ELECTRICAL-REFERENCES

--&+-
.'-
!

REVISED 1990 EDITION

BY
GEORGE V. HART
A note from the author . . .
UGLY'S ELECTRICAL REFERENCES is designed to
be used as a quick on-the-job reference in the electrical
industry. We have tried to include the most commonly
required information in an easy-to-read format.
Ugly's Electrical Reference is not intended to be a
- -

substitute for the National Electrical Code@.

We salute the National Fire Protection Association for I

their dedication to protecting lives and property from fire

and electrical hazards through sponsorship of the National
Electrical Code.
I

NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' AND NEC? ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF THE NATIONAL FIRE
PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, INC., OUNCY. M A

While the a u t h o r a n d publisher of UGLY'S I

E L E C T R I C A L R E F E R E N C E S have m a d e efforts
t o insure that all information in this book is clear
a n d accurate, neither a u t h o r nor publisher shall
be held responsible for any inadvertent errors in =
content; n o r shall they be responsible for the
interpretation o r application of material in this
book. I

ISBN 0-9623229-1-1 ,
- UGLY'S
ELECTRICAL REFERENCES

COPYRIGHT, 1978 BY GEORGE V. HART (AUTHOR)

REVISED 1990
PRINTED IN U.S.A.

THIS BOOK MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT

WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS

GEORGE V. HART
AND

SAMMIE HART

united printing arts 3509 Oak Forest Drive .

Houston, Texas 77018. (713) 6884115
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
-
-
OHM'S LAW 1-2
SERIES CIRCUITS 3 -4
PARALLEL CIRCUITS 5-7
COMBINATION CIRCUITS 8 - 12
ELECTRICAL FORMULAS 13
TO FIND: AMPERES (I) 14 - 19
HORSEPOWER (HP) 20 - 21
WATTS (P) 22
KILO-WATTS (KW) 23 - 24
KILO-VOLT-AMPERES (KVA) 25
CAPACITANCE (C), AND CAPACITORS
INDUCTION (L)
IMPEDANCE (Z)
REACTANCE (INDUCTIVE-XL, AND
CAPACITIVE-XC)
RESISTOR COLOR CODE
U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
METRIC SYSTEM
CONVERSION TABLES
METALS AND SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (K)
CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETER
SCALES
USEFUL MATH, FORMULAS
THE CIRCLE
FRACTIONS
EQUATIONS
SQUARE ROOT
TRIGONOMETRY
CONDUIT BENDING
TAP, DRILL BIT, AND HOLE SAW TABLES
MOTORS: RUNNING OVERLOAD UNITS
BRANCH CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
DIRECT CURRENT
SINGLE-PHASE (A.C.)
TWO-PHASE (A.C.)
THREE-PHASE A.C. MOTORS
TRANSFORMERS: CALCULATIONS
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS
SINGLE-PHASE CONNECTIONS
BUCK AND BOOST CONNECTIONS
FULL LOAD CURRENTS
THREE-PHASE CONNECTIONS
TWO-PHASE CONNECTIONS
TWO-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE
CONNECTIONS
- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

MISCELLANEOUS WIRING DIAGRAMS

= PROPERTIES OF CONDUCTORS
ALLOWABLE AMPACITIES OF CONDUCTORS
INSULATION CHARTS
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS I N
- - --
CONDLJIT
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FIXTURE WIRES IN
CONDUIT
TABLES. METAL BOXES
COVER REQUIREMENTS TO 600 VOLTS

- VOLUME REQUIRED PER CONDUCTOR

CLEAR WORKING SPACE IN FRONT OF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF LIVE PARTS
GROUNDING
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
HAND SIGNALS FOR CRANES AND CHERRY
PICKERS
USEFUL KNOTS
AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID
 OHM'S LAW

T H E R A T E OF T H E FLOW OF T H E CURRENT I S E Q U A L T O E L E C T R O M O T I V E
FORCE D I V I D E D B Y R E S I S T A N C E .

E L E C T R O M O T I V E FORCE = V O L T S = " E M VOLTS

CURRENT = AMPERES = :I"
R E S I S T A N C E = OHMS = R"
AMPERES = -
OHMS

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL C I R C U I T

A SERIES CIRCUIT I S A CIRCUIT A PARALLEL CIRCUIT I S A

T H A T H A S ONLY ONE P A T H THROUGH C I R C U I T T H A T H A S MORE T H A N
W H I C H T H E E L E C T R O N S MAY FLOW. ONE P A T H THROUGH W H I C H T H E
NOTE: " T " S T A N D S FOR T O T A L . E L E C T R O N S MAY F L O W .
I
ET = E l + E2 + E3 ET = E l = E2 = E3

NOTE: FOR A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T H A V I N G ONLY TWO R E S I S T O R S , THE

F O L L O W I N G FORMULA MAY BE U S E D .

- RT = -
R1 X R2
R 1 + R2

-1-
 OHM'S LAW

A. WHEN VOLTS AND O m A R E KNOWN:

AMPERES = -
VOLTS OR I = E -
OHMS R
EXAMPLE: F I N D T H E C U R R E N T OF A 120 V O L T C I R C U I T W I T H A
R E S I S T A N C E OF 6 0 OHMS.

I = - = - 12' = 2 AMPERES
R 60
0. WHEN WATTS AN0 VOLTS A R E KNOWN:

AMPERES = -
WATTS OR I = P -
VOLTS E
C
EXAMPLE: A 120 V O L T C I R C U I T H A S A 1440 WATT L O A D .
D E T E R M I N E THE CURRENT.

I = -P = - 1440 = 12 AMPERES
E 120
C. WHEN O m AND WATTS A R E KNOWN:

+g =&
-
AMPERES = OR 1

EXAMPLE: A C I R C U I T CONSUMES 625 W A T T S THROUGH A 12.75 OHM

RESISTOR. DETERMINE THE CURRENT.

I =E =
12.75
= fi = 7 AMPERES

A. ONE E L E C T R I C A L HORSEPOWER = 746 W A T T S

E L E C T R I C MOTORS ARE R A T E D I N HORSEPOWER.

0. ONE K I L O W A T T = 1000 W A T T S
GENERATORS ARE RATED I N K I L O W A T T S .
 SERIES CIRCUITS

RULE 1: T H E T O T A L CURRENT I N A S E R I E S C I R C U I T I S E Q U A L TO THE

CURRENT I N ANY OTHER PART OF T H E C I R C U I T .

T O T A L CURRENT = 1 ( 1 ) = 1 ( 2 ) = I ( 3 ) . AND E T C .

RULE 2 : T H E T O T A L VOLTAGE I N A S E R I E S C I R C U I T I S EQUAL TO THE

SUM OF T H E V O L T A G E S ACROSS A L L P A R T S OF T H E C I R C U I T .

T O T A L VOLTAGE = E ( l ) + E ( 2 ) + E ( 3 ) , AND E T C .

RULE 3 : T H E T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF A S E R I E S C I R C U I T I S E Q U A L TO
T H E SUM OF THE R E S I S T A N C E S O F A L L T H E P A R T S O F THE
CIRCUIT.

TOTAL RESISTANCE = R ( 1 ) + R ( 2 ) + R ( 3 ) , AND E T C .

FORMULAS FROM OHM'S LAW

AMPERES =
RESISTANCE

RESISTANCE = -VOLTS
AMPERES
V O L T S = AMPERES X RESISTANCE OR E = I X R

EXAMPLE: F I N D T O T A L V O L T A G E . T O T A L CURRENT. AND T O T A L

RESISTANCE.

E ( 2 ) = 1 0 VOLTS
I ( 2 ) = 0 . 4 AMP
R ( 2 ) = 2 5 OHMS

E ( l ) = 8 VOLTS E ( 3 ) = 6 VOLTS
I I ( 1 ) = 0 . 4 AMP I ( 3 ) = 0 . 4 AMP
R ( 1 ) = 2 0 OHMS R ( 3 ) = 1 5 OHMS

E(T) = ?
I(T) = ?
R(T) = ?
C O N T I N U E D N E X T PAGE
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

:1- T H E T O T A L CURRENT I N A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T I S E Q U A L TO THE

SUM OF T H E C U R R E N T S I N A L L T H E B R A N C H E S OF T H E C I R C U I T .

T O T A L CURRENT = I(1) + 1(2) + I ( 3 ) . AND E T C .

:2- T H E T O T A L V O L T A G E ACROSS ANY BRANCH I N P A R A L L E L I S

E Q U A L TO T H E V O L T A G E ACROSS ANY OTHER B R A N C H AND I S
A L S O EQUAL TO THE TOTAL VOLTAGE.

T O T A L VOLTAGE = E ( l ) = E ( 2 ) = E ( 3 ) . AND ETC

R U L E 3: T H E T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E I N A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T I S FOUND BY
A P P L Y I N G O H M ' S LAW TO T H E T O T A L V A L U E S OF T H E C I R C U I T .

ET
TOTAL VOLTAGE OR
-
TOTAL RESISTANCE =
T O T A L AMPERES . RT =
IT

EXAMPLE: F I N D THE T O T A L CURRENT. T O T A L V O L T A G E . AND T O T A L

RESISTANCE.

I(T) = I(1) + I(2) + 1(3) E(T) = E ( l ) = E(2) = E(3)

= 2 + 1.5 + 1 = 120 = 120 = 120
I(T) = 4 . 5 AMP E(T) = 1 2 0 VOLTS

R(T) =
E(T)
-
I(T)
= -
1 2 0 VOLTS
4 . 5 AMP
= 26.66 OHMS R E S I S T A N C E

NOTE: I N A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T THE T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E I S A L W A Y S L E S S
T H A N T H E R E S I S T A N C E OF ANY B R A N C H .

I F T H E B R A N C H E S OF A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T H A V E T H E SAME
R E S I S T A N C E . T H E N EACH W I L L DRAW T H E SAME C U R R E N T .

I F T H E B R A N C H E S OF A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T H A V E D I F F E R E N T
R E S I S T A N C E S . T H E N EACH W I L L DRAW A D I F F E R E N T C U R R E N T .

I N E I T H E R S E R I E S OR P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T S . T H E L A R G E R T H E
R E S I S T A N C E . T H E S M A L L E R T H E CURRENT DRAWN.
 I

PARALLEL CIRCUITS

TO D E T E R M I N E T H E T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E I N A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T WHEN THE
T O T A L C U R R E N T . AND T O T A L VOLTAGE ARE UNKNOWN.
-
1
- -
1
+ -
1
+ - AND E T C .
TOTAL R E S I S T A N C E R(1) R(2) R(3)
EXAMPLE: F I N O THE TOTAL RESISTANCE.

R(l) = R(2) = R(3) =

6 0 OHMS 8 0 OHMS 1 2 0 OHMS I

-
1
=
4 + 3 + 2 USE LOWEST
DENOMINATOR
COMMON
(240) IC

R(T) 240

- I\=/$_
R(T)' '240
CROSS M U L T I P L Y

9 X R(T) = 1 X 240 OR 9RT = 240

D I V I D E B O T H S I D E S OF THE E Q U A T I O N B Y " 9 "

R(T) = 2 6 . 6 6 OHMS R E S I S T A N C E
I
NOTE: THE T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF A NUMBER OF EQUAL R E S I S T O R S I N
P A R A L L E L I S EQUAL TO THE R E S I S T A N C E OF ONE R E S I S T O R
D I V I O E D B Y T H E NUMBER OF R E S I S T O R S .

T O T A L RESISTANCE = R E S I S T A N C E OF ONE R E S I S T O R
NUMBER OF R E S I S T O R S I N C I R C U I T
C O N T I N U E D N E X T PAGE
 PARALLEL CIRCUITS

FORMULA: R(T) = -R
N

EXAMPLE: F I N D THE TOTAL R E S I S T A N C E

T H E R E ARE THREE R E S I S T O R S I N P A R A L L E L .
E A C H H A S A V A L U E OF 1 2 0 OHMS R E S I S T A N C E .
A C C O R D I N G TO T H E F O R M U L A . I F WE D I V I D E
T H E R E S I S T A N C E OF ANY ONE OF T H E
R E S I S T O R S BY T H R E E WE W I L L O B T A I N THE
T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF T H E C I R C U I T .

R(T) = -R OR R(T) =
120
N 3

TOTAL RESISTANCE = 4 0 OHMS

R(T) = ?

NOTE: TO F I N D T H E T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF ONLY TWO R E S I S T O R S I N

P A R A L L E L . M U L T I P L Y T H E R E S I S T A N C E S . AND THEN D I V I D E THE
PRODUCT B Y T H E SUM OF THE R E S I S T O R S .

FORMULA: TOTAL RESISTANCE = R(l) R(2)

R(1) + R(2)

EXAMPLE:

R(1) X R(2)
.,, , ,

I I
-
R(1) = R(1) + R(2)
4 0 OHMS
40 X 80

R(T) = = 26.66 OHMS

R(T) = ? 120
 w
COMBINATION CIRCUITS

I N C O M B I N A T I O N C I R C U I T S WE COMBINE S E R I E S C I R C U I T S W I T H P A R A L L E L
C I R C U I T S . C O M B I N A T I O N C I R C U I T S MAKE I T P O S S I B L E TO O B T A I N THE I

D I F F E R E N T VOLTAGES OF S E R I E S C I R C U I T S . A N 0 D I F F E R E N T CURRENTS OF
PARALLEL C I R C U I T S .

EXAMPLE: 1. PARALLEL-SERIES CIRCUIT:

SOLVE FOR A L L M I S S I N G V A L U E S .

E(3)=?
' I(3)=?
' R(3) =10 OHMS

E(4)=?
I(4)=?
R(4) =50 OHMS

TO SOLVE:

1. F I N D THE T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF EACH GROUP. BOTH GROUPS ARE

S I M P L E S E R I E S C I R C U I T S , SO
I

R(1) + R(2) = R(A)

2 0 + 4 0 = 6 0 OHMS. T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF GROUP " A "

Rlo3 1 + R ( 4 ) = R ( B )
+ 5 0 = 6 0 OHMS, TOTAL R E S I S T A N C E OF GROUP " 8 "
2. RE-DRAW THE C I R C U I T . C O M B I N I N G R E S I S T O R S ( R ( 1 ) + R ( 2 ) ) AND
( R ( 3 ) + R ( 4 ) ) SO THAT EACH GROUP W I L L HAVE ONLY ONE
RESISTOR.

-
CONTINUED NEXT PAGE
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

NOTE: WE NOW HAVE A S I M P L E P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T , SO

E(T) = E(A) = E(B)

1 2 0 v = 120 =

WE NOW HAVE A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T W I T H ONLY TWO R E S I S T O R S , AND THEY

ARE OF EQUAL V A L U E . WE HAVE A C H O I C E OF THREE D I F F E R E N T FORMULAS
THAT CAN BE USED TO SOLVE FOR THE T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF C I R C U I T .

( 2 ) W H E N THE R E S I S T O R S OF A P A R A L L E L C I R C U I T ARE OF EQUAL V A L U E .

R(T) = ! = 60 = 3 0 OHMS
N 2

-
l\=OL OR 1 X R(T) = 1 X 30 OR R ( T ) = 3 0 OHMS
R(T)/ '30

3. WE NOW KNOW THE V A L U E S OF E ( T ) . R ( T ) , E ( A ) . R ( A ) . E ( B ) . R ( B ) ,

R ( 1 ) . R ( 2 ) , R ( 3 ) , AND R ( 4 ) . NEXT WE W I L L SOLVE FOR I ( T ) ,
I ( A ) , I ( B ) , I ( l ) , 1 ( 2 ) , I ( 3 ) . AND I ( 4 ) .

-
E(B) = I(B) OR -
120 -
- 2 I(B) = 2 x .
R( 0 ) 60
I(B) = I(3) = I(4) OR 2 = 2 = 2 I(3) =
1(4) =

CONTINUED NEXT PAGE

 I
COMBINATION CIRCUITS

4. WE KNOW T H A T R E S I S T O R S # I a n d # 2 OF GROUP " A " ARE I N S E R I E S .

WE KNOW TOO T H A T R E S I S T O R S # 3 a n d # 4 OF GROUP " 0 " ARE I N
SERIES. WE HAVE D E T E R M I N E D THAT THE T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E OF GROUP
" A - IS 2 A M P , AND T H E T O T A L RESISTANCE O F GROUP IS 2 AMP:
-
BY U S I N G THE S E R I E S FORMULA WE CAN S O L V E FOR THE CURRENT V A L U E
OF EACH R E S I S T O R .

5. WE WERE G I V E N THE R E S I S T A N C E VALUES OF A L L R E S I S T O R S .

R(1)
R(4) =
= 2 0 OHMS, R ( 2 ) = 4 0 OHMS. R ( 3 ) = 1 0 OHMS.
5 0 OHMS.
AND -
BY U S I N G OHM'S LAW WE CAN D E T E R M I N E THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS
EACH R E S I S T O R .

E(1) = R(1) X I ( 1 ) E(3) = R(3) X 1(3)

= 2 0 X 2 = 10 X 2
E(1) = 4 0 VOLTS E(3) = 2 0 VOLTS

E(2) = R(2) X 1 ( 2 ) E(4) = R(4) X 1 ( 4 )

= 4 0 X 2 = 5 0 x 2
E(2) = 8 0 VOLTS E(4) = 1 0 0 VOLTS

EXAMPLE: 2. SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUIT:

SOLVE FOR A L L M I S S I N G V A L U E S

E(2) = ?
I(2) = ? 4 C - r
R ( 2 ) = 20
E(1) = ?
I(1) = ?
R(1) = u
E(3) = ? E ( T ) = 110 V.
1(3) = ? I(T) = ? I
.r
R ( 3 ) = 30 R(T) = ?
GROUP " A "

-
-10-
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

TO SOLVE:
I
1. WE CAN S E E T H A T R E S I S T O R S # 2 AND # 3 ARE I N P A R A L L E L . AND
C O M B I N E D T H E Y ARE GROUP " A " . WHEN THERE ARE ONLY TWO
R E S I S T O R S . WE U S E T H E F O L L O W I N G F O R M U L A .

2. WE CAN NOW RE-DRAW OUR C I R C U I T A S A S I M P L E S E R I E S C I R C U I T

R ( l ) = 1 0 OHMS R ( A ) = 1 2 OHMS E ( T ) = 1 1 0 VOLTS

I
GROUP " A "
I(T) =
R(T) =
??

