Kelompok :

1. Florentina tarigan 15810007

2. Nampati rafael ginting 15810018
3. Rindu veronika sirait 15810001
4. Ucok rudodo hutabarat 15810017

1. Derivation
Example:
patient: outpatient
group: subgroup
trial:retrial
dark:darkness
agree:agreement
friend:friendship

2. compounding
Example:
Cannot Baseball
Fireworks Grandmother
Elsewhere Upside
Together Sunflower
Crosswalk Become
Basketball Moonlight
Football Railroad
Anybody Weatherman
Skateboard Earthquake
Everything Sometimes
Schoolhouse Upstream
Fireflies Grasshopper
Inside Playthings

3. Redulipcation (repeat themselves)

Example:
ORDINARY EXAMPLES

Repeating without change

 bye-bye hush-hush

haha blah blah

girly girly gaga

Repeating with change of vowel

flip-flop mish-mash

nick-nack pitter-patter

sing-song see-saw

ping-pong

Repeating with change of consonant

hurdy-gurdy mumbo-jumbo

walky-talky hanky-panky

hotchpotch higgledy-piggledy

hocus-pocus criss-cross

argy-bargy

4. Blending
Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to
create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For
example:
advertisement + entertainment advertainment
biographical + picture biopic
breakfast + lunch brunch
chuckle + snort chortle
cybernetic + organism cyborg
guess + estimate guesstimate
hazardous + material hazmat
motor + hotel motel
prim + sissy prissy
simultaneous + broadcast simulcast
smoke + fog smog
Spanish + English Spanglish
spoon + fork spork
telephone + marathon telethon
 web + seminar webinar

5. clipping
Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened
without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in
that the new word retains the meaning of the original word.
For example:
advertisement ad
alligator gator
examination exam
gasoline gas
gymnasium gym
influenza flu
laboratory lab
mathematics math
memorandum memo
photograph photo
public house pub
raccoon coon
reputation rep
situation comedy sitcom
telephone phone
The four types of clipping are back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, and complex
clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping
is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining
only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple
parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.

6. Acronyms
Acronyms A to L Acronyms M to Z
2F4U Too Fast For You MMW Mark my Words
4YEO
For Your Eyes Only
FYEO N/A Not Available / Applicable
NaN Not a Number
AAMOF As a Matter of Fact NNTR No need to Reply
ACK Acknowledgment noob
Newbie
AFAIK As far as I know n00b
AFAIR As far as I remember / recall NOYB None of your Business
AFK Away from Keyboard NRN No Reply Necessary
AKA Also known as
OMG Oh my God
B2K BTK Back to Keyboard OP Original Poster, Original Post
BTT Back to Topic OT Off Topic
BTW By the Way OTOH On the other Hand
B/C Because
Problem exists between Keyboard
PEBKAC
C&P Copy and Paste and Chair
CU See you POV Point of View
CYS Check your Settings
ROTFL Rolling on the Floor Laughing
DIY Do it Yourself Repondez s'il vous plait (French:
RSVP
Please reply)
RTFM Read the fine Manual
EOBD End of Business Day
EOD End of Discussion
SCNR Sorry, could not Resist
EOM End of Message
SFLR Sorry, for late Reply
End of Thread / .. Text / ..
EOT SPOC Single Point of Contact
Transmission

FAQ Frequently asked Questions

FACK Full Acknowledge TBA To be Announced
FKA Formerly known as To be Continued / To be
TBC
Confirmed
FWIW For what it's Worth
TIA Thanks in Advance
FYI / JFYI (Just) For your Information
TGIF Thanks God, its Friday
FTW Fuck the World / For the Win
THX
Thanks
TNX
HF Have fun
TQ Thank You
HTH Hope this Helps
TYVM Thank You Very Much
TYT Take your Time
IDK I don't know
TTYL Talk to you Later
If I Recall / Remember
IIRC
Correctly
Whoomp, there it is; Meaning
IMHO In my Humble Opinion w00t
"Hooray"
IMO In my Opinion
WFM Works for Me
In my not so Humble / Honest
IMNSHO WRT With Regard to
Opinion
WTH What the Hell / What the Heck
IOW In other Words
WTF What the Fuck
ITT In this Thread

YMMD You made my Day

LOL Laughing out loud YMMV Your Mileage may vary
DGMW Don't get me wrong YAM Yet Another Meeting
ICYMI In Case you missed it

7. Back formation
Example:
administrate administer
cohabitate cohabit
delimitate delimit
interpretate interpret
orientate orient
registrate register
remediate remedy
revolute revolt
solicitate-solicit

8. Extension of word formation rules

9. Functional shift (Conversion)

What is Conversion?
Conversion, also called Zero Derivation, is the functional shift of a word from one part of
speech to another without any change in form (i.e. adding affixes or omitting letters).

What are the types of Conversion?

Most cases of conversion are from noun to verb and from verb to noun. Conversion from
adjective to verb is also common, but it has a lower ratio.

1. Noun to Verb

Examples:

access
pocket
film
practice
name
shape
fuel
hammer
dot
break
host
 rule
telephone
and ship

2. Adjective to Verb

Examples:

goofproof
brown
black
slow

3. Verb to Noun

Examples:

fear
feel
hope
attack
alert
laugh
visit
increase
call
command
cover
start
turn
rise

4. Preposition to Adverb/Noun/Verb

Examples:

up
out
outside
inside

5. Onomatopoeic expression to Verb

Examples:

buzz
beep
woo
moo
screech
How to Use Conversion?
Say each sentence out loud. The italicized words are examples of commonly used
"converted" words.

