2C10

Design for fire and robustness

Zdenk Sokol
Frantiek Wald
List of lessons

1) Introduction to fire safety

2) Fire load
3) Advanced fire models
4) Structural analysis at fire, steel structures at fire
5) Fire resistance of steel structures
6) Fire resistance of composite structures
7) Fire resistance of timber and aluminium
structures
8) Fire resistance of concrete structures
9) Fire resistance of timber and aluminium
structures
10) Loading at explosion
11) Structural analysis at explosion
12) Robustness
13) Fire tests
2
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Objectives of the lecture
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The state of art in the fire design

Lecture from
major disasters
Recent major fire disasters
Selection
of strategy
Choice of appropriate procedure
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Eurocodes for fire design

Educational
materials Educational materials on internet
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

3
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Fire safety in buildings
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Prescriptive based approach

Lecture from
major disasters States how a building is to be constructed
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes
Performance based approach
Assessment 2

Educational States how a building is to perform

materials under stated criteria
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

4
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Set of rules
approach

Performace
for prescriptive approach
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
For example :
major disasters

Selection
of strategy
Minimum fire resistance for members
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Maximum fire compartment size

Educational
materials

Case studies
Maximum travel distances
Minimum number of exists
Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes
Etc.

5
 Objectives
Example
Prescriptive
approach
of prescriptive approach
Performace
approach
Height of Building (m)
Assessment 1 Fire resistance periods
<5 <18 <30 >30
Lecture from
major disasters Residential (Non
Selection 30 60 90 120
of strategy
Domestic)

Eurocodes
Offices 30 60 90
Assessment 2

Educational Shops, Commercial,

60 60 90

120 + Sprinklers
materials
Assembly
Case studies

Assessment 3 Industrial & Storage 60 90 120

60 min fire resistance means
Conclusions
that theCar
elements in the building will
Parks - Closed 30 survive
60 90
Notes
60 min in a standard fire test

Car Parks - Open 15 15 15 15

6
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Standard fire resistance
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Heating according to

Lecture from nominal standard fire curve
major disasters
Gas temperature, g, C
Selection
of strategy
1000 945 979 1006
Eurocodes 902
842
Assessment 2
800 739
Educational
materials

Case studies 600

Assessment 3
400 g 20 345 log10 (8 t 1)

Conclusions

Notes
200

0
0 15 30 45 60 75 Time, t , min
7
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Standard fire resistance
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Used for
Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
Load bearing capacity R
of strategy

Eurocodes
Insulation I
Assessment 2
Integrity E
Educational
materials
Marked as
Case studies

Assessment 3 R15; RE30; REI90

Conclusions

Notes

8
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
History of the standard fire test
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Over 100 years of testing
Lecture from 1890s early attempts
major disasters
at establishing structural fire behaviour
Selection
of strategy at the behest
Eurocodes of insurance companies
Assessment 2

Educational
materials 1917 First US Standard produced
Case studies
1932 First Edition of BS476 (UK)
Assessment 3

Conclusions
1933 E119 (US) produced
Notes

1985 ISO 834

2003 EN 1991-1-2
Fire test of intumescent coating
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Fire protection
Performace
approach
Unprotected steel for limited fire resistance, eg. R15
Assessment 1

Lecture from Fire protection:

major disasters
Concrete/brick encasing
Selection
of strategy Board protection
Eurocodes
Intumescent coating
Assessment 2

Educational
Sprayed protection
materials
Composite members
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

10
 Classified fire protection
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Thickness of protection
Lecture from
major disasters depends on
Selection
of strategy Fire resistance class
Eurocodes
Section factor
Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

11
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Section factor
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 the surface area of the member per unit length [m/m]
Lecture from Am/V = ----------------------------------------------------------------------- [m-1]
major disasters

Selection
the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Fire exposure 3-sided All-round

Educational
Contour Box Contour Box
materials Type
Case studies of
Assessment 3
protection
Conclusions

h
b
Notes
Section Steel perimeter - b 2 Steel perimeter 2h 2b
factor A A A A
Am / V =

12
 Objectives

Simple prescriptive rules

Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach
deemed to satisfy
Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