= 3. I N A SERIES CIRCUIT

R(T) = R ( l ) + R(A) OR R(T) = 10 + 12 OR 2 2 OHMS

BY U S I N G O H M ' S LAW

I N A SERIES CIRCUIT

I(T) = I(1) = I(A) OR I ( T ) = 5 AMP, I(1) =

AND I ( A ) =

B Y U S I N G O H M ' S LAW

E(l) = I ( 1 ) X R(1) = 5 X 1 0 = 5 0 VOLTS

E(T) - E(1) = E(A) OR 110 - 5 0 = 60 VOLTS = E ( A )

I N A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

E(A) : E(2) = E(3) OR E ( A ) = 6 0 VOLTS.

E(2) = 6 0 V O L T S , AND E ( 3 ) = 6 0 V O L T S .
 COMBINATION CIRCUITS

BY U S I N G O H M ' S LAW

PROBLEM: S O L V E FOR T O T A L R E S I S T A N C E
RE-DRAW C I R C U I T A S MANY T I M E S A S N E C E S S A R Y
CORRECT ANSWER I S 1 0 0 OHMS

R-3 R-4 R-5

R-2 GROUP A R-6

R-1 R-9 R-7

,.A,. Ann
1

R-8

R-T = ?

G I V E N VALUES:

R-1 = 1 5 OHMS

R-2 = 3 5 OHMS R-7 = 1 0 OHMS

R-3 = 5 0 OHMS R-8 = 3 0 0 OHMS

I
R-4 = 4 0 OHMS R-9 = 6 0 OHMS

R-5 = 3 0 OHMS
 ELECTRICAL FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING AMPERES, HORSEPOWER, KILOWAlTS, A N D KVA
A L T E R N A T I N G CURRENT

I T w I N o E:; S I N G L E PHASE T w o PHASE THREE PHASE

FOUR WIRE
1 I
HP X 746 HP X 746

E X Z E F F X PF X 2 E X XEFF X PF X 1.73

AMPERES KW X 1 0 0 0 KW X 1000 KW X 1000

I
WHEN "KW"
E X PF E X P F X 2 E X PF X 1.73

AMPERES KVA X 1000 KVA X 1000 KVA X 1000

WHEN "KVA"
I S KNOWN E E X 1.73

E X 1 E X I X P F E X I X P F X Z E X I X PF X 1.73
KILOWATTS
1000 1000 1000
I 1 I I I
KILOVOLT-
AMPERES
I KVA* I
E X IX ZEFF E X I X Z E F F X PF E X IX X E F F X PF X 2 E X IX XEFF X PF X 1.73

IHoRsEpowER ( 746 ( 746 746 746 I

OUTPUT POWER USED (WATTS) KW
PERCENT E F F I C I E N C Y = XEFF = - POWER FACTOR = P F = - -
INPUT APPARENT POWER KVA
INOTE: D I R E C T CURRENT FORMULAS DO NOT USE ( P F . 2 . OR 1 . 7 3
S I N G L E PHASE FORMULAS 0 0 NOT USE ( 2 OR 1 . 7 3 )
)

TWO PHASE-FOUR WIRE FORMULAS DO NOT USE ( 1 . 7 3 )

THREE PHASE FORMULAS DO NOT USE ( 2 )
 TO FIND AMPERES

DIRECT CURRENT:

A. WHEN HORSEPOWER I S KNOWN:

HORSEPOWER X 746 OR I = HP X 746

AMPERES =
VOLTS X EFFICIENCY E X %EFF
WHAT CURRENT W I L L A T R A V E L - T R A I L E R T O I L E T DRAW WHEN
E Q U I P P E D W I T H A 1 2 V O L T , 1 / 8 HP MOTOR, H A V I N G A 9 6 %
EFFICIENCY RATING?

I = - = HP
- = X 746 746 X 1/8 9 3 ' 2 5 - 8 . 0 9 AMP
-..
E X % E F F 1 2 X 0 . 9 6 11.52 -
B. WHEN K I L O W A T T S ARE KNOWN:

AMPERES = KILOWATTS X 1000 KW X 1000

OR I =
VOLTS E
I
A 7 5 KW. 2 4 0 V O L T . D I R E C T CURRENT GENERATOR I S U S E D TO
POWER A V A R I A B L E - S P E E D CONVEYOR B E L T AT A ROCK C R U S H I N G
PLANT. D E T E R M I N E THE CURRENT.

I = KW 1000 = 75
= 3 1 2 . 5 AMPERES
E 240

SINGLE PHASE:

A. WHEN WATTS. V O L T S . AND POWER-FACTOR ARE KNOWN:

AMPERES =
WATTS
V O L T S X POWER-FACTOR
-

D E T E R M I N E T H E CURRENT WHEN A C I R C U I T H A S A 1 5 0 0 WATT L O A D

A POWER-FACTOR OF 8 6 % , AND O P E R A T E S FROM A S I N G L E - P H A S E
2 3 0 V O L T SOURCE.

I = I5O0 = 1500 = 7.58 AMP

230 X 0.86 197.8
 TO FIND AMPERES

-- SINGLE PHASE:

0. WHEN HORSEPOWER I S KNOWN:

HORSEPOWER X 7 4 6
AMPERES =
V O L T S X E F F I C I E N C Y X POWER-FACTOR
* D E T E R M I N E THE AMP-LOAD OF A S I N G L E - P H A S E . 1 / 2 H P . 1 1 5 VOLT
MOTOR. THE MOTOR HAS AN E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G OF 9 2 % . AND A
POWER-FACTOR OF 8 0 % .

I = 4 . 4 AMP

C. WHEN K I L O W A T T S ARE KNOWN:

KILOWATTS X 1 0 0 0 OR I = KW X 1 0 0 0
AMPERES =
V O L T S X POWER-FACTOR E X PF
A 2 3 0 VOLT S I N G L E PHASE C I R C U I T ' H A S A 1 2 KW POWER L O A D ,
AND OPERATES A T 8 4 % POWER-FACTOR. D E T E R M I N E THE CURRENT.

D. WHEN K I L O V O L T - A M P E R E I S KNOWN:

KILOVOLT-AMPERE X 1 0 0 0 KVA X 1 0 0 0
AMPERES = OR I =
VOLTS E
A 1 1 5 V O L T , 2 K V A , S I N G L E PHASE GENERATOR O P E R A T I N G A T
F U L L LOAD W I L L D E L I V E R 1 7 . 4 AMPERES. (PROVE)

I = -
2 X 1000
115
=
2000
-
115
=
-
17.4 AMP

REMEMBER: BY D E F I N I T I O N AMPERES I S THE RATE OF THE FLOW OF

THE CURRENT.
 TO FIND AMPERES

TWO-PHASE, FOUR WIRE:

NOTE: FOR THREE W I R E , TWO-PHASE C I R C U I T S . T H E CURRENT I N T H E

COMMON CONDUCTOR I S 1 . 4 1 GREATER T H A N I N E I T H E R OF T H E
OTHER TWO CONDUCTORS.

A. WHEN WATTS, V O L T S . AND POWER-FACTOR ARE KNOWN:

WATTS P
AMPERES =
VOLTS X POWER-FACTOR X 2 E X PF X 2
D E T E R M I N E T H E CURRENT WHEN A C I R C U I T H A S A 1 5 0 0 WATT L O A D ,
A POWER-FACTOR OF 8 6 % . A N 0 O P E R A T E S FROM A TWO P H A S E . 2 3 0
V O L T SOURCE.
-
P 1500 -
- -
1500
I =
E X PF X 2 230 X 0.86 X 2 395.6
I = 3 . 7 9 AMP I

0. WHEN HORSEPOWER I S KNOWN:

AMPERES =
VOLTS X
HORSEPOWER X 7 4 6
E F F I C I E N C Y X POWER-FACTOR X

OR
2
-
D E T E R M I N E THE A M P - L O A D OF A TWO-PHASE. 1 / 2 H P . 2 3 0 V O L T
MOTOR. THE MOTOR H A S AN E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G OF 9 2 % . AND A
-
POWER-FACTOR OF 8 0 % .

HP X 746 1/2 X 746

I=-=-
E X % E F F X P F X 2 2 3 0 X 0 . 9 2 X 0 . 8 0 X 2

= -3 7=3
339 -
1.1 AMP

NOTE :

CoNsUMEo
= & = POWER-FACTOR (PF)
APPARENT POWER KVA
u
TO FIND AMPERES

T W O - P H A S E , F O U R WIRE:
I
C. WHEN K I L O W A T T S ARE KNOWN:

KILOWATTS X 1000
AMPERES =
VOLTS X POWER-FACTOR X 2

I = KW X 1 0 0 0
E X P F X 2

1
A 2 3 0 V O L T . TWO-PHASE C I R C U I T , H A S A 1 2 K W POWER L O A D , AND
O P E R A T E S A T 8 4 % POWER-FACTOR. DETERMINE THE CURRENT.

I = -
3 1 AMP

0. WHEN K I L O V O L T - A M P E R E I S KNOWN:

KILOVOLT-AMPERE X 1000
AMPERES =
VOLTS X 2
m
OR
KVA X 1000
I =
E X 2
1
A 2 3 0 V O L T . 4 K V A , TWO-PHASE GENERATOR O P E R A T I N G A T F U L L
LOAD W I L L D E L I V E R 8 . 7 AMPERES. (PROVE)

I = -
4 X
230 X 2
1000
= 4000 =
460
8 . 7 AMP
 TO FIND AMPERES

THREE-PHASE:

A. WHEN WATTS, VOLTS. AND POWER-FACTOR ARE KNOWN:

WATTS
AMPERES =
V O L T S X POWER-FACTOR X 1.73

D E T E R M I N E T H E CURRENT WHEN A C I R C U I T H A S A 1 5 0 0 WATT L O A D . m

A POWER-FACTOR OF 8 6 % . AND O P E R A T E S FROM A T H R E E - P H A S E .
2 3 0 V O L T SOURCE.

= 4 . 4 AMP

8. WHEN HORSEPOWER I S KNOWN:

HORSEPOWER X 7 4 6
AMPERES =
V O L T S X E F F I C I E N C Y X POWER-FACTOR X 1 . 7 3

OR

D E T E R M I N E T H E A M P - L O A D OF A T H R E E - P H A S E , 1 / 2 H P , 2 3 0 V O L T
MOTOR. T H E MOTOR H A S AN E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G OF 9 2 % , AND A
POWER-FACTOR OF 8 0 % .

= -3 7=3 1.27 AMP

293
 TO FIND AMPERES

THREE-PHASE:
m
C. WHEN K I L O W A T T S ARE KNOWN:

KILOWATTS X 1000
AMPERES =
VOLTS X POWER-FACTOR X 1.73
a
0 1
I = KW X 1000
E X PF X 1.73

I A 2 3 0 V O L T , T H R E E - P H A S E C I R C U I T , H A S A 1 2 KW POWER L O A D ,
AND O P E R A T E S A T 8 4 % POWER-FACTOR. D E T E R M I N E T H E CURRENT.

-
-
I = KW X 1000 - 12.000 = 12,000
E X P F X 1 . 7 3 2 3 0 X 0 . 8 4 X 1 . 7 3 334.24
I = 36AMP
0. WHEN K I L O V O L T - A M P E R E I S KNOWN:

KILOVOLT-AMPERE X 1000 = KVA X 1000

AMPERES =
I
.
E X 1.73 E X 1.73
A 2 3 0 V O L T , 4 K V A , THREE PHASE GENERATOR O P E R A T I N G A T F U L L
LOAD W I L L D E L I V E R 1 0 AMPERES. (PROVE)

KVA X 1000 = 4 X 1000 - 4000

I =
m E X 1.73 230 X 1.73 397.9
I =

NOTE: TO B E T T E R UNDERSTAND THE P R E C E D I N G FORMULAS:

1. TWO-PHASE CURRENT X 2 = S I N G L E - P H A S E CURRENT.

2 . T H R E E - P H A S E CURRENT X 1 . 7 3 = S I N G L E P H A S E CURRENT.
3 . T H E CURRENT I N THE COMMON CONDUCTOR OF A TWO-PHASE
( T H R E E W I R E ) C I R C U I T I S 1 4 1 % GREATER T H A N E I T H E R OF
T H E OTHER TWO CONDUCTORS OF T H A T C I R C U I T .
 TO FIND HORSEPOWER

DIRECT CURRENT:

VOLTS X AMPERES X EFFICIENCY

HORSEPOWER =
746
A 1 2 V O L T MOTOR DRAWS A CURRENT OF 8 . 0 9 AMPERES, AND H A S AN
E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G OF 9 6 % . D E T E R M I N E THE HORSEPOWER.
I
E X I X % E F F 1 2 X 8 . 0 9 X 0.96
HP = - -9 3 . 1 9
746 746 746
= 0.1249 =
SINGLE-PHASE:

VOLTS X AMPERES X EFFICIENCY X POWER-FACTOR

-
HP =
746
A S I N G L E - P H A S E . 1 1 5 V O L T ( A C ) MOTOR H A S AN E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G
OF 9 2 % , A N 0 A POWER-FACTOR OF 8 0 % . D E T E R M I N E THE HORSEPOWER
I F THE A M P - L O A D I S 4 . 4 AMPERES.

TWO-PHASE:

V O L T S X AMPERES X E F F I C I E N C Y X POWER-FACTOR X 2
HP =
746

D E T E R M I N E T H E HORSEPOWER OF A TWO-PHASE. 2 3 0 V O L T ( A C ) MOTOR.

THE MOTOR H A S AN E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G OF 9 2 % . A POWER-FACTOR OF
8 0 % . AND AN AMP-LOAD OF 1.1 AMPERES. I
 TO FIND HORSEPOWER

THREE-PHASE:
.
I
V O L T S X AMPERES X E F F I C I E N C Y X POWER-FACTOR X 1.73
HP =
746
A T H R E E - P H A S E . 4 6 0 V O L T MOTOR DRAWS A C U R R E N T OF 5 2 A M P E R E S .
THE MOTOR H A S AN E F F I C I E N C Y R A T I N G OF 9 4 % . A N D A POWER FACTOR
I OF 8 0 % . D E T E R M I N E T H E HORSEPOWER.
 TO FIND WATTS

THE E L E C T R I C A L POWER I N ANY P A R T OF A C I R C U I T I S E O U A L TO T H E

C U R R E N T IN T H A T P A R T MULTIPLIED B Y T H E VOLTAGE A C R O S S T H A T P A R T
OF THE C I R C U I T .

A WATT I S T H E POWER U S E D WHEN ONE V O L T C A U S E S ONE AMPERE TO FLOW

I N A CIRCUIT.
I
ONE HORSEPOWER I S T H E AMOUNT OF ENERGY R E Q U I R E D TO L I F T 3 3 . 0 0 0
POUNDS. ONE F O O T . I N ONE M I N U T E . THE E L E C T R I C A L E Q U I V A L E N T OF
ONE HORSEPOWER I S 7 4 5 . 6 W A T T S . ONE WATT I S THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
R E Q U I R E D TO L I F T 4 4 . 2 6 P O U N D S , ONE FOOT. I N ONE M I N U T E . WATTS I S
POWER, AND POWER I S T H E AMOUNT OF WORK DONE I N A G I V E N T I M E .

1. W H E N VOLTS A N D AMPERES ARE K N O W N :

A. POWER ( W A T T S ) = V O L T S X AMPERES

A 1 2 0 V O L T A - C C I R C U I T DRAWS A CURRENT OF 5 A M P E R E S :
D E T E R M I N E THE POWER C O N S U M P T I O N .

P = E X I = 120 X 5 = 6 0 0 WATTS

WE CAN NOW D E T E R M I N E T H E R E S I S T A N C E OF T H I S C I R C U I T .

(1.) POWER = RESISTANCE X (AMPERES)Z

P = R X (I)' OR 600 = R X 25

-
600
= R OR R = 2 4 OHMS
25

(2.) POWER = OR P =
RESISTANCE R
14,400
R X 600 = (120)' OR R = -
600
R = 2 4 OHMS

NOTE: REFER TO FORMULAS OF THE O H M ' S LAW C H A R T ON P A G E 1.

-22-
DIRECT CURRENT:

KILOWATTS = V O L T S X AMPERES
1000

A 1 2 0 V O L T ( D C ) MOTOR DRAWS A CURRENT OF 4 0 AMPERES

DETERMINE THE K I L O W A T T S .

SINGLE-PHASE:

KILOWATTS = VOLTS X AMPERES X POWER-FACTOR

1000
A S I N G L E - P H A S E . 1 1 5 V O L T ( A C ) MOTOR DRAWS A C U R K E N T OF 2 0
A M P E R E S . AND H A S A POWER-FACTOR R A T I N G O F 8 6 % . D E T E R M I N E THE
KILOWATTS.

= 1.978 =

TWO-PHASE:

KILOWATTS = VOLTS X AMPERES X POWER-FACTOR x 2

1000
A T W O - P H A S E , 2 3 0 V O L T ( A C ) MOTOR W I T H A P O W E R - F A C T O R O F 9 2 % .
DRAWS A CURRENT OF 5 5 AMPERES. DETERMINE THE K I L O W A T T S .

KW = E X I X P F X 2 2 3 0 X 55 X 0.92X 2
1000 1000
 TO FIND KILOWAlTS

THREE-PHASE:

KILOWATTS =
V O L T S X AMPERES X POWER-FACTOR X 1.73
1000
-
A T H R E E - P H A S E , 4 6 0 V O L T MOTOR DRAWS A CURRENT OF 5 2 A M P E R E S .
AND H A S A POWER-FACTOR R A T E D A T 8 0 % . D E T E R M I N E T H E K I L O W A T T S .
II

F I R S T LAW (CURRENT1
K I R C H H O F F ' S LAWS

T H E SUM OF T H E C U R R E N T S A R R I V I N G AT ANY P O I N T I N A C I R C U I T
-
MUST E Q U A L T H E SUM OF T H E CURRENTS L E A V I N G T H A T P O I N T .

I
SECOND LAW (VOLTAGE)

THE T O T A L V O L T A G E A P P L I E D TO ANY C L O S E 0 C I R C U I T P A T H I S ALWAYS

EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE V O L T A G E DROPS I N T H A T P A T H .

