The eigenvalue and eigenvectors are of considerable theoretical interest and wide-ranging

application throughout the pure and applied mathematics. Eigen value and eigenvectors are used to
solve the systems of differential equations, continuous dynamical systems, calculating powers of
matrices (in order to define the exponential matrix) and analyzing the population growth models.
They provide critical information in engineering design and arise naturally in fields such as physics,
chemistry, statistics, biology, sociology and.

3. Characteristic Equation:
Let A be a square matrix of order n, such that