13
 Objectives Generic and proprietary fire
protection materials
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Thickness specified:

Lecture from the steel does not exceed
major disasters
for a given fire resistance period
Selection
of strategy 550C / 620C (element exposed from three sides only)
Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

14
 Composite sections
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach
Filled sections till fire resistance 60-90 min
Assessment 1
Additional reinforcement 120 min
Lecture from
major disasters
Slab
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Beams
Educational Patially encasses
materials
Slim floor
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions Columns
Notes Partially encassed
Concrete filled
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Advantages
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Limited design effort

Lecture from
major disasters
Experience has shown that approach works
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes
Approach is easily understood by all parties
Assessment 2

Educational
Based on nominal standard fire tests
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

16
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Disadvantages
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Actual structural behaviour ignored

Lecture from
major disasters
Effect of real fires ignored
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes
Levels-of-safety and robustness unknown
Assessment 2

Educational
Optimum solution in terms of
life safety unknown
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3 economical impact unknown

environmental damage unknown
Conclusions

Notes

17
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Fire safety in buildings
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Prescriptive based approach

Lecture from
major disasters States how a building is to be constructed
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes
Performance based approach
Assessment 2

Educational States how a building is to perform

materials under stated criteria
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

18
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Fire behaviour
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Nominal fire curves

Lecture from
major disasters
Fire behaviour Parametric curves
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes Zone models

Assessment 2

Educational CFD
materials Computational Fluid Dynamics
Case studies Thermal response
Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

Structural response
19
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Thermal response
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters
Test data
Selection
of strategy
Fire behaviour (based on Standard fire curve)
Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational Simple heat

materials
Thermal response transfer models
Case studies (step by step procedure)
Assessment 3

Conclusions
Advanced heat
Notes
transfer models
Structural response (Finite Elemet Methods)

20
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Structural response
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
Fire behaviour
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2
Thermal response
Educational
materials

Case studies Analyses

Assessment 3 at ambient
Conclusions
temperatute
Notes Structural response
Analyses
at elevated
temperature
21
 Fire modelling
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Standard
Lecture from
major disasters
Temperature fire curve
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Natural
Educational FLASHOVER fire curve
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes
Ignition - Smouldering Heating Cooling Time

Three phase of natural fire

22
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Ventilation and fire load
approach

Performace
approach
Gas temperature, C
Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters
1000 Fast fire, high ventilation
Selection Nominal standard fire curve
of strategy 800 Slow fire, low ventilation
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 600
Educational
materials
400
Case studies

Assessment 3 200
Conclusions

Notes 0
0 15 30 45 60 75 Time, mins

Standard fire curve is inaccurate

23
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Fire modelling
Performace
approach
Compartment fire
Assessment 1

Lecture from
Nominal standard fire curve
major disasters
Parametric fire curve
Selection
of strategy Reached accuracy in case of the Cardington fire test
(a widen MS PowerPoint presentation)
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Zone models

Educational Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD
materials

Case studies Localized fire

Assessment 3 Nominal standard fire curve, very conservative
Conclusions
Parametric fires
Notes
Reached accuracy in case of the Ostrava fire test
(a widen MS PowerPoint presentation)
Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD

24
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Real structures
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes
Today buildings are complex
Large spans
Mixed building technology
New materials
25
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Overall behaviour
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Shear capacity of
Lecture from connection maintained by
major disasters unfractured side of plate

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes Tensile force induced

during cooling
Assessment 2

Educational
materials
Typical fracture in end-plate
Case studies occurring during cooling

Assessment 3

Conclusions Cooling phase of fire

Notes Connection behaviour
Mostly collapse of structures

26
 Advantages
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Actual behaviour and robustness

Lecture from of the building
major disasters

Selection Optimum design taking into account

of strategy

Eurocodes
Life safety
Assessment 2
Financial impact
Educational Environmental issues
materials

Case studies Part of an assessment of multiple risks

Assessment 3 Earthquake followed by a fire
Conclusions
Explosion followed by a fire
Notes

27
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Disadvantages
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
More design effort
major disasters

Selection Requires multi-discipline skills

of strategy

Eurocodes
Design can be complicated
Assessment 2

Educational
materials
Change of building use
Case studies may make the fire design invalid
Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

28
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Design methodology
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
Simple models
major disasters

Selection Based on test of elements

of strategy

Eurocodes
Advanced structural fire engineering
Assessment 2

Educational Guidance
materials

Case studies Modelling

Assessment 3 Validation
Conclusions
Verification
Notes
Review
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Formative assessment question 1
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 What are the advantages of prescriptive based

Lecture from
major disasters
approach for fire safety
Selection of buildings?
of strategy

Eurocodes How is defined section factor?