I
OR
THE A L G E B R A I C SUM OF A L L THE V O L T A G E S ENCOUNTERED I N ANY LOOP
EQUALS ZERO.
 TO FIND KILOVOLT-AMPERES

SINGLE-PHASE:

V O L T S X AMPERES
KILOVOLT-AMPERES =
1000
A S I N G L E - P H A S E , 2 4 0 V O L T GENERATOR D E L I V E R S 4 1 . 6 6 A M P E R E S A T
FULL LOAD. DETERMINE THE K I L O V O L T - A M P E R E S R A T I N G .

KVA = -=
E X I 240 X 41.66 _
-
10,000
- =
1000 1000 1000

TWO-PHASE:

KILOVOLT-AMPERES = AMPERES
1000
A T W O - P H A S E . 2 3 0 V O L T GENERATOR D E L I V E R S 5 5 AMPERES
I DETERMINE THE KILOVOLT-AMPERES R A T I N G .

KVA = E X IX 2 - 230 X 55 X 2 -
- -
25,300
1000 1000 1000
= 25.3 =
I
THREE-PHASE:

KILOVOLT-AMPERES =
1000
A T H R E E - P H A S E , 4 6 0 V O L T GENERATOR D E L I V E R S 5 2 AMPERES
DETERMINE THE KILOVOLT-AMPERES R A T I N G .

NOTE: KVA = A P P A R E N T POWER = POWER B E F O R E U S E D . SUCH A S

THE R A T I N G OF A TRANSFORMER.
 TO FIND

CAPACITANCE (C1:

C =
a
-
E
OR C A P A C I T A N C E = -
COULOMBS
VOLTS
C A P A C I T A N C E I S THE PROPERTY OF A C I R C U I T OR BODY T H A T P E R M I T S
I T TO STORE A N E L E C T R I C A L CHARGE E Q U A L TO THE ACCUMULATED
CHARGE D I V I D E D B Y T H E V O L T A G E . EXPRESSED I N FARADS. I

A. TO D E T E R M I N E T H E T O T A L C A P A C I T Y OF C A P A C I T O R S , AND / OR
CONDENSERS CONNECTED I N S E R I E S .

D E T E R M I N E THE T O T A L C A P A C I T Y OF FOUR E A C H , 1 2 M I C R O F A R A D
C A P A C I T O R S CONNECTED I N S E R I E S .

C(T) = 3 MICROFARADS

8. TO D E T E R M I N E T H E T O T A L C A P A C I T Y OF C A P A C I T O R S . AND / OR
CONDENSERS CONNECTED I N P A R A L L E L . -
DETERMINE THE T O T A L C A P A C I T Y OF FOUR EACH. 1 2 M I C R O F A R A D
C A P A C I T O R S CONNECTED I N P A R A L L E L .

C(T) = +
C(T) = 4 8 MICROFARADS

A FARAD I S THE U N I T OF C A P A C I T A N C E OF A CONDENSER T H A T

I
R E T A I N S ONE COULOMB OF CHARGE W I T H ONE V O L T D I F F E R E N C E OF
POTENTIAL.

1 FARAD = 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 MICROFARADS

-26-
- 6-DOT COLOR CODE FOR MICA AND MOLDED PAPER CAPACITORS

D I R E C T I O N OF
+-
' O " ~ T K TI 2 NI D D I G ~ \

OR C L A S S MULTIPLIER

t---
TOLERANCE L/

1ST ZND lOLERANCE CHARACTERISTIC

TYPE COLOR DIGIT DIGIT MULTIPLIER ( % ) OR C L A S S

JAN. MICA BLACK

BROWN
0
1
0
1
1
10
** 1
2
A P P L I E S TO
TEMPERATURE
RED 2 2 100 f 3 COEFFICIENT
+
ORANGE
YELLOW
GREEN
3
4
5
3
4
5
1.000
10.000
100,000
*i 4
5
6
OR M E T H O D S
OF T E S T I N G

BLUE 6 6 1,000,000 i 7
VIOLET 7 7 10,000,000 i 6
E I A . MICA
GRAY
WHITE
8
9
8
9
100.000.000
1.000.000.000
+ 9
GOLD .1 +lo
MOLDED P A P E R S I L V E R .O1 *20
BOD'I
 M A X I M U M PERMISSIBLE CAPACITOR KVAR FOR USE WITH
-
OPEN-TYPE THREE-PHASE SIXTY-CYCLE INDUCTION MOTORS

3 6 0 0 RPM 1 8 0 0 RPM 1 2 0 0 RPM

MOTOR
R A T I N G MAXIMUM R E D U C T I O N MAXIMUM REDUCTION MAXIMUM REDUCTION
HP CAPACITOR I N L I N E CAPACITOR I N LINE CAPACITOR I N LINE
RATING CURRENT RATING CURRENT RATING CURRENT
KVAR % KVAR % KVAR %

10 3 10 3 11 3.5 14
15 4 9 4 10 5 13
20 5 9 5 10 6.5 12
25 6 9 6 10 7.5 11
30 7 8 7 9 9 11

40 9 8 9 9 11 10
50 12 8 11 9 13 10
60 14 8 14 8 15 10
75 17 8 16 8 18 10

100 22 8 21 8 25 9
125 27 8 26 8 30 9
150 32.5 8 30 8 35 9
200 40 8 37.5 8 42.5 9

9 0 0 RPM 7 2 0 RPM 6 0 0 RPM

10 5 21 6.5 27 7.5 31
15 6.5 18 8 23 9.5 27
20 7.5 16 9 21 12 25
25 9 15 11 20 14 23
30 10 14 12 18 16 22

40 12 13 15 16 20 20
50 15 12 19 15 24 19
60 18 11 22 15 27 19
75 21 10 26 14 32.5 18

100 27 10 32.5 13 40 17
125 32.5 10 40 13 47.5 16
150 37.5 10 47.5 12 52.5 15
200 47.5 10 60 12 65 14

NOTE. I F C A P A C I T O R S OF A LOWER R A T I N G T H A N T H E V A L U E S G I V E N I N
T H E T A B L E ARE U S E D , T H E P E R C E N T A G E R E D U C T I O N I N L I N E CURRENT
G I V E N I N THE T A B L E SHOULD BE REDUCED P R O P O R T I O N A L L Y .
REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEv COPYRIGHT 1989
-
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION OUINCY MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 POWER-FACTOR CORRECTION
T A B L E V A L U E S X KW L O A O = K V A O F C A P A C I T O R S N E E D E D T O C O R R E C T
F R O M E X I S T I N G T O D E S I R E D POWER F A C T O R .

EXISTING C O R R E C T E D POWER F A C T O R
POWER
FACTOR
% 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75%

50 1.732 1.403 1.247 1.112 0.982 0.850

52 1.643 1.314 1.158 1.023 0.893 0.761
54 1.558 1.229 1.073 0.938 0.808 0.676
55 1.518 1.189 1.033 0.898 0.768 0.636
56 1.479 1.150 0.994 0.859 0.729 0.597
58 1.404 1.075 0.919 0.784 0.654 0.522
60 1.333 1.004 0.848 0.713 0.583 0.451
62 1.265 0.936 0.780 0.645 0.515 0.383
64 1.201 0.872 0.716 0.581 0.451 0.319
65 1.168 0.839 0.683 0.548 0.418 0.286
66 1.139 0.810 0.654 0.519 0.389 0.257
68 1.078 0.749 0.593 0.458 0.328 0.196
70 1.020 0.691 0.535 0.400 0.270 0.138
72 0.964 0.635 0.479 0.344 0.214 0.082
74 0.909 0.580 0.424 0.289 0.159 0.027
75 0.882 0.553 0.397 0.262 0.132
76 0.855 0.526 0.370 0.235 0.105
78 0.802 0.473 0.317 0.182 0.052
80 0.750 0.421 0.265 0.130
82 0.698 0.369 0.213 0.078
84 0.646 0.317 0.161
85 0.620 0.291 0.135
86 0.594 0.265 0.109
88 0.540 0.211 0.055
90 0.485 0.156
92 0.426 0.097
94 0.363 0.034
95 0.329

T Y P I C A L PROBLEM: W I T H A L O A O O F 5 0 0 KW A T 70% POWER F A C T O R . I T

I S D E S I R E D T O F I N D THE K V A O F C A P A C I T O R S R E Q U I R E O TO CORRECT THE
POWER F A C T O R T O 85%.

SOLUTION: FROM T H E T A B L E S E L E C T T H E M U L T I P L Y I N G F A C T O R 0 . 4 0 0
C O R R E S P O N D I N G T O T H E E X I S T I N G 70%. A N D T H E C O R R E C T E D 8 5 % POWER
FACTOR. 0.400 X 500 = 200 KVA O F C A P A C I T O R S R E Q U I R E O .
REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' .COPYRIGHT 1989.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY, MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCEDSUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 TO FIND

INDUCTION (L):

I N O U C T I O N I S T H E P R O D U C T I O N OF M A G N E T I Z A T I O N OF E L E C T R I F I C A -
T I O N I N A BODY B Y THE P R O X I M I T Y OF A M A G N E T I C F I E L D OR
-
-
E L E C T R I C CHARGE. OR OF THE E L E C T R I C CURRENT I N A CONDUCTOR BY
THE V A R I A T I O N OF THE M A G N E T I C F I E L D I N I T S V I C I N I T Y .
EXPRESSED I N HENRYS.

A. TO F I N O THE T O T A L I N D U C T I O N OF C O I L S CONNECTED I N S E R I E S .

D E T E R M I N E T H E T O T A L I N D U C T I O N OF FOUR C O I L S CONNECTEO I N
SERIES.

L(T) =
EACH C O I L H A S AN I N D U C T A N C E V A L U E OF FOUR HENRYS.

Li1) + Lj2) +
-
+
= 16 HENRYS

B. TO F I N O THE T O T A L I N D U C T I O N OF C O I L S CONNECTEO I N
PARALLEL.

D E T E R M I N E THE T O T A L I N O U C T I O N OF FOUR C O I L S CONNECTED I N

PARALLEL. EACH C O I L H A S AN I N D U C T A N C E V A L U E OF FOUR
HENRYS.

1 -
OR L(T) X 4 = 1 X 4 OR L ( T ) = 4
L(T) 4
L(T) = 1 HENRY

AN I N O U C T I O N C O I L I S A O E V I C E . C O N S I S T I N G OF TWO
C O N C E N T R I C C O I L S AND AN I N T E R R U P T E R . T H A T CHANGES A LOW
STEADY VOLTAGE I N T O A H I G H I N T E R M I T T E N T A L T E R N A T I N G I
VOLTAGE BY E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C I N D U C T I O N . MOST O F T E N USED A S A
SPARK C O I L .
 TO FIND

- IMPEDANCE (Z):

I M P E D A N C E I S T H E T O T A L O P P O S I T I O N TO AN A L T E R N A T I N G CURRENT
PRESENTED B Y A C I R C U I T . EXPRESSED I N OHMS.

A. WHEN V O L T S AND AMPERES ARE KNOWN:

1
IMPEDANCE = -VOLTS OR Z = E
AMPERES I

D E T E R M I N E T H E I M P E D A N C E OF A 1 2 0 V O L T A - C C I R C U I T T H A T
DRAWS A CURRENT OF FOUR AMPERES.

3 0 OHMS

B. WHEN R E S I S T A N C E AND REACTANCE ARE KNOWN:

1

D E T E R M I N E THE I M P E D A N C E OF AN A - C C I R C U I T WHEN THE

R E S I S T A N C E I S 6 OHMS. AND THE REACTANCE I S 8 OHMS.
I

- C.
= 1 0 OHMS

WHEN R E S I S T A N C E , I N D U C T I V E REACTANCE,
REACTANCE ARE KNOWN:
AND C A P A C I T I V E

D E T E R M I N E THE I M P E D A N C E OF AN A-C C I R C U I T W H I C H H A S A
R E S I S T A N C E OF 6 OHMS. AN I N D U C T I V E REACTANCE OF 1 8 OHMS.
AND A C A P A C I T I V E REACTANCE OF 1 0 OHMS.

z = 7/R' + ( X(L) - X(C) )'

= yS2 + ( 18 - 10)' = d m
= d= = 7/100 = 1 0 OHMS
 TO FIND

REACTANCE (XI:

REACTANCE I N A C I R C U I T I S THE O P P O S I T I O N TO AN A L T E R N A T I N G
CURRENT CAUSED B Y I N D U C T A N C E AND C A P A C I T A N C E . E Q U A L TO THE
D I F F E R E N C E BETWEEN C A P A C I T I V E AND I N D U C T I V E R E A C T A N C E .
EXPRESSED I N OHMS.

A. I N D U C T I V E REACTANCE JX.J

I N D U C T I V E REACTANCE I S THAT ELEMENT OF REACTANCE I N A

C I R C U I T C A U S E D BY S E L F - I N D U C T A N C E .

X(L) = 2 X 3.1416 X FREQUENCY X INDUCTANCE

D E T E R M I N E T H E REACTANCE OF A FOUN-HENRY C O I L ON A
6 0 CYCLE, A-C C I R C U I T .

X(L)= 6.28 X F X L = 6.28 X 60 X 4

= 1 5 0 7 OHMS

8. C A P A C I T I V E REACTANCE

C A P A C I T I V E REACTANCE I S THAT E l REACTANCE

C I R C U I T CAUSED B Y C A P A C I T A N C E .

1
X(C) =
2 X 3.1416 X FREQUENCY X CAPACITANCE

D E T E R M I N E THE REACTANCE OF A FOUR M I C R O F A R A D CONDENSER ON

A 6 0 CYCLE, A-C C I R C U I T .

663 OHMS

-
=
0.0015072

A HENRY I S A U N I T OF I N D U C T A N C E . EQUAL TO THE I N D U C T A N C E

OF A C I R C U I T I N W H I C H THE V A R I A T I O N OF A CURRENT A T THE
RATE OF ONE AMPERE PER SECOND I N D U C E S AN E L E C T R O M O T I V E
FORCE OF ONE V O L T .
 RESISTOR COLOR CODE

r 1 1.51 O I G I T

(PERCENT)

1ST 2ND TOLERANCE

COLOR OIGIT DIGIT MULTIPLIER (PERCENT)

BLACK 0 0 1
BROWN 1 1 10
RE0 2 2 100
ORANGE 3 3 1,000
YELLOW 4 4 10,000
GREEN 5 5 100,000
BLUE 6 6 1.000,OOO
VIOLET 7 7 10.000.000
GRAY 8 8 100.000.000
WHITE 9 9 1.000.000,000
GOLD .1 2 5 %
SILVER .O1 + 10%
NO COLOR + 20%
 U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

LINEAR MEASURE

1 INCH = 2.540 CENTIMETERS

12 INCHES = 1 FOOT = 3.048 DECIMETERS
3
5.5
40
8
FEET
YARDS
RODS
FURLONGS
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1
YARD

FURLONG
MILE
=
ROD, P O L E , OR PERCH =
=
=
9.144
5.029
2.018
1.609
DECIMETERS
METERS
HECTOMETERS
KILOMETERS
-
MILE MEASUREMENTS

1 STATUTE MILE = 5.280 FEET

1 SCOTS MILE = 5.952 FEET
1 IRISH MILE = 6.720 FEET
1 RUSSIAN VERST = 3.504 FEET
1 ITALIAN MILE = 4.401 FEET
1 SPANISH MILE = 15,084 FEET

OTHER LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

I

1 HAND = 4 INCHES 1 LINK = 7.92 INCHES

-
1 SPAN = 9 INCHES 1 FATHOM = 6 FEET
1 CHAIN = 2 2 YARDS 1 FURLONG = 10 CHAINS
1 KNOT = 1 NAUTICAL M I L E 1 CABLE = 608 FEET
= 6 0 8 0 FEET

SQUARE M E A S U R E

144 SQUARE I N C H E S = 1 SQUARE FOOT

9 SQUARE F E E T = 1 SQUARE YARD
30-114 SQUARE YAROS = 1 SQUARE ROO
= 1 SQUARE P O L E
= 1 SQUARE PERCH
40 RODS = 1 ROOD
4 ROODS = 1 ACRE
640 ACRES = 1 SQUARE M I L E
1 SQUARE M I L E = 1 SECTION
36 SECTIONS = 1 TOWNSHIP

CUBIC O R SOLID MEASURE

1 C U . FOOT = 1728 CU. I N C H E S

1 C U . YARD = 27 CU. FEET
1
- C11.
- - FOOT = 7.48 GALLONS
1 GALLON (WATER) = 8.34 LBS.
1 GALLON ( U . S . ) = 231 C U . I N C H E S OF WATER
1 GALLON ( I M P E R I A L ) = 277-1/4 CU. I N C H E S OF WATER
- U.S. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

- 1
1
PINT
QUART
=
=
LIQUID MEASURE

4
2
GILLS
PINTS
1 GALLON = 4 QUARTS
1 FIRKIN = 9 GALLONS ( A L E OR B E E R )
1 BARREL = 42 GALLONS ( P E T R O L E U M OR CRUDE O I L )

DRY M E A S U R E

_ 1 QUART
1 PECK
1 BUSHEL
=
=
=
2 PINTS
8 QUARTS
4 PECKS

WEIGHT MEASUREMENT(MASS)

- A. A V O I R D U P O I S WEIGHT:

1
1
1
1
OUNCE
POUND

TON
=
=
HUNDREDWEIGHT =
=
16
16

100
2000
DRAMS
OUNCES
POUNOS
POUNDS

B. TROY WEIGHT:
m 1 CARAT = 3.17 GRAINS
1 PENNYWEIGHT = 20 GRAINS
1 OUNCE = 20 PENNYWEIGHTS

- 1
1
POUND
LONG HUNDREO-
WEIGHT
1 LONG TON
=

=
=
=
12

112
20
2240
OUNCES

POUNDS
LONG H U N D R E D W E I G H T S
POUNDS

C. A P O T H E C A R I E S WEIGHT:

1 SCRUPLE = 20 GRAINS = 1.296 GRAMS

1 DRAM = 3 SCRUPLE = 3.888 GRAMS
1 OUNCE = 8 DRAMS = 31.1035 GRAMS
1 POUND = 1 2 OUNCES = 313.2420 GRAMS

D. K I T C H E N W E I G H T S AND MEASURES:

1 U.S. P I N T = 16 F L . OUNCES
1 S T A N D A R D CUP = 8 F L . OUNCES
1 TABLESPOON = 0.5 F L . O U N C E S ( 1 5 CU. CMS.)
1 TEASPOON = 0.16 F L . OUNCES ( 5 C U . CMS.)
 I
PREFIXES:

I\.
0.
C.
WEGA
KILO
-
HECTO
-
=
=
=
1,000,000
1,000
100
Xr-?
METRlC SYSTEM

E.
F.
G.
DECI
CENT1
MILL1
=
=
=
0.1
0.01
0.001
D. DEKA = 10 H. MICRO = 0.000001
UNEAR MEASURE:

i E U N I T 'c THE METER = 39.37 INCUFQ.

