PIGEON

Circulatory System

1. Chambers of the Heart

Heart chambers are more closely knit than in lower vertebrates
Right and Left Ventricle major portion of the heart, having a pointed apex
Auricles thin-walled chambers anterior to the ventricles
Arteries anterior end of the heart between auricles
Veins there is no sinus venosus, veins open directly into the right auricle
o 2 precavals come from the anterior part of the body, then enters right auricle
o Postcaval enters the right auricle from behind, emerging from the liver
Pulmonary vein may be noticed opening into the left auricle
2. Hepatic Portal System
Peritoneal cavity
Hepatic portal vein running along the dorsal surface of the liver, enters the right lobe
Left and median gastric veins lies along the left lobe of the liver
Union of 3 veins
o Superior mesenteric collects from the greater part of the small intestine
o Gastroduodenal receives the right gastric vein from the gizzard
Pancreatic duodenal vein - runs along the duodenal loop collecting from
duodenum and pancreas
Mesenteric vein from the last loop of the small intestine
o Inferior mesenteric runs along the large intestine
Renal portal system posterior end of large intestine
3. Systemic vein
Branches of precaval veins lateral to the auricle
o Left precaval passes around the left auricle to enter the right auricle
o Right precaval shorter; enters the right auricle directly
o Lies posterior to a large artery
Pectoral vein lateral
Subclavian vein slightly anterior and dorsal
Jugular vein anterior
o Internal mammary vein union of the 3 large veins
o Branchial vein emerges from the wing
o Vertebral vein from vertebral column
Postcaval vein large vein emerging from the liver and entering the right auricle
between 2 precaval veins
o Hepatic vein receives from the liver
o Iliac veins union of 2 veins, receives renal veins from the kidney
o Femoral vein between the first and second lobes of the kidney, emerging from the
leg
o Renal portal vein posterior to the entrance of the femoral vein, gives off branchs
into the kidney
 o Ischiadic vein from between the second and third lobes of the kidney, comes from
the thigh
o Inferior mesenteric vein located at the posterior end of the kidney where the 2
renal portal veins have an anastomosis with each other
o Caudal vein from the tail
o Internal iliac vein from the roof of the pelvic region
o Dorsal aorta between the 2 renal portal and iliac veins
4. Pulmonary veins emerge on each side from the lung and pass toward the left heart
immediately posterior to the precaval veins
5. Arterial system the great arteries spring directly from the ventricle
Arterial trunks situated between 2 auricles
o Aorta larger, medially located
o Pulmonary artery smaller, passing to the left and dorsal to the aorta
Anterior branches of the Aorta follow aorta away from the heart
o Branchiocephalic arteries immediate artery after aorta
o Forks into 2 branches
Common carotid artey anterior,
Subclavian artey lateral, which soon will give rise to branches
Internal mammary artery pass along the inner ribs
2 pectoral arteries to the pectoral muscle
Axillary artery to the wings
Branchial artery when it enters the wing
o Vertebral artery from the 2 common carotid artery, passes into the vertebraterial
canal of the vertebral column
o External carotid branches may be traced to the esophagus
o Internal carotid passes through the skull to the brain
Pulmonary arteries passes to the left side of the aorta and forks into right and left
pulmonary arteries
o Right pulmonary artery passing on the brachiocephalic, then enter the right lung
o Left pulmonary artery goes directly to the left lung
Aorta forms arch of the aorta
o Dorsal aorta lies between the lungs
o Coeliac artery rose from the aorta, gives rise to left gastric artery
o Hepatoduodenal branch beyond the spleen
o Anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery runs along the duodenal loop
o Posterior pancreaticoduodenal branch to the duodenal loop and pancreas
o Superior mesenteric arteries from the dorsal aorta, then branches to the small
intestine
o Renolumbar artery supplies the anterior lobe of the kidney
o Renofemoral artery large vessel arising from the dorsal aorta
o Lumbar arteries
o Inferior mesenteric artery runs anteriorly in the mesorecum and anastomoses
6. Structure of the heart
Interauricular septum separates the left and right auricle
 auriculoventricular opening where right auricle opens to the right ventricle

Urogenital system

1. Female urogenital system

Ovary and oviduct found on the left side of mature female bird
Ostium situated in the mesotubarium near the ovary
Kidney metanephroi, flattened, 3-lobed organ against dorsal wall
Ureters located dorsal to the renal portal veins
Cloaca expanded chamber receiving the rectum on its median ventral surface
Urodaeum open to the oviducts and ureters
Protodaeum small chamber with a raised rim which opens to the anus
2. Male urogenital system
Testes a pair of oval organs at the anterior ends of the kidneys