9/4/2017 Cell filtration, osmosis, tonicity Flashcards | Quizlet

Cell filtration, osmosis, tonicity 14 terms atlbraves

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flagella Whiplike tail of a sperm. Longer than cilium and has

an idential axoneme but between the axoneme and
plasma membrane it also has a complex sheath of
coarse fiberts that stiffen the tail and give it more
propulsive power.

Plasma membrane Both a barrier and gateway between the cytoplasma

and ECF.
It is selectively permeable - it allows some things
through such as nutrients and wastes but usually
prevents other things such as proteins and
phosphates frm entering or leaving the cell.

Methods of moving Passive mechanisms - include filtration, diffusion and

substances osmosis.
Active mechanisma - consume ATP (energy). These
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9/4/2017 Cell filtration, osmosis, tonicity Flashcards | Quizlet

include active transport and vesicular transport.

Carried mediated mechanisms - use a membrane
protein to transport substances from one side of the
membrane to the other.
Filtration A process in which a physical pressure forces fluid
through a selectively permeable membrane.
Physiology - most important case of filtration is seen
in the blood capillaries, where blood prssure forces
fluid through gaps in the capillary wall. This is how
water, salts, nutrients, and other solutes are
transferred from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid
and how the kidneys filter wastes from the blood.
Capillaries hold back larger particles such as blood
cells and proteins.
Filtration generally involves substances passing
through an epithelium between cells or by way of
large pores through the cells, rather than passing
through the plasma membrane.

Simple Diffusion Movement of particles from a place of high

concentration to a place of lower concentration as a
result of their constant, spontaneous motion.
The rate of diffusion is much slower than the rate of
moelcualr motion. Molecule can travel only a very
short distance before colliding with another with
another and careening off in a new direction.

Gradient When a concentration of a substance differs from

one point to another, we say it exhibits a
concentration gradient.
Down gradient - goes toward region of lower
concentration.
Up gradient - go up against the gradient.

diffusion rates Very important to cell survival - They determine how

quickly a cell can acquire nutrients or rid itself of
wastes. some factors that afffect the rate through a
membrane:
Temp - diffusion is driven by kinetic energy of the

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particles and temp is a measure of that kinetic energy.

Molecular weight - Heavy molecules such as protein
move more sluggishly and diffuse more slowly that
light particles. Steepness of concentration gradient -
The steepness of a gradient refers to concentration
difference between 2 points.
Membrane surface area - Apical surface of cells
specialized in absorption for ex; small intestine, often
extensively folded into microvilli. Make more
membrane available for particles to diffuse through.
Membrane permeability - Cells can adjust
permeability to such a substance by adding channel
proteins to the membrane by taking them away or by
opening and closing membrane gates.

Osmosis Net flow of water from one side of a sleelctively

permeable membrane to the other. Occurs through
nonlving menbranes; such as cellophane, dialysis
membranes, and through the plasma membranes of
cells. The usus direction of movement is down the
water concentration gradient.
Rate and direction of mosmossi depnd on the relative
concentration of these nonpermeating solutes on the
two sides of the membrane.
Aquaporins specialized for the passage of water, the
water diffuses more easily through the cannels of
transmembrane proteins.

Osmotic pressure Hydrostatic pressure to halt osmosis. When rate of

filtration would equal the rate of forward osmosis,
water would pass through the membrane equally in
both direcitons and net osmosis would slow down.

Reverse osmosis Process in which a mechanical pressure applied to

one side of the system can override osmotic pressure
and drive water through a membrane against its
concentration gradient. Used to create purified water.

Osmolality Number of osmoles of solute per kg of water.

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9/4/2017 Cell filtration, osmosis, tonicity Flashcards | Quizlet

Osmole 1 mole of dissolved particles. if solue does not ionize

in water than 1 mole of the solute yields 1 osmole of
dissovled particle. If solution does ionize it yeilds 2 or
more dissolved particles in solution.

Osmolarity Number of osmoles per liter of solution. Easier to

measur volume of solution rather than weight of
water. Physiologically concentrations measured in
milliosmoles.

Tonicity Ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and

pressure in a cell. if solute cannot pass through a
plasms membrane but remains more concentrated
on one side of the membrane than the other it causes
osmosis.

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