CENTIM 3 10 MILLIMETERS 011 I N . *

1 DECIME 10 CENTIMETERS = 3.9370113 I N S .
f w - l ' 10 DECIMETERS = 1.0936143 YDS.
1 =,3.
1 DEKAMETER = 10 METERS = 10.936143 YDS.
1 HECTOMETER = 10 DEKAMETERS = 109.36143 YDS.
1 KILOMETER = 10 HECTOMETERS = 0.62137 M I L E
I 1 MYRIAMETER = 10.000 METERS
SQUARE MEASURE:
I
/ THE U N I T I S THE SQUARE METER = 1549.9969 SQ. INCHES:

I 1
1
1
SQ.
SQ.
SQ.
CENTIMETER
DECIMETER
METER
=
=
=
100
100
100
SQ.
SQ.
SQ.
MILLIMETERS
CENTIMETERS
DECIMETERS
=
=
=
0.1550 SQ.
15.550 SQ.
10.7639 SQ.
IN.
INS.
FT.
1 SQ. DEKAMETER = 100 SQ. METERS = 119.60 SQ. YDS
1 SQ. HECTOMTER r 100 SQ. DEKAMETERS
1 SQ. KILOMETER = 100 SQ. HECTOMETERS
1 THE U N I T I S THE "ARE" = 100 SO. METERS:

'
I
1
1
CENTIARE
DECIARE
=
=
10
10
MILLIARES
CENTIARES
=
=
10.7643
11.96033
SQ. FT.
SQ. YDS.
1 ARE = 10 DECIARES = 119.6033 SQ. YDS.
1 DEKARE = 10 ARES = 0.247110 ACRES
1 HEKTARE = 10 DEKARES = 2.471098 ACRES
(HECTO-ARE)
1 SQ. KILOMETER = 100 HEKTARES = 0.38611 SQ. M I L E

THE UNIT I S THE "STERE" = 61.025.38659 CU. INS.:

1 DECISTERE = 10 CENTISTERES = 3.531662 CU. FT.

1 STERE = 10 DECISTERES = 1.307986 CU. YDS.
1 DEKASTERE = 10 STERES = 13.07986 CU. YDS.
 METRIC SYSTEM

CUBIC MEASURE:

THE UNIT I S THE "METER" = 3 9 . 3 7 INS.:

1 CU. CENTIMETER= 1000 CU. MILLIMETERS = 0.06125 CU. IN.

1 CU. DECIMETER = 1 0 0 0 CU. CENTIMETERS = 61.1250 CU. INS.
1 CU. METER = 1000 CU. DECIMETERS = 35.3156 CU. FT.
= 1 STERE = 1.30797 CU. YOS.

1 CU. CENTIMETER (WATER) = 1 GRAM

1000 CU CENTIMETERS (WATER) = 1 LITER = 1 KILOGRAM
1 CU. METER ( 1 0 0 0 LITERS) = 1 METRIC TON

MEASURES OF WEIGHT:

THE UNIT r S THE GRAM = 0.035274 OUNCES:

1 MILLIGRAM = 0.015432 GRAINS

1 CENTIGRAM = 10 MILLIGRAMS = 0.15432 GRAINS
1 DECIGRAM = 10 CENTIGRAMS = 1.5432 GRAINS
1 GRAM = 10 DECIGRAMS = 15.4323 GRAINS *
1 DEKAGRAM 10 GRAMS = 5.6438 DRAMS
1 10 DEKAGRAMS =
5 7 10 HECTOGRAM!
MYRIAGRA = 10 KILOGRAMS 22.046223 POUND
I QUINTAL = 10 MYRIAGRAMS = 1.986412 CWT.
1 METRIC TON = 10 QUINTAL = 2.204.622 POUNDS I

1 GRAM = 0.56438 DRAMS

1 DRAM = 1.77186 GRAMS
= 27.3438 GRAINS
1 METRIC TON = 2.204.6223 POUNDS

MEASURE OF CAPACITY:

THE UNIT I S THE "LITER" = 1.0567 LIOUID OUARTS:

1 CENTILITER = 10 MILLILITERS = 0.338 FLUID OUNCES

1 DECILITER = 10 CENTILITERS = 3.38 FLUID OUNCES
1 LITER = 10 DECILITERS = 33.8 FLUID OUNCES
1 DEKALITER = 10 LITERS = 0.284 BUSHEL
1 HECTOLITER = 10 DEKALITERS = 2.84 BUSHELS
1 KILOLITER = 10 HECTOLITERS = 264.2 GALLONS

= MLIES 9X 8 = K1WKTERS
8 5
 CONVERSION TABLES

ATMOSPHERES = 33.9 X F T . OF WATER

29.92 X I N S . OF MERCURY
14.7 X L B S . PER S Q . I N .

g
T
J = 252 X C A L O R I E S (GRAM)
777.5 X F T . LBS.
0.0003927 X HORSEPOWER-HOURS
1054 X JOULES
0.0002928 X KILOWATT-HOURS

BTU (PER M I N . ) = l 2 96 X F T . L B S . PER S E C .

0 02356 X HORSEPOWER
0 05686 X WATTS

CALORIES = 0.003968 X BTU

DYNE = GRAMS , X CM/SEC/SEC

= 9.48 X lo-" X BTU

1.0 X DYNE C E N T I M E T E R S
7 . 3 7 x loe8 X FT. LBS.

F E E T OF WATER = 0.02950 X ATMOSPHERES

0.8826 X I N S . OF MERCURY
0.4335 X F T . L B S . PER SQ. IN.

FOOT POUNDS
PER SECOND = 0.07717 X E T U PER M I N .
0.001818 X HORSEPOWER
0.001356 X KILOWATTS

FOOT CANDLE = 10.765 X LUX

HORSEPOWER = 42.44 X B T U . PER M I N .

33,000 X F T . L B S . PER M I N .
550 X F T . L B S . PER S E C .

, - ..- - - ..-
.HCIRSFPCIWFR
HOURS = 2547 X BTU.
1.98 X lo6 X FT. LBS
2.68 X lo6 X JOULES

- . .... -

0.7376 x FT:-LBS.
0.000278 X WATT-HOURS
1.0 X WATT-SECONDS

KILOWATT-HOURS = 3415 X B T U PER M I N .

3.6 x 1013 x ERGS

Lux = 0.929 X FT. CANDLES

 CONVERSION TABLES

BTU PER. M I N . = WATTS X 0.05692

ERGS PER. SEC. = WATTS X 1 . 0 X 10'
FT. L B S . PER M I N . = WATTS X 44.26
HORSEPOWER = WATTS X 0.00134

1 GRAM CALORIE = 0 . 0 0 3 9 6 4 BTU

4 . 1 8 4 JOULES

1 GRAM FORCE = 9 8 0 . 6 DYNES

1 FOOT POUND = 1 L B S . FORCE X 1 FOOT

1 . 3 5 6 JOULES

1 POUND MASS = 453.6 GRAMS

1 NEWTON = 1 KILOGRAM X 1 METER/SEC/SEC

1 0 0 . 0 0 0 DYNES
0 . 2 2 4 LBS. FORCE

1 SLUG = 3 2 . 2 LBS MASS

1 4 . 6 0 6 KILOGRAMS

1 KILOWATT HOUR = 3.600.000 JOULES

1 WATT = 3 . 4 1 2 BTU/HRS.
0 . 2 3 9 GRAM C A L O R I E / S E C .

1 BTU R A I S E S ONE POUND OF WATER 1' F

1 GRAM CALORIE R A I S E S ONE GRAM OF WATER 1" C

1 CIRCULAR M I L = 0.7854 SQ. M I L

1 SOUARE M I L = 1.27 CIR. MILS

1 MIL = 0 . 0 0 1 INS.

T O DETERMINE THE CIRCULAR M I L OF A CONDUCTOR

1. ROUND CONDUCTOR CM = ( DIAMETER I N M I L S )'

WIDTH ( M I L S ) X THICKNESS ( M I L S )
2. BUS BAR cM =
0.7854
NOTES: 1. 1 MILLIMETER 39.37 MILS

2. 1 CIR. MILLIMETER = 1550 CIR. MILS

3. 1 SQ. M I L L I M E T E R = 1974 CIR. MILS

 METALS

SPEC. MELT E L E C . COND. LBS.

METAL SYMB. GRAV. c0 F" % COPPER CU."

ALUMINUM AL 2.710 660 1220 64.9 .0978

ANTIMONY SB 6.620 630 1167 4.42 .2390
ARSENIC AS 5.730 - - - - ---- 4.9 ,2070
BERYLLIUM BE 1.830 1280 2336 9.32 .0660
BISMUTH B I 9.800 271 520 1.50 .3540
B R A S S (70-30) 8.510 900 1652 28.0 .3070
BRONZE (5% S N ) 8.870 1000 1382 18.0 ,3200
CADMIUM CD 8.650 321 610 22.7 ,3120
CALCIUM CA 1.550 850 1562 50.1 .0560
COBALT CO 8.900 1495 2723 17.8 ,3210
COPPER CU
ROLLED 8.890 1083 1981 100.00 .3210
8,950 .... .... 100.00 .3230
TUBING
GOLD AU 19.30 1063 1945 71.2 .6970
GRAPHITE 2.25 3500 6332 ,0812
INDIUM I N 7.30 156 311 20.6 ,2640
IRIDIUM IR 22.40 2450 4442 32.5 .a090
1200 2192
IRON FE 7.20 TO TO 17.6 ,2600
1400 2552
1500 2732
MALLEABLE 7.20 TO TO 10 ,2600
1600 2912
1500 2732
WROUGHT 7.70 TO TO 10 .2780
1600 2912
LEAD PB 11.40 327 621 8.35 ,4120
MAGNESIUM MG 1.74 651 1204 38.7 .0628
MANGANESE MN 7.20 1245 2273 0.9 ,2600
MERCURY HG 13.65 -38.9 -37.7 1.80 .4930
MOLYBDENUM MO 10.20 2620 4748 36.1 ,3680
MONEL (63-37) 8.87 1300 2372 3.0 ,3200
NICKEL NI 8.90 1452 2646 25.0 .3210
PHOSPHORUS P 1.82 44.1 111.4 lo-'' ,0657
PLATINUM PT 21.46 1773 3221 17.5 ,7750
POTASSIUM K 0.860 62.3 144.1 28 ,0310
SELENIUM SE 4.81 220 428 14.4 .I740
SILICON S I 2.40 1420 2588 10 .0866
SILVER AG 10.50 960 1760 106 .3790
1330 2436
STEEL (CARBON) 7.84 TO TO 10 ,2830
1380 2516
STAINLESS
(18-8) 7.92 1500 2732 2.5 .2860
(13-CR) 7.78 1520 2768 3.5 .2810
(18-CR) 7.73 1500 2732 3.0 ,2790
TANTALUM TA 16.6 2900 5414 13.9 .5990
- METALS

SPEC. MELT PO1NT E L E C . CONO. LBS.

METAL SYMB. GRAV. c0 F" ' % COPPER CU:

TELLURIUM TE 6.2 450 846 1 0 ~ ~,2240

THORIUM TH 11.70 1845 3353 9.10 .422
TIN SN 7.30 232 449 15.00 ,264
TITANIUM T I 4.50 1800 3272 2.10 .I62
TUNGSTEN W 19.30 3410 - - - 31.50 ,697
URANIUM U 18.70 1130 2066 2.80 .675
VANADIUM V 5.96 1710 3110 6.63 ,215
ZINC ZN 7.14 419 786 29.10 .258
ZIRCONIUM ZR 6.40 1700 3092 4.20 ,231

- SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (K)

- THE S P E C I F I C R E S I S T A N C E ( K ) OF A M A T E R I A L I S THE R E S I S T A N C E
O F F E R E D B Y A WIRE OF THIS MATERIAL WHICH IS ONE FOOT LONG WITH
D I A M E T E R OF ONE M I L .
A

MATERIAL "K" MATERIAL "K"

BRASS 43.0 ALUMINUM 17.0

CONSTANTAN 295 MONEL 253
COPPER 10.8 NICHROME 600
GERMAN S I L V E R 18% 200 NICKEL 947
GOLD 14.7 TANTALUM 93.3
IRON (PURE) 60.0 TIN 69.0
MAGNESIUM 276 TUNGSTEN 34.0
MANGANIN 265 SILVER 9.7

NOTE: 1. T H E R E S I S T A N C E OF A W I R E I S D I R E C T L Y P R O P O R T I O N A L

-
TO T H E S P E C I F I C R E S I S T A N C E OF T H E M A T E R I A L .

2. " K " = S P E C I F I C R E S I S T A N C E
 L.
CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETER SCALES

1. TEMP. C" = 5/9 X (TEMP. F' - 32)

2. TEMP. F' = (9/5 X TEMP. C o ) + 32

3. A M B I E N T T E M P E R A l U R E I S THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE SURROUNDING C O O L I N G M E D I U M

4. RATED TEMPERATURE R I S E I S THE P E R M I S S I B L E

R I S E I N TEMPERATURE ABOVE A M B I E N T WHEN
O P E R A T I N G UNDER L O A D .
 USEFUL MATH FORMULAS

RIGHT TRIANGLE OBTUSE T R I A N G L E

h"A"

"B"
"C"

S O L V E A S TWO R I G H T
TRIANGLES

fl
SPHERE CYLINDRICAL CONE
AREA = D ' X 3 . 1 4 1 6 VOLUME = AREA O F VOLUME = AREA OF
VOLUME = D3 x 0 . 5 2 3 6 END X H E I G H T END X H E I G H T / 3

Q-- - ---
"A"

"W"

ELLIPTICAL

SOLVE T H E SAME A S C Y L I N D R I C A L M = A X B X C
 THE CIRCLE

DEFINITION: A C L O S E D P L A N E CURVE H A V I N G EVERY P O I N T AN EQUAL

D I S T A N C E FROM A F I X E D P O I N T W I T H I N THE C U R V E .

CIRCUMFERENCE: T H E D I S T A N C E AROUND A C I R C L E .
DIAMETER : T H E D I S T A N C E ACROSS A C I R C L E THROUGH T H E C E N T E R
RADIUS : T H E D I S T A N C E FROM THE CENTER TO THE EDGE OF A
CIRCLE.
ARC : A PART OF THE C I R C U M F E R E N C E .
CHORD : A S T R A I G H T L I N E CONNECTING THE ENDS O F AN A R C .
SEGMENT : AN AREA BOUNDED BY AN ARC A N 0 A CHORD.
SECTOR : A P A R T OF C I R C L E E N C L O S E 0 BY TWO R A D I I AND THE
ARC W H I C H THEY CUT O F F .

CIRCUMFERENCE OF A C I R C L E = 3.1416 X 2 X RADIUS

AREA OF A C I R C L E = 3 . 1 4 1 6 X RADIUS X RADIUS
ARC L E N G T H = DEGREES I N ARC X R A O I U S X 0 . 0 1 7 4 5
RADIUS LENGTH = ONE H A L F L E N G T H OF D I A M E T E R
SECTOR AREA = ONE H A L F L E N G T H OF ARC X R A D I U S

CHORD LENGTH = 2 1
SEGMENT AREA = SECTOR AREA M I N U S T R I A N G L E A R E A .

m:
3.1416 X 2 X R = 3 6 0 DEGREES

v w
0.0087266 X 2 X R OR
0.01745 X R = 1 DEGREE

T H I S G I V E S U S THE ARC FORMULA

DEGREES X RADIUS X 0.01745 =

DEVELOPEO L E N G T H

EXAMPLE:

FOR A N I N E T Y DEGREE C O N D U I T B E N D , H A V I N G A R A D I U S OF 1 7 . 2 5 " :

9 0 X 17.25" X 0.01745 = DEVELOPED LENGTH

27" = DEVELOPED LENGTH

 FRACTIONS

DEFINITIONS:
.
I

A. A F R A C T I O N I S A Q U A N T I T Y L E S S THAN A U N I T

8. A NUMERATOR I S THE TERM OF A F R A C T I O N I N D I C A T I N G HOW MANY

OF T H E P A R T S OF A U N I T ARE T O B E T A K E N . I N A COMMON
F R A C T I O N I T A P P E A R S ABOVE OR TO T H E L E F T OF T H E L I N E .
a
C. A O E N O M I N A T O R I S T H E TERM OF A F R A C T I O N I N D I C A T I N G THE
NUMBER OF E Q U A L P A R T S I N T O W H I C H THE U N I T I S O I V I D E U . IN
A COMMON F R A C T I O N I T A P P E A R S BELOW OR TO T H E R I G H T OF THE
LINE.
1
1 NUMERATOR
-
+

D. EXAMPLES: (1.) = = FRACTION

2 + DENOMINATOR

(2. ) NUMERATOR + 1/2 + OENOMINATOR

TO ADD OR SUBTRACT:

TOSOLVE 112 - 2/3 + 3/4 - 5/6 + 7/12 = ?

A. D E T E R M I N E T H E LOWEST COMMON D E N O M I N A T O R T H A T E A C H OF THE

D E N O M I N A T O R S 2 . 3 . 4 . 6 . AND 1 2 W I L L D I V I D E I N T O A N EVEN
.
I NUMBER OF T I M E S .

