Name:_________________________________________

APTESTREVIEW-PERIOD2KEYCONCEPTS
OrganizationandReorganizationofHumanSocieties,c.600BCEto600CE

KeyConcept2.1.TheDevelopmentandCodificationofReligiousandCulturalTraditions

I.Codificationsandfurtherdevelopmentsofexistingreligioustraditionsprovidedabondamongthepeopleandanethical
codetoliveby.

JUDAISM HINDUISM

A.TheassociationofmonotheismwithJudaismfurther
developedwiththecodificationoftheHebrewScriptures,which
alsoreflectedtheinfluenceofMesopotamianculturalandlegal
traditions.TheAssyrian,Babylonian,andRomanempires
conqueredvariousJewishstatesatdifferentpointsintime.
TheseconquestscontributedtothegrowthofJewishdiasporic
communitiesaroundtheMediterraneanandMiddleEast.
B.ThecorebeliefsoutlinedintheSanskritscripturesformedthe
basisoftheVedicreligionslaterknownasHinduismwhich
contributedtothedevelopmentofthesocialandpoliticalroles
ofacastesystemandintheimportanceofmultiple
manifestationsofBrahmatopromoteteachingsabout
reincarnation.

II.Newbeliefsystemsandculturaltraditionsemergedandspread,oftenassertinguniversaltruths.

BUDDHISM CONFUCIANISM

A.Thecorebeliefsaboutdesire,suffering,andthesearchfor B.Confucianismscorebeliefsandwritingsoriginatedinthe
enlightenmentpreachedbythehistoricBuddhaandrecorded writingsandlessonsofConfuciusandwereelaboratedbykey
byhisfollowersintosutrasandotherscriptureswere,inpart,a discipleswhosoughttopromotesocialharmonybyoutlining
reactiontotheVedicbeliefsandritualsdominantinSouthAsia. properritualsandsocialrelationshipsforallpeopleinChina,
BuddhismchangedovertimeasitspreadthroughoutAsia includingtherulers.
firstthroughthesupportoftheMauryanEmperorAshoka,and
thenthroughtheeffortsofmissionariesandmerchants,andthe
establishmentofeducationalinstitutionstopromoteBuddhisms
coreteachings.

DAOISM CHRISTIANITY

C.InthemajorDaoistwritings,thecorebeliefofbalance
betweenhumansandnatureassumedthattheChinesepolitical
systemwouldbealteredindirectly.Daoismalsoinfluencedthe
developmentofChineseculture.
D.Christianity,basedoncorebeliefsabouttheteachingsand
divinityofJesusofNazarethasrecordedbyhisdisciples,drew
onJudaismandRomanandHellenisticinfluences.Despiteinitial
Romanimperialhostility,Christianityspreadthroughtheefforts
ofmissionariesandmerchantsthroughmanypartsof
Afro-Eurasia,andeventuallygainedRomanimperialsupportby
thetimeofEmperorConstantine.

InfluenceofDaoismontheDevelopmentofChineseCulture


E.ThecoreideasinGreco-Romanphilosophyandscienceemphasizedlogic,empiricalobservation,andthenatureofpoliticalpower
andhierarchy.Keythinkersincluded:

F.Artandarchitecturereflectedthevaluesofreligionsandbeliefsystems.

LabelthefollowingexamplesasHindu,Buddhist,Christian,orGreco-Romanartorarchitecture.

OLDKEYCONCEPTSTHATCONNECT:

A.Literatureanddramaacquireddistinctiveformsthatinfluencedartisticdevelopmentsinneighboringregionsandinlater
timeperiods.

 B.Distinctivearchitecturalstylesdevelopedinmanyregionsinthisperiod.

C.TheconvergenceofGreco-RomancultureandBuddhistbeliefsaffectedthedevelopmentofuniquesculptural
developments.

ThisisaBuddhistsculpture,influencedbyHellenisticculture,including
wine-drinking,musicalinstruments,andclothing.Thisblendofculturesis
called:




______________________________________________________________________

III.Beliefsystemsgenerallyreinforcesexistingsocialstructureswhilealsoofferingnewrolesandstatustosomemenand
women.Forexample,____________________________emphasizedfilialpiety,andsome____________________________and
____________________________practicedamonasticlife.

IV.Otherreligiousandculturaltraditions,including____________________________,____________________________,and
_______________________________________persisted.

OLDKEYCONCEPTSTHATCONNECT:

A.Shamanismandanimismcontinuedtoshapethelivesofpeoplewithinandoutsideofcorecivilizationsbecauseoftheir
dailyrelianceonthenaturalworld.

B.Ancestorvenerationpersistedinmanyregions:Africa,Mediterraneanregion,EastAsia,andtheAndeanareas.