Assessment 2

Educational
What are the advantages of fire engineering?
materials

Case studies
Explain major steps of fire engineering?
Assessment 3
How are divided the models of fire?
Conclusions

Notes

30
 Objectives
Lecture from
major disasters
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Great Fire of London 2-5 September 1666
Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

31
 Objectives
Lecture from
major disasters
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Great Fire of London, 2-5 September 1666
Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

32
 Objectives
Lecture from
major disasters
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Great National Theatre Fire
Lecture from
major disasters
Prague 12 Sept. 1881
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

33
 Objectives
Lecture from
major disasters
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Great Chicago Fire, 8-10 October 1871

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

34
 Objectives
Lecture from
major disasters
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Great Chicago Fire, 8-10 October 1871
Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

35
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
World Trade Center 11.09.2001
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

36
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Other WTC buildings
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
50 buildings were hit by twins
Lecture from
major disasters
17 buildings were demaged
Selection
of strategy
Source of knowledge
Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

37
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Progresive collapse
approach WTC building 7 only
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

38
 Objectives

Prescriptive
WTC7 modelling
approach finished 2008 by NIST
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

39
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC7 plan
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

40
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC7 view
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

41
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC7 bracing in first floor
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

42
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC7 truss bracing
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

43
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC 7
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Initiation
Lecture from
major disasters of
Selection
of strategy crack
Eurocodes by
Assessment 2
part of
Educational
materials WTC1s
Case studies
top
Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

44
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WC7 - large fire
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

45
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WC7
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Fire
Lecture from
major disasters
feed
Selection
of the
of strategy

Eurocodes
fuel oil
Assessment 2
for the
Educational
materials
back up sets
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

46
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WC7
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Initial
Lecture from
major disasters cracking
Selection
of strategy
of
Eurocodes building
Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

47
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC 7
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Position of crack

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

48
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC7 progresive colapse at 17:25
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

49
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
WTC7 progresive colapse at 17:25
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

50
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Windsor Tower Madrid
approach large fire 13.02.2005
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

51
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Windsor Tower Madrid
approach collapse of concrete floors
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

52
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Windsor Tower Madrid
approach buckling of steel external columns
Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

53
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Lecture from last disasters
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 New materials and new structural solutions

Lecture from needs performance based design
major disasters

Selection Robustness and behaviour of the building

of strategy

Eurocodes In fire design should be integrated

Assessment 2
Life safety
Educational
materials Financial impact
Case studies
Environmental issues
Assessment 3

Conclusions Multiple risks

Notes
Earthquake followed by a fire
Explosion followed by a fire

54
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Principles of fire safety
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The primary fire safety requirements of national regulations

Lecture from are to:
major disasters

Selection Permit safe evacuation of the occupants

of strategy
Control fire development
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Prevent fire spread

Educational E.g.there may be specific boundary conditions when a building is
materials close to its boundary.
Case studies
Permit effective fire fighting
Assessment 3

Conclusions Prevent building collapse

Notes

From AccessSteel Fire safety strategy

for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Requirements for fire safety
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Regulations specify the following requirements for design of the

Lecture from multistorey building:
major disasters

Selection Minimum fire resistance

of strategy
generally in 15 min increments
Eurocodes

Assessment 2
the fire resistance period is the nominal time a building will
withstand a nominal standard fire without
Educational
materials collapse,
Case studies the breach of the compartment perimeter, or
Assessment 3
excessive deformation
Conclusions
Maximum compartment areas
Notes