Don't talk the talk if you can't walk the walk.

Be who you are and say what you feel

because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind.

Gary showed no sign of pain or remorse.

Bush once said, "Families is where our nation takes hope, where wings take dream."

You'd have domestic production falling, whole cities blacked out, whole industries
threatened.

I get distracted whenever mobile phones begin to buzz and beep.

10. Proper names common words

Holidays: Christmas, New Years Day, Hanukkah, Thanksgiving

Geographical areas: San Francisco, Europe, Spain, the Nile River

People and pets: Mrs. Caroline Jones, Rip Van Winkle, Snoopy
Books, Newspapers, Magazines: Wuthering Heights, Atlanta Journal, Southern
Living
Companies and organizations: Google, ChildFund International, General
Electric
Religious terms: Christian, Methodist, Hindu, God, Allah
Places, buildings: Yellowstone National Park, Empire State Building, Ritz-
Carlton
Titles: President Bush, King George, Queen Elizabeth, Judge Judy (titles are not
capitalized when theyre referred to in general terms. For example: The criminal
appeared before the judge.
Languages: English, French, Italian
Brand names: Coach, Pepsi, Lucky

11. Coining
 1. abuzz
Dickens was one of the first authors to use abuzz, "characterized by
excessive gossip or activity." Another "early adopter" of the word was
George Eliot, who used it in her 1859 novel, Adam Bede: "I hate the
sound of women's voices; they're always either a-buzz or a-squeak."
2. creeps, the
You may be surprised to know the modern-sound phrase, the creeps, "a
feeling of fear and revulsion," was coined by Dickens. He may have
been influenced by the sense creepy, "chilled and crawling, as with
horror or fear," which originated around 1831.
3. devil-may-care
Devil-may-care, meaning "reckless; careless," or "jovial and rakish in
manner," seems to come from the saying, "The devil may care but I
don't."
Example: "Not that this would have worried him much, anyway he
was a mighty free and easy, roving, devil-may-care sort of person, was
my uncle, gentlemen."
Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, 1837
4. gonoph
Gonoph is slang for a pickpocket or thief. The word comes
from gannabh, the Hebrew word for "thief." Dickens's seems to be the
earliest recorded usage of the word in English.
Example: "He's as obstinate a young gonoph as I know."
Charles Dickens, Bleak House, 1853
5. sawbones
Sawbones is slang for a surgeon or doctor. Before the advent of
anesthesia in 1846, speed was of the essence for surgeons. With a saw
like the one pictured in this article, Victorian physicians could
amputate a leg in half a minute.
Example: "'What! Don't you know what a sawbones is, sir?' inquired
Mr. Weller. 'I thought everybody know'd as a sawbones was a
surgeon.'"
Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, 1837

12. Onomatopoeia

1. Words Related to Water These words often begin with sp- or dr-. Words that indicate a
small amount of liquid often end in -le (sprinkle/drizzle).

bloop
splash
spray
sprinkle
squirt
drip
drizzle

2. Words Related to the Voice Sounds that come from the back of the throat tend to start
with a gr- sound whereas sounds that come out of the mouth through the lips, tongue and
teeth begin with mu-.

giggle
growl
grunt
gurgle
mumble
murmur
bawl
belch
chatter
blurt

3. Words Related to Collisions Collisions can occur between any two or more objects.
Sounds that begin with cl- usually indicate collisions between metal or glass objects, and
words that end in -ng are sounds that resonate. Words that begin with th- usually describe
dull sounds like soft but heavy things hitting wood or earth.

bam
bang
clang
clank
clap
clatter
click
clink
ding
jingle
screech
slap
thud
thump

4. Words Related to Air Because air doesnt really make a sound unless it blows through
something, these words describe the sounds of air blowing through things or of things rushing
through the air. "Whisper" is on this list and not the voice list because we do not use our
voices to whisper. We only use the air from our lungs and the position of our teeth, lips and
tongues to form audible words.

flutter
fisst
fwoosh
gasp
swish
swoosh
whiff
whoosh
whizz
whip
 whisper

5. Words Related to Animal Sounds If youve spent significant amounts of time with
people from other countries, you know that animals speak different languages too. Depending
on where a chicken is from, for example, she might cluck-cluck, bok-bok, tok-tok, kot-kot or
cotcotcodet. We'll stick with English for now:

arf
baa
bark
bray
buzz
cheep
chirp
chortle
cluck
cock-a-doodle-doo
cuckoo
hiss
meow
moo
neigh
oink
purr
quack
ribbit
tweet
warble

13. Borrowing
Example:
pizza (italy)
Person: Person is another English word with both (Latin and French
origins). It comes from the Old French persone, which is itself a French
borrowing of the Latin persona.
Very: The blandest adjective ever comes to us from the Old French verai,
which meant true, truthful, sincere; right, just, legal.
Dollar This comes from Czech through Dutch. Its roots are connected to the
origins of the mint itself: a factory where coins and currency is produced.
War This comes from the Old French werre.
Leg and Skin Both words come from Old Norse and replaced shank and
hide upon their arrival. Although the words still exist in English, they are
used only for animals once slaughtered.
Slaughter This comes from the Old Norse slatr.
Skipper This comes from the Dutch schipper. Many of our nautical terms
are derived from Dutch due to the trade links that existed.
 Court In French this means the kings residence and was often the place to
which someone was called in order to respond to accusations.
Zero This comes from Arabic. In fact, many of our words related to
numeracy, mathematics and trade can be traced back to Arabic.