THE LOWEST COMMON D E N O M I N A T O R I S 1 2

-
B. WORK ONE F R A C T I O N A T A T I M E U S I N G T H E FORMULA

T I M E S NUMERATOR OF F R A C T I O N
D E N O M I N A T O R OF F R A C T I O N

(1.) 12/2 X 1 = 6 X 1 = 6 112 BECOMES 6/12

(2.) 12/3 X 2 = 4 X 2 = 8 2/3 BECOMES 8/12

(3.) 12/4 X 3 = 3 X 3 = 9 3/4 BECOMES 9/12

(4.) 12/6 X 5 = 2 X 5 = 10 5/6 BECOMES 1 0 1 1 2

(5.) 7/12 REMAINS 7/12

C O N T I N U E D N E X T PAGE
 FRACTIONS

T O ADD O R S U B T R A C T ( C O N T I N U E D ) :

C. WE CAN NOW CONVERT THE PROBLEM FROM I T S O R I G I N A L FORM TO

I T S NEW FORM U S I N G 1 2 AS THE COMMON D E N O M I N A T O R .

-
112 - 2/3 + 3/4 - 5/6 + 7/12 = ORIGINALFORM

+ + = P R E S E N T FORM
12

+22 - l8 = = 1 REDUCED TO LOWEST FORM

12 12 3
D. TO CONVERT F R A C T I O N S TO D E C I M A L FORM S I M P L Y D I V I D E THE I
NUMERATOR OF THE F R A C T I O N B Y THE DENOMINATOR OF THE
FRACTION.

EXAMPLE:

T O MULTIPLY:
1 D I V I D E D BY 3 = 0.33 = ANS.
-
A. THE NUMERATOR OF F R A C T I O N # 1 T I M E S THE NUMERATOR OF
F R A C T I O N # 2 I S EQUAL TO THE NUMERATOR OF T H E PRODUCT

8. THE OENOMINATOR OF F R A C T I O N # 1 T I M E S THE D E N O M I N A T O R OF

F R A C T I O N # 2 I S E Q U A L TO THE OENOMINATOR OF THE PRODUCT.
-
C. EXAMPLE:

FRACTION # 1 FRACTION #2 PRODUCT

1
NUMERATORS

-
1-1' -2 = - 1
2-3

DENOMINATORS

TO CHANGE 1 / 3 TO D E C I M A L FORM. DIVIDE 1 BY 3 = 0.33

 FRACTIONS

TO DIVIDE:
1 -

A. THE NUMERATOR OF F R A C T I O N # 1 T I M E S T H E O E N O M I N A T O R OF
F R A C T I O N # 2 I S EQUAL TO THE NUMERATOR OF THE Q U O T I E N T .

- 8.

C.
THE D E N O M I N A T O R OF F R A C T I O N # I T I M E S THE NUMERATOR OF
F R A C T I O N # 2 I S EQUAL TO THE O E N O M I N A T O R OF THE Q U O T I E N T

EXAMPLE:

F R A C T I O N #1 FRACTION #2 QUOTIENT

L- -
3

DENOMINATORS

TO CHANGE 3 / 4 TO D E C I M A L FORM. D I V I D E 3 B Y 4 = 0.75

 EQUATIONS

T H E W O R D E Q U A T I O N M E A N S E Q U A L O R T H E S A M E AS.

EXAMPLE: 2 X 10 = 4 X 5
20 = 20

w:
A. THE SAME NUMBER MAY B E ADOEO TO B O T H S I D E S OF A N E Q U A T I O N
WITHOUT CHANGING I T S VALUES.

EXAMPLE: (2 X 10) + 3 = (4 X 5) + 3

B.
23 = 23

THE SAME NUMBER MAY B E S U B T R A C T E D FROM B O T H S I D E S OF AN

EQUATION WITHOUT CHANGING I T S VALUES.
-
EXAMPLE: (2 X 10) - 3 = (4 X 5) - 3
17 = 17

C. BOTH S I D E S OF AN E Q U A T I O N MAY BE D I V I D E D B Y T H E SAME

NUMBER WITHOUT CHANGING I r s V A L U E S .

EXAMPLE: -
2 x 1 0
= -
4 x 5
20 20

0. B O T H S I D E S OF AN E Q U A T I O N MAY B E M U L T I P L I E D BY T H E SAME
NUMBER W I T H O U T C H A N G I N G I T S V A L U E S .

EXAMPLE: 3 X (2 X 10) = 3 X (4 X 5)
60 = 60

E. TRANSPOSITION:

THE PROCESS OF M O V I N G A Q U A N T I T Y FROM ONE S I D E OF A N

E Q U A T I O N TO THE OTHER S I D E OF AN E Q U A T I O N BY C H A N G I N G I T S
S I G N OF O P E R A T I O N I S T R A N S P O S I N G .
-
1. A TERM MAY B E TRANSPOSED I F I T S S I G N I S C;iANGED FROM
P L U S ( + ) TO M I N U S ( - ) . OR FROM M I N U S ( - ) TO P L U S ( + ) .

EXAMPLES
 EQUATIONS

1
w:
E. TRANSPOSITION:

2. A M U L T I P L I E R MAY B E REMOVED FROM ONE S I D E OF AN

E Q U A T I O N B Y M A K I N G I T A D I V I S O R I N THE O T H E R . OR A
D I V I S O R MAY B E REMOVED FROM ONE S I D E OF AN E Q U A T I O N BY
M A K I N G I T A M U L T I P L I E R I N THE O T H E R .

EXAMPLE: M U L T I P L I E R FROM ONE S I D E OF E Q U A T I O N BECOMES

D I V I S O R I N OTHER S I D E OF THE E Q U A T I O N .

40
EXAMPLE: 4X = 4 0 BECOMES X = -
4
D I V I S O R FROM ONE S I D E OF E Q U A T I O N BECOMES
M U L T I P L I E R I N OTHER S I D E OF THE E Q U A T I O N .

1 EXAMPLE: = 10 BECOMES X = 4 X 10
4

w:
A. ADDITION:
1
1. RULE: U S E THE S I G N OF THE LARGER AND ADD

EXAMPLES: + 3 - 2 + 3 3
-- 2 - 9 2

8. SUBTRACTION:

RULE: CHANGE THE S I G N OF THE SUBTRAHEND AND PROCEED

AS I N A D D I T I O N :

EXAMPLES: + 3 - 2 + 3 - 3
- 2 + 3 + 2 <

CHANGE SUBTRAHEND AND ADO

 EQUATIONS

3. (CONTINUED):

C. MULTIPLICATION:

1. THE PRODUCT OF ANY TWO NUMBERS H A V I N G L I K E S I G N S I S

POSITIVE. THE PRODUCT OF ANY TWO NUMBERS H A V I N G
UNLIKE SIGNS I S NEGATIVE.

EXAMPLE: (+3) X (-2) = -6 (-3) X (+2) = -6

D. DIVISION: -
1. I F T H E D I V I S O R A N 0 D I V I D E N D HAVE L I K E S I G N S , T H E S I G N
OF T H E Q U O T I E N T I S P O S I T I V E . I F THE D I V I S O R AND
D I V I D E N D H A V E U N L I K E S I G N S . THE S I G N OF T H E Q U O T I E N T
I S NEGATIVE.

EXAMPLE:

+ 6 + 6 - 6 - 6
-= - 3 - + 3 - = - 3 - + 3
- 2 + 2 + 2 - 2
 SQUARE ROOT

1. G R O U P I N G T H E D I G I T S I N A NUMBER I S E S S E N T I A L I N S O L V I N G
SQUARE ROOT PROBLEMS. S T A R T A T THE D E C I M A L P O I N T . AND GROUP
TWO TO A GROUP TO T H E L E F T . I F THERE I S A D I G I T L E F T OVER A T
THE EXTREME L E F T T H A T D I G I T W I L L B E C O N S I D E R E D TO B E A GROUP.
S T A R T A G A I N A T T H E D E C I M A L P O I N T AND GROUP TWO TO A GROUP TO
THE R I G H T . I F THERE I S A D I G I T L E F T OVER A T THE EXTREME
R I G H T , S I M P L Y ADD A " 0 " . W H I C H W I L L NOT CHANGE T H E V A L U E OF
THE NUMBER.

EXAMPLES: 234.567 GROUP AS 2 34 . 56 70

2345.67 GROUP AS 23 45 . 67

2. THE CONSTANT I N S O L V I N G A L L SQUARE ROOT PROBLEMS W I L L B E

NUMBER "20".

3. SOLUTION: 1 5 . 3 1 (STEP 2 . )

y m M U L T I P L Y 5 X 2 5 TO = 1 2 5
S U B T R A C T 1 2 5 FROM 1 3 4 TO = 9
B R I N G DOWN T H I R D GROUP 5 6 AND
2 0 x 1 = 2 0 1 OUR R E M A I N D E R = 9 5 6
+ 5
= 25 ( 1 3 4 CONSTANT 2 0 X T O T A L ANSWER 1 5
I S 300.

D I V I D E 9 5 6 RY 3 0 0 = 3
A D D - 3 0 0 ~ ~ ~i~ ~ 3- 033
3 0 3 W I L L D I V I D E I N T O 9 5 6 THREE
20 X 153 = 3060 - 9 09 T I M E S . SO 3 BECOMES THE T H I R D
+ 1 DIGIT.IN OUR A N S W E R
= 3061 47 70
(STEP 3.)
-30 6 1

(STEP 1.)
S u i ~ R n c i9 0 9 - ; ~ 0 M 9 5 6 TO E Q U A L
47. B R I N G DOWN L A S T GROUP 7 0 TO
THE L A R G E S T NUMBER T H A T W I L L E S T A B L I S H A R E M A I N D E R OF 4 7 7 0 .
s Q Y A R E I N T O T H E F I R S T GROUP I S
(STEP 4.)
-
1 .
CONSTANT 2 0 X T O T A L ANSWER
SUBTRACT " 1 " FROM " Z " * , A N D BRING 153 = 3060.
DOWN SECOND GROUP " 3 4 D I V I D E 4 7 7 0 BY 3 0 6 0 = 1
ADD 3 0 6 0 AND 1 = 3 0 6 1
CONSTANT 2 0 X ANSWER 1 = 2 0 3 0 6 1 W I L L D I V I D E I N T O 4 7 7 0 ONE
D I V I D E 1 3 4 BY 2 0 = 6 T I M E . 1 BECOMES THE FOURTH D I G I T
ADD 2 0 AND 6 = 2 6 I N OUR ANSWER.

NOTE: 2 6 W I L L NOT D I V I D E I N T O NOTE: MULTIPLY 1 5 . 3 1 X 1 5 . 3 1

1 3 4 S I X T I M E S SO THEREFORE 2 5 = 234.396. ADD 2 3 4 . 3 9 6
MUST B E U S E D . 25 WILL DIVIDE AND 0 . 1 7 0 9 ( T H E R E M A I N D E R
INTO 1 3 4 F I V E T I M E S . NOW OUR OF THE P R O B L E M ) TO EQUAL
ANSWER I S 5 AND WE ARE READY FOR 234.567. T H I S ENABLES
STEP 2 . YOU TO CHECK FOR
ACCURACY.
 NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

14 .2419 ,9703 .2493 40108 10306 4.1336 76

15 ,2588 9659 ,2679 3.7321 10353 3.8637 75
16 ,2756 .gel3 2867 3 4874 1 0403 3.6280 74
17 .2924 ,9563 3057 3.2709 10457 34203 73
18 .3090 9511 .3249 3.0777 1.0515 3 2361 72
19 ,3256 9455 3443 2.9042 1 0576 3.0716 71
20 .3420 9397 ,3640 2.7475 1 0642 2 9238 70
21 ,3584 .9336 3839 2.6051 1 0711 2.7904 69
22 ,3746 ,9272 ,4040 2.4751 1.0785 26695 68
23 ,3907 9205 .4245 2.3559 1.0864 2 5593 67
24 .4067 ,9135 .4452 2.2460 1.0946 2 4586 66
25 .4226 ,9063 4663 2.1445 1.1034 2 3662 65
26 ,4384 .a988 4877 2.0503 1 1126 2 2812 64
27 .4540 .8910 5095 1 9626 1.1223 2.2027 63
28 ,4695 8879 5317 18807 1.1326 21301 62
29 .4848 ,8746 5543 1 8040 1.1434 2.0627 61
30 ,5000 8660 5774 17321 1.1547 2.0000 60
31 ,5150 0572 ,6009 1.6643 1.1666 1 9416 59
32 .5299 ,8480 6249 1 6003 1.1792 1.8871 58
33 ,5446 .a387 6494 15399 1.1924 1.8361 57
34 .5592 .El290 6745 1.4826 1 2062 1 7883 56
35 .5736 ,8192 7002 14281 12208 1.7434 55
36 .5878 ,8090 7265 1 3764 1.2361 1 7013 54
37 ,6018 .7986 7536 1.3270 12521 1.6616 53
38 ,6157 .7880 7813 1.2799 1 2690 1.6243 52
39 .6293 .7771 8098 1 2349 1.2868 1.5890 51
40 6428 .7660 8391 11918 13054 1.5557 50
41 .I3561 ,7547 8693 11504 1.3250 1.5243 49
42 ,6691 ,7431 9004 1.1106 1.3456 1.4945 48
43 .6820 .7314 9325 1 0724 1.3673 1.4663 47
44 .6947 .7193 9657 1.0355 1.3902 1 4396 46
45 .7071 ,7071 1 0000 1.0000 1 4142 1 4142 45
ANGLE C O S I N E SINE COTAN. TANGENT COSECANT SECANT ANGLE
 TRIGONOMETRY

T R I G O N O M E T R Y I S T H E M A T H E M A T I C S D E A L I N G W I T H T H E R E L A T I O N S OF
S I D E S A N D A N G L E S OF T R I A N G L E S .

A T R I A N G L E I S A F I G U R E E N C L O S E D BY T H R E E S T R A I G H T S I D E S . THE
SUM OF T H E T H R E E A N G L E S I S 1 8 0 D E G R E E S . A L L T R I A N G L E S HAVE S I X
PARTS: T H R E E A N G L E S , A N 0 THREE S I D E S O P P O S I T E T H E A N G L E S .

R I G H T T R I A N G L E S ARE T R I A N G L E S T H A T H A V E ONE A N G L E OF N I N E T Y
D E G R E E S AND TWO A N G L E S OF L E S S T H A N N I N E T Y D E G R E E S .

TO H E L P YOU REMEMBER T H E S I X T R I G O N O M E T R I C FUNCTIONS: MEMORIZE

"OH HELL ANOTHER HOUR OF ANDY"

(OH)
OPPOSITE SIDE
SINE U =
HYPOTENUSE
(HELL)

(ANOTHER)
ADJACENT'SIDE
COSINE o =
HYPOTENUSE
(HOUR)

TANGENT 0 =
ADJACENT S I D E
(ANDY)
-
NOW U S E BACKWARDS
"ANDY OF HOUR ANOTHER HELL OH"

(ANDY)
ADJACENT S I D E A L W A Y S P L A C E T H E A N G L E TO
COTANGENT U = BE SOLVED AT THE VERTEX
OPPOSITE SIDE
(WHERE " X " AND " Y " C R O S S )
(OF)
(HOUR)
HYPOTENUSE
SECANT n =
ADJACENT S I D E
(ANOTHER)

(HELL)
HYPOTENUSE
COSECANT 0 =
OPPOSITE SIDE
(OH)
NOTE: o = T H E T A = ANY A N G L E
 I

BENDING OFF-SETS WITH TRIGONOMETRY

"C"
/
42"
"0"
-
S I D E OPPOSITE -
S I D E ADJACENT
26"
" E" -
THE COSECANT O F T H E ANGLE T I M E S THE O F F - S E T D E S I R E D I S EQUAL TO
THE O I S T A N C E BETWEEN THE C E N T E R S OF THE B E N D S .

EXAMPLE: TO MAKE A F I F T E E N I N C H ( 1 5 " )

DEGREE B E N D S :

1.
OFF-SET: USING THIRTY ( 3 0 )

U S E T R I G . T A B L E ( P A G E 5 4 ) TO F I N D THE COSECANT OF A
-
T H I R T Y ( 3 0 ) OGREE A N G L E . WE F I N O I T TO B E TWO ( 2 ) .
2. M U L T I P L Y TWO ( 2 ) T I M E S THE O F F - S E T D E S I R E D . W H I C H
I S F I F T E E N ( 1 5 ) I N C H E S TO D E T E R M I N E THE D I S T A N C E
BETWEEN B E N 0 " 8 " AND BEND " C " . THE ANSWER I S I
T H I R T Y ( 3 0 ) INCHES.

TO MARK T H E C O N D U I T FOR B E N D I N G :

1.

2.
MEASURE FROM E N 0 OF C O N D U I T " A " T H I R T Y - F O U R ( 3 4 )
I N C H E S TO CENTER OF F I R S T BEND " 8 " . A N 0 MARK.
MEASURE FROM MARK " 0 " T H I R T Y ( 3 0 ) I N C H E S TO CENTER
-
OF SECOND BEND " C " . AND MARK.
3. MEASURE FROM MARK " C " FORTY-TWO ( 4 2 ) I N C H E S TO " 0 " .
A N 0 MARK. C U T . REAM. A N 0 THREAD C O N D U I T BEFORE
BENDING.

ROLLING OFF-SETS: TO D E T E R M I N E HOW MUCH O F F - S E T I S NEEDED TO

MAKE A R O L L I N G O F F - S E T :

-
1. MEASURE V E R T I C A L R E Q U I R E D . U S E WORK T A B L E ( A N Y
SQUARE W I L L D O ) AND MEASURE FROM CORNER T H I S AMOUNT
AND MARK.
2. MEASURE H O R I Z O N T A L R E Q U I R E D . MEASURE N I N E T Y
DEGREES FROM THE V E R T I C A L L I N E MEASUREMENT
( S T A R T I N G I N SAME CORNER) AND MARK.
3. T H E D I A G O N A L O I S T A N C E BETWEEN T H E S E MARKS W I L L B E

NOTE:
-
T H E AMOUNT OF O F F - S E T R E Q U I R E O .

S H R I N K I S HYPOTENUSE M T N l l S THE S I D E A D J A C E N T .
-
-54-
 CHICAGO-TYPE BENDERS

NINETY DEGREE BENDING

"AM TO uC- = STUB-UP

"C" TO "D" = TAIL
MCM = B A C K OF S T U B - U P
"C" = BOTTOM OF C O N D U I T

NOTE
THERE ARE MANY VAR-
I A T I O N S OF T H I S T Y P E
BENDER. B U T MOST MAN-
UFACTURERS O F F E R TWO
SIZES.