Maximum travel distance for means of escape

From AccessSteel Fire safety strategy

for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
 Objectives
Active and pasive
fire measurements
Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1
In office buildings, fire engineering may be used effectively in
the following design cases, where:
Lecture from
major disasters
Sprinklers or other active systems reduce the risk and
Selection
of strategy
severity of a fire
Eurocodes Detection and alarm systems achieve more rapid evacuation
Assessment 2
An atrium or other large internal enclosure influences
Educational
materials effective compartmentation in fire
Case studies A reduction in fire resistance can be argued based on fire
Assessment 3 load and ventilation conditions
Conclusions
Means of escape and smoke control in protected escape
Notes
routes is good

From AccessSteel Fire safety strategy

for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Forms of passive fire protection
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 There are five forms of passive fire protection:

Lecture from
major disasters
Spray protection applied around the profile
Selection Board protection applied as a box
of strategy

Eurocodes
Intumescent coating applied around the profile
Assessment 2 Concrete encasing forms a rectangular encasement around the
Educational
member
materials
Composite member for example in-filling of tubular columns
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

From AccessSteel Fire safety strategy

for multi-storey buildings for commercial and residential use
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
EU legislation
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Construction Products Directive,

Lecture from
major disasters
Council Directive 89/106/EEC, from 21.12. 1988,
see ANNEX I: Essential requirements
Selection
of strategy
The Regulations relating to fire cover:
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Load-bearing capacity

Educational
materials
Spread of fire and smoke
Case studies Spread of the fire to neighbouring construction
Assessment 3 Occupants can leave
Conclusions
Safety of rescue teams
Notes

Covers life safety only

59
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Direct fire loss
approach example in % of GDP
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Slovenia 0,07

Lecture from Poland 0,07
major disasters Czech Republic 0,10
Selection Japan 0,10
of strategy USA 0,10
Eurocodes United Kingdom 0,13
Assessment 2 Finland 0,15
Germany 0,16
Educational
materials Sweden 0,17
Case studies
Canada 0,17
Italy 0,18
Assessment 3
France 0,19
Conclusions Denmark 0,20
Notes Norway 0,25
Average of 2002 2004
Source: www.data360.org

60
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Number of deaths in fires
approach example, per 100,000 inhabitants
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Switzerland 0,51

Lecture from Spain 0,61
major disasters New Zealand 0,96
Selection United Kingdom 0,97
of strategy Canada 1,15
Eurocodes Norway 1,27
Assessment 2 Czech Republic 1,29
Austria 1,31
Educational
materials Sweden 1,32
Case studies
USA 1,39
Denmark 1,55
Assessment 3
Japan 1,79
Conclusions Finland 2,08
Notes Hungary 2,10
Average of 2002 2004
Source: www.data360.org

61
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Eurocodes for fire design
Performace
approach
EN 1991-1-2:2002 Actions on structures exposed to fire
Assessment 1

Lecture from
Concept of fire design
major disasters
Fire behaviour
Selection
of strategy Mechanical loading during fire
Eurocodes EN 199x-1-2:2005 Structural fire design
Assessment 2
Thermal response
Educational
materials Material behaviour
Case studies Structural response
Assessment 3
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
Conclusions
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
Notes
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures

62
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Verification methods
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Example
Lecture from
Eurocode 4: Composite steel and concrete structures
beff
major disasters hc

Level 1
Ac
Selection As h beff
f c,20C / M,fi,c
of strategy Af = bef u

Tabulated data
ew ef Feuerwider-
us standsklasse hc,h
hc
Eurocodes b
R90 hc,fi
3 fr den Ausnutzungsfaktor fi,t = 0,7 bfi bfi ef
min b [mm] und min (As/ Af)
Assessment 2 3.1 h 0,9 min b 300/0,6 hh bc
ew f ay,20C / M,fi,a
3.2 h 1,5 min b 270/0,4
3.3 h 2,0 min b 210/0,4 us1 f ay,x / M,fi,a h
Educational 3.4 h 3,0 min b 190/0,4

Level 2
x
hl kr f ry,20C / M,fi,s
materials u1 1
ka f ay,20C / M,fi,a

Case studies
Simplified calculation methods b

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes Level 3
General calculation methods
From: Prof. Peter Schaumann
Institute for Steel Construction
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Scope of application Eurocodes
Performace
approach
Example
Assessment 1
Eurocode 4: Composite steel and concrete structures
Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
Tabulated data
of strategy
Composite slabs Composite beams Composite columns
Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

