Fluctuations in Growth

Processes
Angad Yuvraj and Dominic Yates

Supervised by Alex Adamou, Ole Peters and Rosalba Garca Milln

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Introduction
Classical view holds that fluctuations are irrelevant to growth of a
system.

Recent advancements demonstrate that fluctuations do play a role

when considering the growth rate of the system.

It has been shown that individuals achieve boost in growth rate by

completely pooling and equally splitting their resources.

We extend this concept to consider more practical forms of sharing

than this type of cooperation.

We consider the effects of two types of resource sharing on growth

rate, and the impact of fluctuations. 2
Geometric Brownian Motion

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Geometric Brownian Motion

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Cooperation

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Cooperation

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Our Model
The motivation behind our model came after studying a paper by
Jain and Krishna on the evolution of a complex system.
The system comprised of elements that catalysed the growth of
other elements.
We noted that this represented a system in which individuals
were cooperating, except that there was no cost to the catalysis.
This meant that the system didnt display the same conservation
present in the previous cooperation model, in which individuals
pooled and split resources.
Their guiding equation helped us to generalise the cooperation
model.
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Our Model
We consider a population of N individuals which interact through
the giving and taking of resources, not necessarily in a symmetric
manner.
We visualise this concept through graphs where each node
represented an individual and directed edges represented the
flow of resources.
We do not allow a node to have a directed edge to itself, and
each node may have at most one directed edge towards each
other node.
We allow edges to have different weights, corresponding to
different rates of resource sharing.
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The Weighted Adjacency Matrix

v
0.5
v
1v
v

1.1 v
v
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Our Model

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 Receiving Giving
Our Model Term Term

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Our Model

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Our Model

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 The Deterministic Case

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Questions
What happens when individuals only engage in partial sharing?

What rate of sharing does it take to achieve maximum growth

rate?

To what extent does growth rate depend on the way resources

are distributed?

Does any of the above depend on how noisy the system is?

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Complete Graph on N nodes

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 Complete Graph on N nodes

Fully Connected Graph

for N = 5
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N-Cycle

N-Cycle for N = 5
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The Complete Graph for N = 2

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Normalised Growth, G

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Normalised Growth, G

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Normalised Growth, G

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Interpretation of Results for N = 2

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Questions
What happens when individuals only engage in partial sharing?

What rate of sharing does it take to achieve a higher growth

rate?

To what extent does growth rate depend on the way resources

are distributed?

Does any of the above depend on how noisy the system is?

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Finiteness of Time Length T

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34
Questions
What happens when individuals only engage in partial sharing?

What rate of sharing does it take to achieve maximum

growth rate?

To what extent does growth rate depend on the way resources

are distributed?

Does any of the above depend on how noisy the system is?

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Fully Connected Graph for Different N

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Fully Connected Graph for Different N

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 Form One

Form Two

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 Form One

Form Two

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Similar Behaviour in Our Model

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Questions
What happens when individuals only engage in partial sharing?

What rate of sharing does it take to achieve maximum

growth rate?

To what extent does growth rate depend on the way resources

are distributed?

Does any of the above depend on how noisy the system is?

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N-Cycle

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49


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51
Questions
What happens when individuals only engage in partial sharing?

What rate of sharing does it take to achieve maximum growth

rate?

To what extent does growth rate depend on the way resources

are distributed?

Does any of the above depend on how noisy the system is?

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Conclusion
In the absence of fluctuations, there is no incentive to
cooperate.

Even a little sharing goes a long way.

The manner of distribution does have an impact on the growth

rate.

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Thank you for listening.
References:
1. The Evolutionary Advantage of Cooperation, O. Peters and A.
Adamou http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03414

2. The Emergence and Growth of Complex Networks in Adaptive

Systems, S. Jain and S. Krishna Computer Phys. Comm. 121-122
(1999) 116-121.

3. Far from equilibrium: Wealth reallocation in the United States, Y.

Berman, O. Peters and A. Adamou http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.05631

4. Note on mean-field wealth models and the Random Energy Model,

Jean-Phillipe Bouchard (not published)

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