THE S M A L L S I Z E SHOE
TAKES 1 1 2 " . 3 / 4
1" C O N D U I T .
.
AND

THE LARGE S I Z E SHOE

T A K E S 1 - 1 1 4 " AND 1 - 1 / 2 "
CONDUIT.

TO D E T E R M I N E " T A K E - U P " AND * S H R I N K ' ' OF EACH S I Z E

C O N D U I T FOR A P A R T I C U L A R BENDER TO MAKE N I N E T Y
DEGREE B E N D S .

1. USE A S T R A I G H T P I E C E OF SCRAP C O N D U I T

2. MEASURE EXACT L E N G T H OF SCRAP C O N D U I T . "A" TO "D".

,,"" ',
,. ,,
b 1P1
O R I G I N A L MEASUREMENT

3. P L A C E C O N D U I T I N BENDER. MARK A T EDGE OF S H O E . "0".

L E V E L C O N D U I T . BEND N I N E T Y , AND COUNT NUMBER OF PUMPS. MAKE

AND K E E P NOTES ON EACH S I Z E C O N D U I T U S E D .

5. AFTER BENDING N I N E T Y :

A. D I S T A N C E BETWEEN "0" AND "C" I S THE TAKE-UP

B. O R I G I N A L MEASUREMENT OF THE SCRAP P I E C E OF C O N D U I T

SUBTRACTED FROM ( D I S T A N C E "A" TO " C " PLUS DISTANCE
"C" TO " D m ) I S THE S H R I N K .

NOTE: B O T H T I M E AND ENERGY W I L L B E S A V E D I F C O N D U I T CAN B E C U T ,

REAMED. AND THREADED BEFORE B E N D I N G .

THE SAME METHOD CAN B E USED ON H Y D R A U L I C B E N D E R S .

-55-
 CHICAGO-TYPE BENDER

OFF-SETS

STRAIGHI-tOGE

POINl "A"

U
CHICAGO TYPE BENDER

EXAMPLE: TO B E N D A 6 " OFF-SET:

1. MAKE A MARK 3" FROM C O N D U I T END

W I T H MARK A T O U T S I D E EDGE OF JAW.
PLACE C O N l l U I T I N BENDER
-
2. MAKE THREE F U L L P U M P S . M A K I N G S U R t H A N D L E GOES A L L T H E WAY
DOWN TO THE S T O P .

3.

4.
REMOVE C O N D U I T FROM BENDER AND P L A C E ALONG S I D E S T R A I G H T -
EDGE.

MEASURE 6 " FROM S T R A I G H T - E D G E TO C E N T E R OF C O N D U I T . MARK

-
POlNT " 0 " . U S E SQUARE FOR ACCURACY.

5. MARK C t N T E R OF C O N D U I T FROM B O I H U I R E C I I O N S THROUGH B E N D A S

I L L U S T R A T E D BY B R O K E N L I N E . WHERE L I N E S CROSS I S P O I N T " 8 " . ,
6. MEASURE FROM " A " TO " 8 " TO D E T E R M I N E D I S T A N C E FROM " D m TO
"C". MARK " C " AND P L A C E C O N D U I T I N B E N D E R W I T H MARK A T
O U T S I D E EDGE OF J A W . AND W I T H THE K I C K P O I N T I N G DOWN. USE
L E V E L TO P R E V E N T D O G G I N G C O N C U I T .

7. REPEAT S T E P " 2 "

NOTE: 1. THERE ARE S F V E R A L METHODS OF B E N D I N G R I G I D C O N D U I T

W I T H A C H I C A G O T Y P E B E N D E R . A N 3 ANY METHOD T H A T G E T S
THE J O B DONE I N A M l N I M U M AMOUNT OF T I M E W I T H
C R A F T S M A N S H I P I S GOOD.

2. WHATEVER METHOD U S E D . Q U A L I T Y W I L L I M P R O V E W I T H
EXPERIENCE.
 MULTI-SHOT NINETY DEGREE CONDUIT BENDING

- PROBLEM:

A.
B.
TO MEASURE. T H R E A D . C U T . AND REAM C O N O U I T BEFORE B E N D I N G
TO A C C U R A T E L Y BEND C O N D U I T TO THE D E S I R E 0 H E I G H T OF THE
S T U B - U P ( H ) , AND TO THE D E S I R E D L E N G T H OF THE T A I L ( L ) .

I
A. S I Z E OF C O N D U I T . 2"
0. SPACE BETWEEN C O N D U I T ( C E N T E R TO C E N T E R ) . 6"
C. H E I G H T OF S T U B - U P . 36"
0. L E N G T H OF T A I L . 48"

SOLUTION:
u -
A. TO D E T E R M I N E R A D I U S : (R)

C O N D U I T # 1 ( I N S I D E C O N O U I T ) W I L L U S E THE M I N I M U M R A D I U S
UNLESS OTHERWISE S P E C I F I E D . THE M I N I M U M R A D I U S I S E I G H T
T I M E S THE S I Z E OF THE C O N D U I T . P L U S O N E - H A L F T H E O U T S I D E
D I A M E T E R OF THC C O N D U I T . ( S E E PAGE 5 9 )

R A D I U S OF C O N D U I T # 1 = 8 X 2" + 1.25" = 17.25"

R A D I U S OF C O N D U I T # 2 : R A D I U S # 1 + 6" = 23.25"

R A D I U S OF C O N D U I T # 3 = RADIUS # 2 + 6" = 29.25"

B. TO D E T E R M I N E D E V E L O P E D L E N G T H : (DL) RADIUS X 1.57 = DL

D L OF C O N D U I T # 1 = R X 1.57 = 17.25'' X 1.57 = 27"

DL OF C O N O U I T # 2 = R X 1.57 = 23.25" X 1.57 = 36.5"

D L OF C O N D U I T # 3 = R X 1.57 = 29.25" X 1.57 = 46"

C. TO D E T E R M I N E L E N G T H OF N I P P L E : ( S E E PAGE 6 1 )

LENGTH OF N I P P L E , CONDUIT # 1 = L + H + D L - 2R
= 4 8 " + 3 6 " + ? 7 " - 34.,!"
= 76.5" = 6 - 4.5

L E N G T H OF N I P P L E , CONDUIT # 2 = L + H + D L - 2R
= 54" + 4 2 " + 36.5" - 46.5"
= 86" = 7' . 2"

I
LENGTH OF N I P P L E . CONDUIT # 3 = L
= 60
t
H + D L - 2:
+ 48 + 46 - 5 8 . 5 "
= 95.5- = 7' - 11.5"

NOTE: 1. FOR 9 0 DEGREE B E N D S . SHRINK = 2R - DL

2. FOR O F F - S E T BCNDS. SHRINK = HYPOTENUSE - SIDE

1 ADJACENT.
 MULTI-SHOT NINETY DEGREE CONDUIT BENDING

L A Y O U T AND B E N D I N G :

A. TO L O C A T E P O I N T " 8 " . MEASURE FROM P O I N T " A " . THE L E N G T H OF

THE STUB-UP MINUS THE RADIUS. ON A L L T H R E E . C O N D U I T . POINT
" B " W I L L B E 1 8 . 7 5 " FROM P O I N T " A " . (PAGE 5 9 )

B. TO L O C A T E P O I N T " C " . MEASURE FORM P O I N T " 0 " THE LENGTH

M I N U S THE R A D I U S . ( R E F E R PAGE 6 1 ) . ON A L L ~ H R E EC O N D U I T .
P O I N T " C " W I L L B E 3 0 . 7 5 " FROM P O I N T " D M . (PAGE 5 9 )

C. D I V I D E T H E D E V E L O P E D L E N G T H ( P O I N T " B " TO P O I N T " C " ) I N T O

EQUAL S P A C E S .

DEGREES EACH.
S P A C E S SHOULQ NOT BE MORE THAN 1 . 7 5 " TO
PREVENT W R I N K L I N G OF T H E C O N D U I T . ON C O N D U I T # 1. S E V E N T E E N
S P A C E S OF 1 . 5 8 8 2 " EACH. WOULD G I V E U S E I G H T E E N S H O T S OF 5
REMEMBER THERE I S ALWAYS ONE L E S S S P A C E THAN
-
SHOT. WHEN D E T E R M I N I N G THE NUMBER OF S H O T S . CHOOSE A NUMBER
THAT W I L L D I V I D E I N T O N I N E T Y AN EVEN NUMBER OF T I M E S .

0. I F AN E L A S T I C NUMBERED T A P E I S NOT A V A I L A B L E TRY THE METHOD

ILLUSTRATED.
-
A TO B = C O N D U I T # 1.
DEVELOPED L E N G T H = 2 7 "

C 5 T A B L E OR PLYWOOD CORNER

MEASURE FROM P O I N T " C " ( T A B L E CORNER) 1 7 I N C H E S ALONG

-
T A B L E EDGE TO P O I N T " A " AND MARK. P L A C E END OF RULE AT
POINT "A". P O I N T " 0 " W I L L BE LOCATED WHERE 2 7 " MARK MEETS
T A B L E EDGE B - C . MARK ON BOARD THEN TRANSFER TO CONDUIT.
I

MULTI-SHOT NINETY DEGREE CONDUIT BENDING

L + H + DL - 2R = NIPPLE

1.57 X R = DL

H - R = "8"

L . R = "C"

"D"
I 30. 75"

rill
I
1 I
I

TO LOCATE P O I N T " 0 " TO LOCATE P O I N T " C "

H # 1 - RADIUS # 1 = " 8 " L #1 - RADIUS #1 = " C "

36" - 17.25" = "8" 48" - 17.25" = "C"
18.75" = "8" 30.75" = "C"
I
H # 2 - RADIUS # 2 = "8" L #2 - RADIUS # 2 = " C "
42" - 23.25" = "0" 54" - 23.25" = "C"
18.75" = "8" 30.75" = "C"

H # 3 - R A D I U S # 3 = "8" L #3 - RADIUS # 3 = " C "

60- - 29.25- = -cw
18.75" = "C"

P O I N T S "B" AND "C" ARE THE SAME D I S T A N C E FROM T H E END ON

ALL TllREE CONDUITS.
f
W W
A \. \
? m -\m\

WLL N m u u

.- : :
+ 3 m N N
.a \, \
Z Z ?.- +
-0 1 , : 1
W U N O * *

:-
.A
JLL
I -. .

a
- ...- .. ..
m uN mm
,\\\,,
+--?.-m
,
C(*_(_(NN
, , , ,
*
 RUNNING OVER-LOAD UNITS

SUPPLY SYSTEM

EXCEPTION: WHERE P R O T E C T E D BY O T H E R A P P R O V E D M E A N S

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' COPYRIGHT 1989

- hAT OhAL F RF PROTECTIOF. ASSOCAI i l h (1, llCV MA 02269 1115 111 I'H h l l 11 MA11 H A. S h U I 1111
COMll.tTt A h l l OFt C,A 1'0s I ON OF 1111 hlI'A Oh 1111 H ~ lHIl h i 1 I SJRJICT \hrl CII S RI PHI SI h T l I r
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY

-61 -
 MOTOR BRANCH-CIRCUIT PROTECTIVE DEVICES

M A X I M U M RATING OR SETTING

PERCENT OF F U L L - L O A D CURRENT

DUAL- INSTAN-
NONTIME
DELAY
ELEMENT
TIME-
TANEOUS
TRIP
:yi:RSE
BREAKER
FUSE DELAY BREAKER
T Y P E OF MOTOR FUSE

SINGLE-PHASE, A L L TYPES
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) - - 300 175 700 250
A L L AC S I N G L E - P H A S E A N D
POLYPHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE
AND SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS W I T H
F U L L - V O L T A G E , R E S I S T O R OR
REACTOR S T A R T I N G
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) 300 175 700 250
( C O D E L E T T E R F TO V ) -- 300 175 700 250
( C O D E L E T T E R B TO E ) - - 250 175 100 200
(CODE L E T T E R A ) - 150 150 700 150
A L L AC S Q U I R R E L - C A G E A N D
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS W I T H
AUTOTRANSFORMER S T A R T I N G .
NOT MORE T H A N 3 0 AMPS
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) - - 250 175 700 200
MORE T H A N 3 0 A M P S
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) 200 175 700 200
( C O D E L E T T E R F T O V ) - ---- 250 175 700 200
(CODE L E T T E R B TO E ) - - 200 175 700 200
( C O D E L E T T E R A ) -- 150 150 700 150
HIGH-REACTING SQUIRREL-CAGE.
NOT MORE T H A N 3 0 A M P S .
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) 250 175 700 250
MORE THAN 3 0 A M P S .
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) 200 175 700 200
WOUND ROTOR
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) 150 150 700 150
DC ( C O N S T A N T V O L T A G E )
NO MORE T H A N 5 0 H P
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) - - - - 150 150 250 150
MORE THAN 5 0 H P
( N O CODE L E T T E R ) 150 150 175 150

SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS OF T H E LOW-TORQUE. L O W - S P E E D T Y P E ( U S U A L L Y

4 5 0 RPM OR L O W E R ) . T H A T S T A R T U N L O A D E D . DO N O T R E Q U I R E A F U S E
R A T I N G OR C I R C U I T - B R E A K E R S E T T I N G I N E X C E S S OF 2 0 0 P E R C E N T OF
FULL-LOAD CURRENT.

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' .COPYRIGHT 1989.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY. MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIREW
-62-
 FULL-LOAD CURRENT IN AMPERES

DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS

HEPR hTF.1 H 111 PEHM S j U h FROM h l P A 70 Iq'ifl $.AT J\A. I.ECII4 [ A. COl)l ' COPYHll;dT 1Odq
\ A I I ~ A Inl I'HuIEI T n r l n5s.11 A T or. L.I hcv MA 0276s 11, s I w R h ~ t Mu A T ~ R A L.;NOT
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

I TERMINAL MARKINGS:

TERMINAL MARKINGS ARE USED TO TAG TERMINALS TO WHICH

CONNECTIONS ARE TO BE MADE FROM OUTSIDE C I R C U I T S .

FACING THE END OPPOSITE THE D R I V E END) T H E

STANDARD D I R E C T I O N OF SHAFT ROTATION I S COUNTER CLOCKWISE.

A - 1 AND A - 2 I N O I C A T E ARMATURE LEADS.

E
r1
S - 1 AN0 S - 2 I N O I C A T E S E R I E S - F I E L D LEADS.
F - 1 AND F - 2 I N D I C A T E S H U N T - F I E L D LEADS.

SHUNT WOUND MOTORS

TO CHANGE ROTATION. REVERSE

E I T H E R ARMATURE LEADS OR
SHUNT LEADS. DO REVERSE
I
1
BOTH ARMATURE AND SHUNT
FI - F~ LEADS.

S E R I E S WOUND MOTORS

TO CHANGE ROTATION. REVERSE

E I T H E R ARMATURE LEADS OR
S E R I E S LEADS.
REVERSE BOTH ARMATURE AND
I
$1 s2
SERIES L E N S .

I
COMPOUND WOUND MOTORS

TO CHANGE ROTATION, REVERSE

E I T H E R ARMATURE LEADS OR
BOTH THE S E R I E S AND SHUNT
Fz LEADS. DO RREERSE A L L
THREE SETS OF LEADS.

fidTE: STANDARD ROTATION FOR O.C. GENERATOR I S CLOCKWISE

 DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

TO REVERSE THE ROTATION OF D I R E C T CURRENT MOTORS:

I D I R E C T CURRENT MOTORS ARE REVERSED BY CHANGING THE D I R E C T I O N

OF THE FLOW OF THE CURRENT THROUGH THE ARMATURE. OR F I E L D .

SHUNT - F I E L D

L1 +

A COMPOUND 0 - C MOTOR CONNECTED TO A DOUBLE-POLE.

DOUBLE THROW TRANSFER SWITCH.

I TO CHANGE THE SPEED OF A D-C MOTOR:

HOLRING C O I L SHUNT - FIELD

RESISTANCE ARMATURE
 I
FULL-LOAD CURRENT IN AMPERES

SINGLE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS

---- - -
I

T H E VOLTAGES LISTED A R E RATED MOTOR VOLTAGES T H E LISTED CURRENTS

A R E F O R S Y S T E M V O L T A G E R A N G E S O F 1I0 T O 120 A N D 220 T O 240

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE ' . COPYRIGHT 1989,
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY. M A 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
-
 SINGLE-PHASE USING STANDARD THREE-PHASE STARTER

-"

fGq"=J"ART
OL

me 3
M I I
<I
OL
,

AUX. On fie 0c
I

DISCONNECT
SWITCH

FUSE

- AUX.
STOP T

m4
T- 1

T-10 T-3 T-2 07-4:

I

I
I 1 1 0 VOLT
CONNECTIONS
2 2 0 VOLT

CONNECTIONS
 SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

STARTING
JU
115 VOLTS
ccw I

WINDING
LINE
SEC. 2
MAIN WINDING

230 VOLTS
CCW
T,
TO R E V E R S E I N T E R -
CHANGE 5 AND 8
C L A S S E S OF S I N G L E P H A S E MOTORS:
I
1. SPLIT-PHASE

A. CAPACITOR-START
0. REPULSION-START
C. RESISTANCE-START
0. SPLIT-CAPACITOR

2. COMMUTATOR

A. REPULSION
0. SERIES

T E R M I N A L COLOR M A R K I N G :

T, BLUE T1 ORANGE T5 E m

T, WHITE TI YELLOW T, RED

NOTE: S P L I T - P H A S E MOTORS ARE U S U A L L Y F R A C T I O N A L HORSEPOWER.
THE M A J O R I T Y OF E L E C T R I C MOTORS U S E D I N W A S H I N G
M A C H I N E S . R E F R I G E R A T O R S . AND E T C . ARE OF T H E S P L I T -
PHASE T Y P E .

TO CHANGE T H E S P E E D OF A Z P L I T - P H A S E MOTOR T H E NUMBER OF

P O L E S MUST B E CHANGED.