64
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Accuracy of temperature modelling
Performace
approach
For example
Assessment 1 Eurocode 4: Composite steel and concrete structures
Lecture from
major disasters
Calculation - Nominal standard fire curve exposure
Selection
of strategy
Gas temperature , C
Eurocodes
1200
Assessment 2
1000
Educational
materials
800
Case studies
600 Time of failure
Assessment 3 72 min
400
Conclusions

Notes 200

0
0 30 60 90 Time, min

From: Prof. Peter Schaumann

Institute for Steel Construction
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Accuracy of temperature modelling
Performace
approach
Example
Assessment 1 Eurocode 4: Composite steel and concrete structures
Lecture from
major disasters
Calculation Parametric fire curve exposure
Selection
of strategy Gas temperature , C
Eurocodes
1400
Assessment 2 No failure
Educational
1200
materials 1000
Case studies 800
Assessment 3 600
Conclusions 400
Notes
200
0 Time, min
0 30 60 90

From: Prof. Peter Schaumann

Institute for Steel Construction
66
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Formative assessment question 2
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 What passive fire protection is used for steel

Lecture from
major disasters
members?
Selection
of strategy Please list the major topics related to fire in EU
Eurocodes Construction products directive.
Assessment 2

Educational
Which parts of Eurocodes are focussed for fire
materials design?
Case studies

Assessment 3
Where is described the fire loading?
Conclusions
Please specify the levels of verification method
Notes
in Eurocodes.

67
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Educational materials
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Text books

Lecture from Designers' Guide to EN 1991-1-2, EN 1993-1-2 and
major disasters
EN 1994-1-2: Handbook for the Fire Design of Steel,
Selection
of strategy Composite and Concrete Structures to the Eurocodes ,
Eurocodes
D. Moore, T. Lennon, C. Bailey, Y. Wang, Thomas Telford, 2007,
ISBN 0727731572.
Assessment 2

Educational Structural Design for Fire Safety,

materials
A.H.Buchanan, Wiley, 2001, ISBN 0471889938.
Case studies

Assessment 3
Others at www.steelconstruct.com
Conclusions
Internet
Notes
AccessSteel
Difisek+

68
 Tools on internet
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
URL: www.access-steel.com
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 AccessSteel a hypertext engine for structutral steel

Lecture from
major disasters Support EC3, EC4
Selection
of strategy
Case studies
Eurocodes
Design procedures
Assessment 2
Flow charts
Educational
NCCIs
materials Worked examples
Case studies Tables
Assessment 3

Conclusions
Tables and simplifed
Notes fire design
30 % of lectures
 Objectives

Prescriptive
Tools on internet
approach URL: www.difisek.eu
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
DIFISEK+ lectures and text
Lecture from
major disasters Thermal & Mechanical Actions
Selection Thermal Response
of strategy

Eurocodes Mechanical Response of Structures in Fire

Assessment 2 Software for Fire Design
Educational
materials Worked Examples
Case studies Illustration of Completed Projects
Assessment 3
Simplified and advanced design
Conclusions

Notes

70
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
DIFISEK+
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Example - Basic design procedure

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes

Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

71
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Case studies
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The case studies for fire design may be found

Lecture from
major disasters
on web
Selection
of strategy

Eurocodes
Difisek+
Assessment 2

Educational URL: www.difisek.eu

materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions
AccessSteel
Notes
URL: www.access-steel.com

72
 Objectives Case study
Prescriptive
approach
from AccessSteel - Fire Engineering of "Las Caas"
Shopping Centre, Viana, Spain
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 A major shopping centre, providing 65 000 m2 floor area

Lecture from for a variety of uses:
major disasters
80 shops (including a supermarket),
Selection
of strategy 12 cinemas,
Eurocodes
1 discotheque,
Assessment 2
1 bowling centre with 12 lanes,
Educational
materials
1 hotel with 75 rooms and
Case studies
3 130 car places, 1 300 in an underground car park
Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

