleheat -and
the enthalpy of the evaporated water -the latentheat
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
A psychrometric chart is a graph of the thermodynamic parameters of moist air at a
constant pressure, often equated to an elevation relative to sea level.
A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of the psychrometric processes of air.
Psychrometric processes include physical and thermodynamic properties such as dry bulb
temperature, wet bulb temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and air density.

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A.C., or A/C) is the process of removing heat from a
confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity. Air conditioning can be used in both
domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve a more
comfortable interior environment, typically for humans or animals; however, air conditioning is also
used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing electronic devices, such as computer
servers, power amplifiers, and even to display and store artwork.

Sensible Heating : it is addition of heat to moist air without the addition of moisture. It follows a
constant humidity ratio line on the psychrometric chart.

Sensible Cooling: It is the removal of heat from moist air without the removal of moisture. It also follows a
constant W on the psychrometric chart.

What is Humidification Process?

The process in which the moisture or water vapor or humidity is added to the air without changing its dry bulb
(DB) temperatur

What is Dehumidification?
The process in which the moisture or water vapor or the humidity is removed from the air keeping its dry bulb
(DB) temperature constant

Heating and Humidifying: It is the addition of heat and moisture to moist air, it also involves
sensible and latent heat transfer.
nthis process the moisture is added to the air by passing it over the stream or spray of water which is at
temperature lower than the dry bulb temperature of the air.

Cooling and Dehumidifying: The process in which the air is cooled sensibly and at the same time the
moisture is removed from it is called as cooling and dehumidification process. Cooling and dehumidification
process is obtained when the air at the given dry bulb and dew point (DP) temperature is cooled below the dew
point temperature.
A mixing box is the section of an air handling unit used to mix the return air flow with
the outside air flow.

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the
cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in
the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near
the dry-bulb air temperature.

Applications of Air Conditioning

Air conditioning is required for
1. Providing thermal comfort to humans and other living beings - Comfort air
conditioning.
2. Providing conditions required for various products and processes in industries -
Industrial air conditioning.
Comfort Air Conditioning -
The objective of this is to provide thermal comfort to the occupants.
Thermal comfort may be defined as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with its
surroundings.
The requirement of thermal comfort is that human body core temperature to be maintained
about 37 degrees.
Classification of comfort air conditioning systems :
Air conditioning systems for residences.
Commercial air conditioning system.
Air conditioning system for hospitals.
Laptop, mobile air conditioning systems.
Industrial Air Conditioning -
The objective of this is to provide favourable surrounding conditions so that the required
processes can be carried out and required products can be produced.
It should also provide at least a partial measure of comfort to the people working in the
industries.
Industrial air conditioning examples -
Textile industries
Printing industries
Manufacturing of precision parts
Semi-conductor industries
Pharmaceutics
Photographic materials
Computer rooms
 Mines, power plants, etc.

History[edit]
Evaporative cooling[edit]
Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling. The business of harvesting ice during
winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century.[3] This practice
was replaced by mechanical ice-making machines.
The basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where
reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water
cooled the air blowing through the window. This process also made the air more humid, which can
be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated
through the walls of certain houses to cool them. Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the
use of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season.[4]
The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan (fl 180) of the Han Dynasty invented a rotary fan for
air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners of
the time.[5] In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712762) of the Tang Dynasty (618907) had the Cool
Hall (Liang Tian) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-
powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During
the subsequent Song Dynasty (9601279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary
fan as even more widely used.[6]
In the 17th century, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of
England by adding salt to water.[7]