1. A D D I T I O N OF R U N N I N G W I N D I N G
2. TWO S T A R T I N G W I N D I N G S . AND TWO R U N N I N G W I N D I N G S
3. CONSEQUENT P O L E C O N N E C T I O N S .
1
SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

SPLIT-PHASE: S Q U I R R E L CAGE

A. R E S I S T A N C E START:

STARTING WINDING.
_ G N I DR U NNN I NIG W

RESISTANCE

C E N T R I F U G A L S W I T C H ( C S ) O P E N S A F T E R R E A C H I N G 7 5 % OF
NORMAL S P E E D .
1
TT5 I T 8 yT TT8

- 0.
L LP
CLOCKWISE

C A P A C I T O R START:
L L-
COUNTER-
CLOCKWISE

STARTING WINDING

NOTE: 1. A R E S I S T A N C E S T A R T MOTOR H A S A R E S I S T A N C E
CONNECTED I N S E R I E S W I T H T H E S T A R T I N G
WINDING.

2. T H E C A P A C I T O R S T A R T MOTOR I S E M P L O Y E D WHERE
A H I G H S T A R T I N G TORQUE I S R E Q U I R E D .
 FULL-LOAD CURRENT

TWO-PHASE ALTERNATING-CURRENT MOTORS (4 WIRE)

F O R 9 0 A N D 8 0 P E R C E N T POWER F A C T O R T H E A B O V E F I G U R E S S H O U L D B E
M U L T I P L I E D B Y 1.1 A N D 1 . 2 5 R E S P E C T I V E L Y .
REPR hTED 1 I n PERM SSlOh FROM hFPA 70 1990 hAT OhA FLFCTR CA. COOF COPYR GhT 1989
hAT OhA. F HE PROTECT O h ASSOC AT ON OL NCY MA 02269 I d S REPR hTFD MATER A S hOT ThF
rOMPLETE AND OFF CA. POS T O h OF Tnf hFPA Oh TrlE RFFFRFhCED SJRJFCT W h C d S REPRESlhTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
-
-70-
 TWO-PHASE, FOUR WIRE

STANDARD THREE PHASE STARTER

* NO HEATER OR HEATER OVERLOAD

RELAY NECESSARY FOR Tn
 TWO-PHASE MOTORS

TWO P H A S E - - - THREE W I R E

TO R E V E R S E T l l C D I R E C T I O N Of A TWO P H A S E . THREE W I R E MOTOR

I N T E R C H A N G E THE TWO O U T S I O E MOTOR L E A D S . 1 A N 0 2 .

TWO PHASE - - - - FOUR W I R E

TO R E V E R S E T H E D I R E C T I O N OF A TWO P H A S E , FOUR W I R E MOTOR

I N T E R C H A N G E T H E L E A D S I N ONE P H A S E .
- L
FULL LOADS CURRENT
THREE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS
i

I INDUCTION TYPE
SQUIRREL CAGE AND WOUND-ROTOR
AMPERES I SYNCHRONOUSTYPE
'UNITY POWER FACTOR
AMPERES I

'FOR 90 AND 80 PERCENT POWER FACTOR. THE ABOVE FIGURES SHALL BE MULTIPLIED
BY 1 1 AND 1.25 RESPECTIVELY
REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE. COPYRIGHT 1989
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION OUINCY MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AN0 OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
FULL-LOAD CURRENT AND OTHER DATA

THREE PHASE A.C. MOTORS

 FULL-LOAD CURRENT AND OTHER DATA

THREE PHASE A.C. MOTORS

NOTE:
1. W I R E S I Z E W I L L V A R Y D E P E N D I N G ON T Y P E OF I N S U L A T I O N

2. THE PRECEEOING C A L C U L A T I O N S APPLY TO I N D U C T I O N T Y P E .

S Q U I R R E L - C A G E . AND WOUND-ROTOR MOTORS O N L Y .

3. THE V O L T A G E S L I S T E D ARE R A T E O MOTOR V O L T A G E S ;

- 4.

5.
CORRESPONDING N O M I N A L SYSTEM VOLTAGES ARE 2 2 0 V TO 2 4 0 V .
AND 4 4 0 V T O 4 8 0 V .

HERTZ: P R E F E R R E D T E R M I N O L O G Y FOR C Y C L E S PER SECOND.

FORM C O I L : C O I L MADE W I T H RECTANGULAR OR SQUARE W I R E

6. MUSH C O I L : C O I L MADE W I T H ROUND W I R E .

SLIP: P E R C E N T A G E D I F F E R E N C E BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND

OPERATING SPEEDS.

8. SYCHRONOUS S P E E O : M A X I M U M S P E E O FOR A . C . MOTORS OR

(FREQUENCY X 1 2 0 ) / POLES
I
9. F U L L LOAD SPEEO: S P E E O A T W H I C H R A T E O HORSEPOWER I S
DEVELOPED.

10. POLES: NUMBER OF M A G N E T I C P O L E S S E T U P I N S I D E T H E MOTOR

BY T H E P L A C E M E N T AND C O N N E C T I O N OF T H E W I N D I N G S .
P
 THREE PHASE A.C. MOTOR WINDINGS AND CONNECTIONS

3.
"Y" OR STAR

H I G H VOLTAGE

%88 * H I G H VOLTAGE

G F a

LOW V O L T A G E LOW V O L T A G E

-
NOTE:

THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF ANY MOTOR IS THE

NAME-PLATE. CHECK THE DATA GIVEN ON THE PLATE
BEFORE MAKING THE CONNECTIONS.
TO CHANGE ROTATION DIRECTION OF 3 PHASE MOTOR,
SWAP ANY 2 T-LEADS.
 THREE WIRE STOP-START STATION

WIRING DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT
CONTROL
TRANSFORMER 0_3
@- 1

OVERLOAD
HEATER

120 V. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

I
GR.

Ann-,,

GR.

NOTE: CONTROLS AND MOTOR ARE O F D I F F E R E l O T VOLTAGES.

 TWO THREE WIRE STOP-START STATIONS

W I R I N G DIAGRAM

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

START
OL OL

OL

NOTE: CONTROLS AN0 MOTOR ARE OF THE SAME VOLTAGE.

 HAND OFF AUTOMATIC CONTROL

0-1 0 - 2 0 - 3
W I R I N G OIAGRAM

OL

L-1
S C H E M A T I C OIAGRAM

-
-
NOTE: CONTROLS AND MOTOR ARE OF T H E SAME VOLTAGE.

I
I
I
 START-STOP-JOG STATION

WIRING DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT
CONTROL
TRANSFORMER
0-1 0-3

START
2

STOP

-
GR.
OvERLOAD
HEATER
"I,+.'$+
START

480-V
MOTOR

GR.

NOTE: J 0 6 AND STOP ARE MECHANICALLY I N T E R L O C K E D . WHEN JOG I S

CLOSED. STOP W I L L BE I N OPEN P O S I T I O N . BOTH JOG AND STOP
ARE MOMENTARILY OPEN UPON RELEASE OF THE JOG BUTTON; THUS
OPENING C I R C U I T TO THE C O I L .
- TRANSFORMER CALCULATIONS

TO B E T T E R U N D E R S T A N D T H E F O L L O W I N G F O R M U L A S R E V I E W T H E R U L E OF
TRANSPOSITION I N EQUATIONS.

A M U L T I P L I E R MAY B E REMOVED FROM ONE S I D E OF AN E Q U A T I O N B Y

-
M A K I N G I T A D I V I S O R ON T H E OTHER S I D E . OR A D I V I S O R MAY B E
REMOVED FROM ONE S I D E OF A N E Q U A T I O N BY M A K I N G I T A M U L T I P L I E R ON
THE O T H E R S I D E .

1. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT:. P R I M A R Y ( p ) AND SECONDARY ( s )

POWER ( p ) = POWER ( s ) OR Ep X I p = Es X I s

- 2. VOLTAGE AND TURNS I N C O I L :

VOLTAGE ( p ) X TURNS ( s ) = VOLTAGE (s) X TURNS ( p )

3. AMPERES AND TURNS I N C O I L :

AMPERES(p) X TURNS ( p ) = AMPERES ( s ) X TURNS ( s )

 VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATIONS

INDUCTANCE NEGLIGIBLE

= OROP I N C I R C U I T V O L T A G E
: R E S I S T A N C E PER F T . OF CONOUCTOR (OHMS / F T . )
= CURRENT I N CONOUCTOR ( A M P E R E S )
= ONE-WAY L E N G T H OF C I R C U I T ( F T . )
= CROSS S E C T I O N AREA OF CONOUCTOR ( C I R C U L A R M I L S )
= R E S I S T I V I T Y OF CONDUCTOR
A. K = 1 2 FOR C I R C U I T S L O A D E D TO MORE T H A N 5 0 % OF
ALLOWABLE CARRYING C A P A C I T Y (COPPER CONDUCTOR)
B. K = 11 FOR C I R C U I T S L O A O E U L E S S T H A N 5 0 % OF
A L L O W A B L E C A R R Y I N G C A P A C I T Y ( C O P P E R CONDUCTOR)
C. K = 1 8 FOR A L U M I N U M CONDUCTORS ( 3 0 D E G R E E S " C " )

TWO-WIRE S I N G L E PHASE C I R C U I T S :

2 K X L X I
v =
D

THREE-WIRE S I N G L E PHASE C I R C U I T S :

2 K X L X I
V =
0

THREE-WIRE THREE PHASE C I R C U I T S :

F O U R - W I R E THREE PHASE B A L A N C E D C I R C U I T S :

2 K X L X I 1
v = X -
D 2

NOTF: 1. FOR L I G H T I N G L O A D S : V O L T A G E DROP B E T W E E N ONE

O U T S I D E CONOUCTOR AND N E U T R A L E Q U A L S O N E - H A L F OF
DROP C A L C U L A T E D BY FORMULA FOR TWO-WIRE C I R C U I T S .
-
2. FOR MOTOR L E A D S : VOLTAGE OROP BETWEEN ANY TWO
O U T S I D E CONDUCTORS E Q U A L S 0 . 8 6 6 T I M E S DROP
D E T E R M I N E D BY FORMULA FOR TWO-WIRE C I R C U I T S .
 SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY

;j-"yY XI

SECONOARY
SECONDARY

+ SECONDARY
- - -
S I N G L E - P H A S E TO S U P P L Y 1 2 0 SINGLE-PHASE TO SUPPLY 1 2 0 / S I N G L E - P H A S E FOR POWER. USED
VOLT L I G H T I N G LOAD. OFTEN 2 4 0 - 3 WIRE L I G H T I N G AND FOR S M A L L I N D U S T R I A L A P P L I -
U S E 0 FOR S I N G L E CUSTOMER. POWER L O A D . USED I N URBAN CATIONS.
DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS.
CORE
- A TRANSFORMER I S A S T A T I O N A R Y I N D U C T I O N
D E V I C E FOR T R A N S F E R R I N G E L E C T R I C A L ENERGY
FROM ONE C I R C U I T TO ANOTHER W I T H O U T CHANGE
OF F R E Q U E N C Y . A TRANSFORMER C O N S I S T S OF
TWO C O I L S OR W I N D I N G S WOUND UPON A
M A G N E T I C CORE OF S O F T I R O N L A M I N A T I O N S ,
AND I N S U L A T E D FROM ONE A N O T H E R .
L-----.J

S I N G L E 0 TRANSFORMER C I R C U I T
 C
BUCK AND BOOST TRANSFORMER CONNECTONS

115V INPUT INPUT

1 I

L:d
1 0 % BOOST 5% BOOST 5% B O O S T

- 115V INPUT-
INPUT

2 0 % BOOST 1 1 0 % BOOST I 1 0 % BOOST

OUTPUT 4 OUTPUT

,115V INPUT a k 2 3 0 V INPUT

-I

1 ~ 10% BUCK 5% BUCK

OUTPUT

2 3 0 V INPUT

OUTPUT OUTPUT k OUTPUT 4

-84-
 THREE PHASE CONNECTIONS

STAR
V O L T A G E FROM " A " "8". OR " C "
TO GROUND = E ( G ~

V O L T A G E BETWEEN A - B . A-C. OR
B-C = E ( P )

E(P) = E(G) X 1.73

E(G) = E(P) / 1.73

POWER = 3 X E(G) X I X COS II

I(P) DELTA
I(W) = CURRENT OF W I N D I N G
I(P) = CURRENT OF P H A S E

DtLTA "E" = STAR " E " X 1.73

STAR " E m = DELTA "E" / 1 . 7 3

S T A R "I"= D E L T A "!"
X 1.73
D E L l A " I " = S T A R "I / 1 . 7 3

POWER = 3 X E(W) X COS O

I(P) I(P) = I(W) X 1.73

L
E Q U I V A L E N T W Y E - D E L T A NETWORKS

"C" B X C K(2)
a = - A = -
K(1) a
A X C K( 2 )
I,=- B = -
K(1)
 THREE-PHASE STANDARD PHASE ROTATION

TRANSFORMERS

STAR-DELTA STAR-STAR DELTA-DELTA

Hz Hz H,

ADDITIVE POLARITY SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY SUBTRACTIVE POLARITY

3 0 " ANGULAR-DISPLACEMENT O0PHASE - DISPLACEMENT O'PHASE - DISPLACEMENT
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

SERIES CONNECTION OF LOW VOLTAGE WINDINGS

THREE-PHASE A D D I T I V E P O L A R I T Y

-7 A
B
c
-T T
H I G H VOLTAGE

A As C

- b (
-f I
c f- L
LOW V O L T A G E
DELTA-DELTA

THREE-PHASE A D O I T l V E P O L A R I T Y
I El

- A
H I G H VOLTAGE
A A c

LOW V O L T A G E
STAR-DELTA

NOTE: S I N G L E - P H A S E TRANSFORMERS S H O U L D BE THOROUGHLY C H E C K E D

FOR I M P E D A N C E .
INSTALLATION.
P O L A R I T Y . AN0 VOLTAGE R A T I O BEFORE
-
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

SERIES CONNECTION OF LOW VOLTAGE WINDINGS

H I G H VOLTAGE
A
B T -T

g r'
LOW V O L T A G E

THREE P H A S E A D D I T I V E P O L A R I T Y

DELTA-STAR
4:
I
- A
H I G H VOLTAGE

C
T

b ( <
C
I
N -i LOW VOLTAGE
g
I
T H R L E PHASE A D D I T I V E P O L A R I T Y

STAR-STAR
?Ac
NOTE: FOR A D D I T I V E P O L A R I T Y THE H - l AND THE X - 1 B U S H I N G S
ARE D I A G O N A L L Y O P P O S I T E EACH O T H E R .
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

SERIES CONNECTION OF LOW VOLTAGE WINDINGS

H I G H VOLTAGE
a A
T B -
C 1 'I a c

a
& ' b i I: t
C I' I'
LOW V O L T A G E

THREE P H A S E S U B T R A C T I V E P O L A R I T Y

DELTA-DELTA

B
A -
J
a

J
H I G H VOLTAGE

a a

c J J

i b i i I
C
L N -
I .f
LOW V O L T A G E

THREE P H A S E S U B T R A C T I V E P O L A R I T Y a<:

DELTA-STAR

NOTE: FOR S U B T R A C T I V E P O L A R I T Y I H E H - 1 AND T H E X - 1 BUSHINGS

ARE D I R E C T L Y O P P O S I T E E A C H O T H E R .
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

TWO PHASE-FOUR WIRE

-
LOW V O L T A G E

TWO-PHASE F O U R - W I R E I S TRANSFORMED TO TWO-PHASE F O U R - W I R E OF A

D I F F E R E N T V O L T A G E W I T H NO C O N N E C T I O N B E T W E E N T H E TWO P H A S E S .

TWO P H A S E - - - - F O U R WIRE
1 TWO P H A S E - - - T H R E E WIRC
H I G H VOLTAGE

T
1

rwXrrl
-
- COMMON
LOW V O L T A G E
4 -
1
-
T H E TWO P H A S E S ON T H E LOW V O L T A G E S I D E ARE E L E C T R I C A L L Y
CONNECTED. W I T H B A L A N C E D L O A D THE CURRENT I N T H E COMMON
W I R E I S 1 . 4 1 G R E A T E R T H A N T H E CURRENT I N E I T H E R OF O U T S I D E
WIRES.
 TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

TWO PHASE-THREE WIRE

H I G H VOLTAGE
- -- LL
'T

<
6
LOW V O L T A G E

B O T H P H A S E S A R E E L E C T R I C A L L Y CONNECTED B Y THE COMMON.

COMMON I S S O M E T I M E S GROUNDED.
THE
W I T H THE BALANCED LOAD THE
CURRENT I N T H E COMMON I S 1 . 4 1 T I M E S T H A T I N T H E O U T S I D E L E G S .
-
THREE PHASE-OPEN D E L T A -
H I G H VOLTAGE
- -i
A n
T \

-
w
-
T
LOW V O L T A G E
-<
c

I N T H I S O P E N D E L T A C O N N E C T I O N THE U N I T S W I L L TRANSFORM 86% OF

THEIR RATING. 7

I T I S NOT N E C E S S A R Y T H A T T H E I M P E D A N C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S B E
I D E N T I C A L A S W I T H THREE U N I T BANKS.