73
 Case study
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach the shopping centre layout
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The yellow area corresponds to the main corridor, built with
Lecture from IPE columns and trusses (HEB profiles with welded joints)
major disasters which support the beams and purlins of the roof structure.
Selection
of strategy
The blue area is a supermarket, attached to the corridor on one
side. Its roof is supported by timber beams resting on steel
Eurocodes
columns.
Assessment 2
The red area corresponds to the retail area, whose roof is
Educational
materials supported by continuous beams (IPE) on steel columns.
Case studies The grey area corresponds to cinemas, also built with steel
Assessment 3 columns.
Conclusions

Notes

74
 Case study
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Smoke control
Performace
approach
Smoke control is a major concern in this kind of buildings, for the
Assessment 1 following reasons:
Lecture from
major disasters A high number of people.
Selection Occupants do not know the building.
of strategy

Eurocodes The egress routes can be affected by smoke coming from a fire.
Assessment 2 A smoke control system was verified by simulations, using
Educational analytical methods.
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes
Hot gases in the main
corridor due to a fire in
a shop.
Temperature contours in K

75
 Case study
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Fire scenarios
Performace
approach
Several fire scenarios were studied to cover different three main
Assessment 1 fire safety goals:
Lecture from
major disasters Structural stability of the shops adjacent to the main corridor.
Selection Structural stability of the supporting elements of the corridor.
of strategy

Eurocodes Verification of the smoke control system formed by smoke

vents and draft curtains.
Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes
Hot gases in the main
corridor due to a fire in
a shop.
Temperature contours in K

76
 Case study
Objectives

Prescriptive
approach final conclusions
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The stability of the steel structure of the corridor was maintained
Lecture from without passive protection.
major disasters
The beams inside the shops adjacent to the corridor could also
Selection
of strategy
remain unprotected.
Eurocodes Some columns embedded in masonry walls were recommended not
Assessment 2 to be protected.
Educational It was recommended to increase the size and number of smoke
materials
curtains in the main corridor to improve the smoke control and users'
Case studies safety.
Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

For more see at www.access-steel.com

Fire Engineering of "Las Caas" Shopping
Centre, Viana, Spain

77
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Assessment
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 What are the advantages of performance based

Lecture from
major disasters
approach for fire safety of buildings?
Selection
of strategy In which part of Eurocode is described te
Eurocodes thermal response?
Assessment 2

Educational
Which level of verification is covered in internet
materials tool AcessSteel?
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

78
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Conclusions
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
The prescriptive based approach brought a
Lecture from
major disasters high safety
Selection for todays buildings
of strategy

Eurocodes The performance based approach offers

Assessment 2 a higher level of
Educational
materials
safety,
Case studies
economy, and
Assessment 3 protection of fireman
Conclusions

Notes

79
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Conclusion
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Prescriptive approach Performace approach

Lecture from
major disasters
Design of building Design of building
Selection
of strategy National fire regulations National fire regulations
Eurocodes
Fire safety requirements Fire safety requirements
Calcul. of gas temp.
Assessment 2

Educational Fire test of elements Advanced models Parametric curves Nominal curves
materials
Calcul. of structure temp.
Case studies
Fire safety Finite element Step by step procedure Fire tests
Assessment 3
based on elements
Struct. analyses at elevated temp.
Conclusions
Whole structure Part of the structure Structural element
Notes

Fire safety of structure

80
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Conclusions
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Conceptual choice of appropriate fire solution

Lecture from
major disasters
may bring a high economical subsequence
Selection
of strategy
On internet are avaliable educational materials
Eurocodes
in fire design
Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

81
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach Conclusions
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The structural design codes, Eurocodes, have

Lecture from
major disasters
a parts related to fire design EN199x-1-2
Selection
of strategy These codes describe design by tables,
Eurocodes analytical models and advanced model
Assessment 2

Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

82
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Conclusions
Performace
approach

Assessment 1
Fire design Eurocodes
Lecture from Fire load
major disasters

Selection
Fire behaviour
of strategy
Modelling of the gas temparature
EN 1991-1-2
Eurocodes in the fire compartment
Assessment 2

Educational
materials Thermal response
Case studies Transfer of heat
and development in structure EN 1991-1-x
Assessment 3