 KeyConcept2.2.TheDevelopmentofStatesandEmpires

I.Thenumberandsizeofkeystatesandempiresgrewdramaticallybyimposingpoliticalunityonareaswherepreviously
therehadbeencompetingstates.Requiredexamplesofkeystatesandempires(Studentshouldknowthelocationandnames):

LOCATIONS KEYSTATESANDEMPIRES(600BCEto600CE)

PersianEmpire(3examples)

____________________________
SouthwestAsia
____________________________

____________________________

EastAsia

SouthAsia

MediterraneanRegion

Mesoamerica

AndeanSouthAmerica

NorthAmerica

II.Empiresandstatesdevelopednewtechniquesofimperialadministrationbased,inpart,onthesuccessofearlierpolitical
forms.

A.Inordertoorganizetheirsubjects,therulerscreatedadministrativeinstitutionsinmanyregions.Examplesofadministrative
institutions:
Centralizedgovernments
Elaboratelegalsystemsandbureaucracies

LOCATION EXAMPLE

CentralizationunderQinShiHuangdi,Hanscivilservice

exams,etc.

Satraps,etc.

TwelveTables,regionalgovernors,etc.

EdictsofAshokainMauryanEmpire,etc.

B.Imperialgovernmentspromotedtradeandprojectedmilitarypoweroverlargerareasusingavarietyoftechniques,including:

TechniquesProjectingMilitaryPower Example(s)

Issuingcurrency

Diplomacy
 Developingsupplylines

Buildingfortifications,defensivewalls,androads

Raisingarmies

III.UniquesocialandeconomicdimensionsdevelopedinimperialsocietiesinAfro-EurasiaandtheAmericas.

A.Imperialcitiesservedascentersoftrade,publicperformanceofreligiousrituals,andpoliticaladministrationforstatesandempires.

EXAMPLESOFIMPERIALCITIES

B.Thesocialstructuresofempiresdisplayedhierarchiesthatincludedcultivators,laborers,slaves,artisans,merchants,elites,or
castegroups.

C.Imperialsocietiesreliedonarangeofmethodstomaintaintheproductionoffoodandproviderewardsfortheloyaltyoftheelites.

METHODSOFENSURINGPRODUCTION
ANDSOCIALHIERARCHY

D.Patriarchycontinuedtoshapegenderandfamilyrelationsinallimperialsocietiesofthisperiod.

IV.TheRoman,Han,Persian,Mauryan,andGuptaempirescreatedpolitical,cultural,andadministrativedifficultiesthatthey
couldnotmanage,whicheventuallyledtotheirdecline,collapse,andtransformationintosuccessorempiresorstates.

A.Throughexcessivemobilizationofresources,imperialgovernmentsgeneratedsocialtensionsandcreatedeconomicdifficultiesby
concentratingtoomuchwealthinthehandsofelites.

B.Securityissuesalongtheirfrontiers,includingthethreatofinvasions,challengedimperialauthority.

Empire FrontierDanger

HanChina

GuptaIndia

Romans

KeyConcept2.3.EmergenceofTransregionalNetworksofCommunicationandExchange

I.Landandwaterroutesbecamethebasisfortransregionaltrade,communication,andexchangenetworksintheEastern
Hemisphere.

A.Manyfactors,includingtheclimateandlocationoftheroutes,thetypicaltradegoods,andtheethnicityofpeopleinvolved,shaped
thedistinctivefeaturesofavarietyoftraderoutes.Labelthesetraderoutesandgoodsthatweretradedontheroutes:

Source:Freeman-pedia

II.Newtechnologiesfacilitatedlong-distancecommunicationandexchange.

A.Newtechnologiespermittedtheuseofdomesticatedpackanimalstotransportgoodsacrosslongerroutes.

NewTechnology

DomesticatedPackAnimals

B.Innovationsinmaritimetechnologies,aswellasadvancedknowledgeofthemonsoonwinds,stimulatedexchangesalongmaritime
routesfromEastAfricatoEastAsia.


InnovationsinMaritimeTechnology

III.Alongsidethetradeingoods,theexchangeofpeople,technology,religiousandculturalbeliefs,foodcrops,domesticated
animals,anddiseasepathogensdevelopedacrossfar-flungnetworksofcommunicationandexchange.

A.Thespreadofcrops,including________________and_________________________fromSouthAsiatotheMiddleEast,encouraged
changesinfarmingandirrigationtechniques.

Drawexamplesofthefollowingchangesinfarmingandirrigationtechniques.

TheQanatSystem WaterWheels(noria,sakia) Improvedwellsandpumps(shaduf)

B.Thespreadofdiseasepathogensdiminishedurbanpopulationsandcontributedtothedeclineofsomeempires.Givetwo
examples:

___________________________________inRome(PlaguesofGalenandCyprian)andChina

___________________________________inConstantinople(PlagueofJustinian)

C.Religiousandculturaltraditionsweretransformedastheyspread.Examplesoftransformedreligiousandculturaltraditions:

Religion HowItTransformedasitSpread

Christianity

Hinduism

Buddhism