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pressure
on the von Mises yield criterion. The yield surface is implemented as
2 material's mechanical properties and workability.
where The HIP process subjects a component to both elevated
S deviatoric stress tensor; X back stress tensor; R isotropic hardening variable; 0 initial size of elastic domain. temperature and isostatic gas pressure in a high pressure
p containment vessel. The pressurizing gas most widely used
The memory surface is where plastic strain tensor; and q the
introduced as follows F= ( - )( - )- q,
p p
centre and the radius of the memory surface.
heat heat is argon. An inert gas is used, so that the material does not
chemically react. The chamber is heated, causing the
pressure inside the vessel to increase. Many systems use
treated
q& = p - p - 2q d Z p& p& = p - p
A new set of internal
variables is introduced as: [ ] ( )
and [ ]d (Z ) p& , pressure metal pressure
associated gas pumping to achieve the necessary pressure
level. Pressure is applied to the material from all directions
where q& stand for the rate of strain amplitude that is attained in the previous step and p & stand for the part (hence the term "isostatic").
rate of accumulated plastic strain that is attained during all straining up to the end of the previous step. The pressures of an inert gas usually range from 7,350 psi
(50.7 MPa) to 15,000 psi (100 MPa) and the temperature -
Dirac delta function heat heat
1 2 p from range from 900 F (482 C) to 2,400 F (1,320 C)
the argument of which is Z =
p - p - sign(eeq - eeq )(eeq - eeq ) with eeq =
p p p
p
p
: ,p
depending on the type of material. When components are
2 3 treated with HIP, the simultaneous application of heat and
pressure
defined as follows:
where is pressure eliminates internal voids and microporosity through
q = q (t - t ), p = p (t - t ), p = p (t - t ) and e eq = e eq (t - t ), an infinitesimal time delay.
p p
a combination of plastic deformation, creep, and diffusion
C1 s t e C2 C3 +1 - C4 / T
0.0175 e =
cr
+ C5 s C6 te - C7 /T
C3 + 1
0.015
Combined Time Hardening
Creep strain, mm/mm
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
Comparison of compressive residual stress fields over the volume Comparison of compressive residual stresses along the bore
-90.9
-83.9
conventional -90.9
-83.8
HT creep 20
-76.8
-69.8 autofrettage -76.7
-69.6 autofrettage High temperature creep autofrettage Conventional hydraulic autofrettage 2
-62.8 -62.6
-55.7 -55.5 0
-48.7 -48.4
-41.6 -41.3
Compressive stress, MPa
-34.6 -34.3
Path length, mm
-27.6 -27.2
-20.5 -20.1 -20
-13.5 -13.0
-6.42 -5.97
0.63 1.11
-40
-60
-80
1
-100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Stress intensity calculations for conventional & creep autofrettage [6,7] Conclusions References
25 Creep AF has advantages over [1] Weir Minerals Netherlands & University of Strathclyde (2015) "Advanced Pump Engineering for Severe
conventional hydraulic AF in the low Applications (APESA)." H2020 Euro. Industrial Doctorate project, ref. 643159: www.apesaproject.eu.
Stress Intencity Range, MPa*m^0.5
Convent. AF, Service P = 10 MPa pressure AF range. This is because [2] Okorokov, V., Comlekci, T., MacKenzie, D., van Rijswick, R. & Gorash, Y. (2017) "Implementation of
the material does not have yield stress plasticity model for a steel with mixed cyclic softening and hardening and its application to fatigue
20 Convent. AF, Service P = 15 MPa during creep deformation, so that assessments." FATIGUE 2017 (3-5 July 2017, Cambridge, UK), EIS, pp. 72-81.
HT Creep AF, Service P = 13 MPa creep strains are developed at any [3] Okorokov, V. & Gorash, Y. (2017) "A comparative study between conventional and elevated temperature
level of stress. The results show that creep autofrettage." ICSI 2017: Proc. of 2nd Int. Conf. on Structural Integrity (4-7 Sept. 2017, Madeira,
15 HT Creep AF, Service P = 19 MPa creep AF can induce a high magnitude Portugal), ESIS (in press).
Fatigue crack growth threshold of compressive residual stresses by [4] Kodur, V.K.R., Dwaikat, M.M.S. (2010) Effect of high temperature creep on the fire response of restrained
applying pressure of values similar to steel beams. Materials & Structures 43(10): 13271341.
10 working conditions. Creep AF can
also provide a deeper level of [5] Badr, E., Sorem, J., Tipton, S. (2000) "Evaluation of the autofrettage effect on fatigue lives of steel blocks
compressive residual stresses with a with crossbores using a statistical and a strain-based method." J. of Testing and Evaluation 28(3): 181188.
high magnitude of these stresses [6] Taylor, D. (2007) The Theory of Critical Distances: A New Perspective in Fracture Mechanics. Elsevier
5 even far away from the stress Science Ltd, Oxford.
concentration. This allows a longer [7] Anderson, T.L. (2005) Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca
Crack Length, mm crack to be arrested in the pressure Raton, FL.
0 part under a higher service pressure [8] Okorokov, V., Morgantini, M., Gorash, Y., Comlekci, T., MacKenzie, D. & van Rijswick, R. (2017)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 compared to conventional AF. FatigueDesign 2017 (29-30 Nov. 2017, Senlis, France), CETIM (in press).