Conclusions EN 199x-1-2
Notes Mechanical load
Structural response
Design of structure at elevated temparature

83
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach

Performace
approach

Assessment 1

Lecture from
major disasters

Selection
of strategy Thank you
Eurocodes

Assessment 2
for your kind attention
Educational
materials

Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes

84
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Notes to users of the lecture
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 This session is a basic information about the fire design and
requires about 60 min lecturing.
Lecture from
major disasters

Selection Further readings on the relevant documents from website of

of strategy www.access-steel.com and www.difisek.eu.
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 The use of relevant standards of national standard institutions

are strongly recommended.
Educational
materials Formative questions should be well answered before the
Case studies
summative questions completed within the tutorial session.
Assessment 3 Keywords for the lecture:
Conclusions fire design, prescriptive approach, performance approach, fire
protection, Eurocodes.
Notes

85
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Notes to users of the lecture
Performace
approach
Text documents of advanced fire design of the completed
Assessment 1
buildingsin Difisek+ case studies at URL: www.difisek.eu are
Lecture from
major disasters
offering:
Selection
Indoor Football Arena, Rauma, Finland
of strategy State Street Bank, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Eurocodes Administrative Building of ProfilARBED, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
Assessment 2 Kln-Arena, Cologne, Germany
Educational Bilbao Exhibition Centre, Bilbao, Spain
materials
City Gate Dsseldorf, Dsseldorf, Germany
Case studies
Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris, France
Assessment 3
Shopping Centre Cactus, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
Assessment 3
Shopping Centre Las Caas, Viana, Spain
Conclusions
Airbus Hall, Toulouse, France
Notes Rembrandt Tower, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Airport Hangar M2, Monov, Czech Republic
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Notes to users of the lecture
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Text documents of fire design of the completed buildings in

Lecture from AccessSteel case
major disasters
at URL: www.access-steel.com are offering:
Selection
of strategy Kln Arena, Germany
Eurocodes
Rembrandt Tower, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Assessment 2
Fire Engineering of "Las Caas" Shopping Centre, Viana, Spain
Educational
materials Airbus halls, Toulouse, France
Case studies
Indoor Football Arena, Finland
Assessment 3
Office building AOB, Luxembourg
Conclusions

Notes Terminal 2F, Charles de Gaulle airport, Paris

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 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Notes to users of the lecture
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 Selection of fire engineering strategy may be find

Lecture from at AcceSteel
major disasters

Selection Client guide on the key issues for structural fire resistance
of strategy
Scheme development
Eurocodes

Assessment 2 Fire safety strategy for multi-storey buildings for commercial

Educational
and residential use
materials
Selection of appropriate fire engineering strategy for multi-
Case studies storey commercial and apartment buildings
Assessment 3
Checklist for fire design of multi-storey office buildings
Conclusions
Checklist for fire design of multi-storey apartments
Notes
Fundamentals of structural fire design
Ensuring fire safety
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Notes to users of the lecture
Performace
approach

Assessment 1 The description of features of different pasive fire

Lecture from
major disasters
protection in AccessSteel materials:
Selection Board fire protection
of strategy
Intumescent coatings
Eurocodes
Sprayed fire protection
Assessment 2
Shielded members in fire
Educational
materials Slim floor systems
Case studies

Assessment 3

Conclusions

Notes
 Objectives

Prescriptive
approach
Notes for lecturers
Performace
approach
Subject: Bases of fire design
Assessment 1

Lecture from
Lecture duration: 60 min
major disasters
Keywords: fire design, prescriptive approach, performance
Selection approach, fire protection, Eurocodes
of strategy
Aspects to be discussed: advantages and disadvantages of
Eurocodes
prescriptive and performance approach
Assessment 2
Within the lecturing, the introduction of Eurocode fire design is
Educational explained
materials

Case studies Further reading: relevant documents from website of

www.access-steel.com and www.difisek.eu
Assessment 3

Conclusions The reached accuracy in prediction of compartment fire is

shown on the prediction of the seveth large scale
Notes
Cardington fire test
The reached accuracy in prediction of localized fire is shown
on the prediction of Ostrava fire test.
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