R E G U L A T I O N OF O P E N - D E L T A B A N K I S NOT A S GOOD A S A C L O S E D - D E L T A
BANK. -
- MISCELLANEOUS WIRING DIAGRAMS

-
NEUTRAL TWO 3-WAY S W I T C H E S
LAMPS

TWO 3-WAY S W I T C H E S

NEUTRAL ONE 4-WAY S W I T C H

- LAMPS

BATTERY
1

(II
PUSH BUTTON
.
1 BELL C I R C U I T
1
 MISCELLANEOUS WIRING DIAGRAMS

NEUTRAL
115V
'
I
A

urr I 1
I
SWITCH
REMOTE CONTROL C I R C U I T - ONE RELAY AND ONE S W I T C H

SUPPORTS F O R R I G I D METAL C O N D U I T

CONDUIT S I Z E D I S T A N C E BETWEEN SUPPORTS

112" - 3 / 4 " 10 FEET

1" 12 "

1-1/4" - 1-1/2" 14 "

2" - 2-1/2" 16 "

3 " AND LARGER 20 "
I
CONDUCTOR PROPERTIES

REPRlhTFO WITH PERM.SSIOh FROM hFPA 70 1990 &AT OhA. ELECTRCA. COOEi COPVRGnT 1989

- hAT DNA. F RE PROTECT D h ASSOC AT ON 01,RCV MA 02269 114S REPR hTED MATER A. S hOT THE
COMPLETE ANDOFF'CA. POS T O h Ot ThE hFPA Oh TdE REFFRFhCED SLB.lCT W d C d S RFPRESEhTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 COPPER

1 AMPACITIES OF SINGLE INSULATED CONDUCTOR RATED 0-2.WO VOLTS IN FREE AIR 1

COPPER
ALUMINUM OR COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM
 ALUMINUM OR COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM

P
e
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FOR CONDUCTOR WPES MARKED ) WILL NOT
EXCEED 15 AMPERES FOR SIZE 12 AWG. AND 25 AMPERES FOR &ZE 10 AWG
(-) FOR WET LOCATIONS ONLY, SEE 75% COLUMN FOR WET LOCATIONS
 INSULATION CHART
-
-
I

-
-
-
I
REFER T O P A G E 103 F O R SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND/OR APPLICATIONS

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 7 0 ~ 1 9 9 0 ,NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' .COPYRIGHT 1989.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY. MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 INSULATION CHART

R E F E R T O P A G E 103 F O R SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND/OR APPLICATIONS

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEm .COPYRIGHT 1989.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY. MA 02269. THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AN0 OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY.
w
 INSULATION CHART

S E E A R T I C L E 339 N E C

S E E A R T I C L E 338 N . E C

R E F E R T O P A G E 103 F O R S P E C I A L P R O V I S I O N S A N D / O R A P P L I C A T I O N S

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEO .COPYRIGHT 1989,
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, OUINCY. MA 02269. THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIREN.
- INSULATION CHART

WHERE ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS REQUIRE MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR

OPERATING TEMPERATURES ABOVE 90C
.. INSULATION AND OUTER COVERING THAT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF
I FLAME-RETARDANT, LIMITED SMOKE AND ARE SO LISTED SHALL BE PERMIT-
TED TO BE DESIGNATED LIMITED WlTH THE SUFFIX ILS AFTER THE CODE
TYPE DESIGNATION.
... LISTED WIRE TYPES DESIGNATED WlTH SUFFIX -2 SUCH AS RHW-2 SHALL
BE PERMITTED TO BE USED AT A CONTINUOUS 90C OPERATING
TEMPERATURE WET OR DRY AMPACITIES OF THESE WIRE TYPES ARE
GIVEN IN THE 90C IN THE APPROPRIATE AMPACITY TABLE.

- RlPR hTED W Tn PLHM SSlOh FROM NFPA 71)-1990 NATlOhAl FLECTR CA. COUC' COPYR GHT 1989
hAT OhAL F HC PROTECTION ASSOCIAT Oh OL NCY MA 02269 Tn S REPRlNTtll MATER AL .S NOT TtcE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY

-1 03-
 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS IN TRADE SIZES OF CONDUIT OR TUBING

MORE T H A N T H R E E CONDUCTORS I N C O N D U I T
4 TO 6 CONDUCTORS 80 % 2 5 T O 4 2 CONDUCTORS 60
I 7 TO 2 4 CONDUCTORS 70 2 4 3 CONDUCTORS AND A B O V E 50 I
REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE ' COPYRIGHT 1989. NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION OUNCY M A 02269 THIS REPRINTED
MATERIAL IS NOT THE COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED ONLY BY THE STANDARD I N ITS ENTIRETY
 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF FIXTURE WIRES IN TRADE SIZES OF CONDUIT OR TUBING
L P E R C E N T FILL BASED ON INDIVIDUAL DIAMETERS)
 METAL BOXES

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS

BOX DIMENSION, INCHES MIN
TRADE SIZE OR TYPE CU. IN.
CAPACITY No.18 No.16 No.14 No.12 No.10 No.8 No.6

4 x 1.114 ROUND OR OCTAGONAL 12.5 8 7 6 5 5 4 2

4 x 1-112 ROUND OR OCTAGONAL 15.5 10 8 7 6 6 5 3
4 x 2-118 ROUND OR OCTAGONAL 21.5 14 12 10 9 8 7 4
4 x 1-114 SQUARE 18.0 12 10 9 8 7 6 3
4 x 1-112 SQUARE 210 14 12 10 9 8 7 4
4 x 2.118 SQUARE 30.3 20 17 15 13 12 10 6
4-11116 x 1.114 SQUARE 25.5 17 14 12 11 10 8 5
4-11/16 x 1-112 SQUARE 29.5 19 16 14 13 11 9 5
4-11/16 x 2-118 SQUARE 42.0 28 24 21 18 16 14 8
3 x 2 x 1-112 DEVICE 7.5 5 4 3 3 3 2 1
3 x 2 x 2 DEVICE 10.0 6 5 5 4 4 3 2
3 x 2 x 2-114 DEVICE 10.5 7 6 5 4 4 3 2
3 x 2 x 2-112 DEVICE 12.5 8 7 6 5 5 4 2
3 x 2 x 2.314 DEVICE 14.0 9 8 7 6 5 4 2
3 x 2 x 3-112 DEVICE 18.0 12 10 9 8 7 6 3
4 x 2-118 x 1-112 DEVICE 10.3 6 5 5 4 4 3 2
4 x 2-118 x 1-718 DEVICE 13.0 8 7 6 5 5 4 2
4 x 2-118 x 2-118 DEVICE 14.5 9 8 7 6 5 4 2
3-314 x 2 x 2-112 MASONRY BOWGANG 14.0 9 8 7 6 5 4 2
3-314 x 2 x 3-112 MASONRY BOWGANG 210 14 12 10 9 8 7 4
FS-MINIMUM INTERNAL DEPTH 1-314
SINGLE COVERIGANG 13.5 9 7 6 6 5 4 2
FD-MINIMUM INTERNAL DEPTH 2.318
SINGLE COVERIGANG 18.0 12 10 9 8 7 6 3
FS-MINIMUM INTERNAL DEPTH 1-314
MULTIPLE COVERIGANG 18.0 12 10 9 8 7 6 3
FD-MINIMUM INTERNAL DEPTH 2-318
MULTIPLE COVERIGANG 24.0 16 13 12 10 9 8 4

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE @

COPYRIGHT 1989 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION
ASSOCIATION, OUINCY. MA 02269. THIS REPRINTED'
MATERIAL IS NOT THE COMPLE~EAND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE
REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
- MINIMUM
-
COVER REQUIREMENTS 0-600 VOLTS, NOMINAL
- - - - - --

- COVER IS DEFINED AS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TOP SURFACE OF DIRECT BURlAl
CABLE. CONDUIT. OR OTHER RACEWAYS AND THE FINISHED SURFACE

WIRING METHOD MINIMUM BURIAL

(INCHES)

DIRECT BURIAL CABLES 24

RIGID METAL CONDUIT 6
INTERMEDIATE METAL CONDUIT 6
RIGID NONMETALLIC CONDUIT 18
(APPROVED FOR DIRECT BURIAL
WITHOUT CONCRETE ENCASEMENT)

I
FOR COMPLETE DETAILS REFER TO NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' TABLE 300-5

VOLUME REQUIRED PERCONDUCTOR

- -- -

SIZE OF FREE SPACE WITHIN BOX

CONDUCTOR FOR EACHCONDUCTOR

NO 18 15 CUBIC INCHES
No 16 1 75 CUBIC INCHES
No 14 2 CUBIC INCHES
No 12 2 25 CUBIC INCHES
NO 10 25 CUBIC INCHES
NO 8 3 CUBIC INCHES
No 6 5 CUBIC INCHES

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' .COPYRIGHT 1989

- NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY. MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 MINIMUM DEPTH OF CLEAR WORKING SPACE IN FRONT OF

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

CONDITIONS
NOMINAL
V O L T A G E TO GROUND 1 2 3
FEET FEET FEET

601-2500 3 4 5
2501-9000 4 5 6
9001-25.000 5 6 9
25.001-75 kV 6 8 10
Above 75 kV 8 10 12

CONDITIONS: 1. EXPOSEO L I V E P A R T S ON ONE S I D E AND NO

L I V E OR GROUNDED P A R T S ON THE OTHER
S I D E OF THE WORKING SPACE OR EXPOSEO
L I V E P A R T S ON BOTH S I O E S E F F E C T I V E L Y
GUARDED B Y S U I T A B L E WOOD OR OTHER
I N S U L A T I N G MATERIALS. INSULATED WIRE
OR I N S U L A T E D B U S B A R S . 0 P E R A T I N G A T NOT
OVER 3 0 0 V O L T S S H A L L NOT B E C O N S I D E R E D
L I V E PARTS.

2. EXPOSED L I V E P A R T S ON ONE S I D E AND

GROUNDED P A R T S ON T H E OTHER S I D E .
CONCRETE. B R I C K , OR T I L E W A L L S W I L L B E
C O N S I D E R E D A S GROUNDED S U R F A C E S .

3. EXPOSED L I V E P A R T S ON BOTH S I O E S O F T H E
WORK SPACE ( N O T GUARDED A S P R O V I D E D I N
C O N D I T I O N 1) W I T H THE OPERATOR BETWEEN.

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70 1990 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' COPYRIGHT 1989
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION OUINCY MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY

-1 10-
- MINIMUM CLEARANCE OF LIVE PARTS

* M I N I M U M CLEARANCE OF L I V E PARTS.
I M P U L S E WITHSTAND. INCHES
NOMINAL 8.I.L.
VOLTAGE KV PHASE-TO-PHASE PHASE-TO-GROUND
RATING.
KV INDOORS OUTDOORS INDOORS OUTDOORS INDOORS OUTDOORS

2.4-4.16 60 95 4.5 7 3.0 6

7.2 75 95 5.5 7 4.0 6
13.8 95 110 7.5 12 5.0 7
14.4 110 110 9.0 12 6.5 7
23 125 150 10.5 15 7.5 10
34.5 150 150 12.5 15 9.5 10
200 200 18.0 18 13.0 13
46 200 18 13
250 21 17
69 250 21 17
350 31 25
115 550 53 42
138 550 53 42
650 63 50
161 650 63 50
750 72 58
230 750 72 58
900 89 71
1050 105 83

-
FOR S I U N I T S : ONE I N C H = 25.4 M I L L I M E T E R S .
* T H E VALUES G I V E N ARE THE M I N I M U M CLEARANCE FOR R I G I D PARTS AND BARE
CONDUCTORS UNDER FAVORABLE S E R V I C E C O N O I T I O N S . THEY S H A L L BE I N C R E A S E D
FOR CONDUCTOR MOVEMENT OR UNDER UNFAVORABLE S E R V I C E C O N D I T I O N S . OR
WHEREVER SPACE L I M I T A T I O N S P E R M I T . THE S E L E C T I O N OF THE A S S O C I A T E D
I M P U L S E W I T H S T A N D VOLTAGE FOR A P A R T I C U L A R SYSTEM VOLTAGE I S DETERMINED
BY THE C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF THE SURGE P R O T E C T I V E EQUIPMENT.

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990.NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE' .COPYRIGHT 1989.
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. OUINCY. MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTEC
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 M I N I M U M SIZE EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTORS FOR

GROUNDING RACEWAY AND EQUIPMENT

SIZE
R A T I N G OR S E T T I N G OF
A U T O M A T I C OVERCURRENT .
DEVICE I N C I R C U I T AHEAD
A L U M I N U M OR
OF E Q U I P M E N T . C O N D U I T . COPPER COPPER-CLAD
E T C . . NOT E X C E E D I N G WIRE N O , ALUMINUM
(AMPERES)
WIRE NO.

15 14 12
20 12 10
30 10 8

40 10 8
6 0 10 8
100 8 6

200 6 4
300 4 2
400 3 1

500 2 1/0
600 1 2/0
800 0 3/0

1000 2/0 4/0

1200 3/0 250 kcm~l
1600 4/0 350 kcm~l

2000 250 kcm~l 400 kcm~l

2500 350 kcm~l 600 kcm~l
3000 400 kcm~l 6 0 0 kcmfl

4000 500 kcm~l 800 kcm~l

5000 700 kcm~l 1200 kcm~l
6000 800 kcm~l 1 2 0 0 kern11

REPRINTED WITH PERMISSION FROM NFPA 70-1990. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODEL ,COPYRIGHT 1989.

-
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, OUINCY. MA 02269 THIS REPRINTED MATERIAL IS NOT THE
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIREN
-
GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTOR FOR AC SYSTEMS

S I Z E OF L A R G E S T S E R V I C E - E N T R A N C E S I Z E OF G R O U N D I N G
CONDUCTOR OR E Q U I V A L E N T AREA FOR E L E C T R O D E CONDUCTOR
P A R A L L E L CONDUCTORS

A L U M I N U M OR * A L U M I N U M OR
COPPER COPPER-CLAD COPPER COPPER-CLAD
ALUMINUM ALUMINUM

2 OR S M A L L E R 0 OR SMALLER 8 6
1 OR 0 2 / 0 OR 3 / 0 6 4
2 / 0 OR 3 / 0 4 / 0 OR 2 5 0 k c m ~ l 4 2
OVER 3 / 0 THRU OVER 2 5 0 THRU
3 5 0 kcmll THRU 5 0 0 k c m l l 2 0
OVER 3 5 0 k c m ~ l OVER 5 0 0 k c m l l
THRU 6 0 0 k c m ~ l THRU 9 0 0 k c m ~ l 0 3/0
OVER 6 0 0 k c m ~ l OVER 9 0 0 k c m l l
THRU 1 1 0 0 k c m ~ l THRU 1 7 5 0 k c m l l 2/0 4/0
OVER 1 1 0 0 k c m l l OVER 1 7 5 0 k c m ~ l 3/0 250 kcm~l

'WHERE THERE ARE NO S E R V I C E - E N T R A N C E CONDUCTORS. THE

I
GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTOR S I Z E S H A L L B E D E T E R M I N E D BY
THE E Q U I V A L E N T S I Z E OF THE L A R G E S T S E R V I C E - E N T R A N C E
CONDUCTOR R E Q U I R E D FOR THE LOAD TO B E S E R V E D .

AII'H hIEl1 W 114 PERM SSOh FROM t4FPA 70 1990 hAT 1JhAI t. t C l l l l i A L illOE' COPYRIGHT lYH9
hAT ONA. IHI I'HOIICI ON ASSOC Al Cltr OIINCY MA 02269 Trl S RlPR h l l l l MA11 II A 5 hOT TriF
I
COMPLETE AND OFFICIAL POSITION OF THE NFPA ON THE REFERENCED SUBJECT WHICH IS REPRESENTED
ONLY BY THE STANDARD IN ITS ENTIRETY
 ELECTRICAL S Y M B O L S

WALL CEILING SWITCH OUTLETS

0 OUTLET S S I N G L E POLE S W I T C H

a @ DROP CORD s, DOUBLE POLE S W I T C H

--@ @ FAN OUTLET 5, THREE WAY S W I T C H

9 @ J U N C T I O N BOX s, FOUR WAY S W I T C H

@ L A N P HOLDER

L A M P HOLDER
s, A U T O M A T I C DOOR S W I T C H
I

-0
0 , s
@
WITH PULL SWITCH

PULL SWITCH
sp SE ELECTROLIER SWITCH

S W I T C H AND P I L O T L A M P
-
-0 @ L!J;O;HDISCHARGE
s, KEY OPERATE0 S W I T C H

-0 @ EXIT LIGHT
s,, C I R C U I T BREAKER -
4 @ CLOCK O U T L E T
S W C B
WEATHER PROOF
C I R C U I T BREAKER

@ BLANKED OUTLET

:I;::; C O N V E N I E N C E
sMc MOMENTARY C O N T A C T
SWITCH

SRc REMOTE C O N T R O L

el,3 S I N G L E . T R I P L E X , ETC. SWP

SWITCl4

WEATHER PROOF S W I T C H -
RANGE O U T L E T FUSED S W I T C H

es S W I T C H AND
CONVENIENCE OUTLET
WEATHER PROOF
FUSED S W I T C H

@ S P E C I A L PURPOSE
OUTLET LIGHTING SWITCH

@ FLOOR O U T L E T POWER P A N E L

Rpproduied From ARerlLan Standard l t I f

 ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

S I N G L E BREAK S W I T C H PILOT LIGHT

NON-PUSH

-
TO T E S T
MOMENTARY CONTACT
SINGLE CIRCUIT (N.C.
P I L O T LIGHT
MOMENTARY CONTACT PUSH
MUSHROOM HEAD SW. TO T E S T

FUSE
TWO P O S I T I O N CONTACT SW.

"A" OVERLOAO THERMAL

RELAY-LINE CIRCUIT
FOOT S W I T C H "0" OVERLOAO CONTACT
CONTROL C I R C U I T

VACUUM S W I T C H

" i w " i A ' OVERLOAO M A G N E T I C

L I Q U I D L E V E L SWITCH RELAY-LINE CIRCUIT

T I M E 0 SWITCH "0" OVERLOAO CONTACT

ENERGIZED CONTROL C I R C U I T
T I M E SWITCH
OE-ENERGIZED

NOT CONNECTED
TEMPERATURE A C T U A T E D SW.

NOT CONNECTED
FLOW S W I T C H

L I M I T SWITCH ( N . O . ) CONNECTED

POWER C A B L E
- CONTROL C A B L E
0 AUTOMATIC HOME RUNS C A B L E
----- UNDERGROUND

aTQ CONCEALED I N FLOOR

U
1 DOUBLE BREAK S W I T C H
# NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
I N CONDUIT ( 4 )

Reproduced f r o m A w r l ~ a nStilndard I E E t .
 ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

CURRENT
TRANSFORMER

3-POLE
DRAWOUT TYPE PDNTENTIAL
C I R C U I T BREAKER TRANSFORMER
W I T H MAGNETIC
OVER-LOADS

SOLENOID

CAPACITOR

3 - P O L E . 1-THROW
FUSED SWITCH BLOWOUT

THERMAL
OVERLOAD
HEATERS

) ) 2 - P O L E , 1-THROW
C I R C U I T BREAKER
0 cD1'

T
GROUND
-
"A" 1 - P O L E SW.
"8" 1-POLE C8.

"A" "8"
1
I11 k BATTERY

Reproduced fro. mer,can Standard I i t t .

-116-
 Wiring Diagrams
For NEMA Configurations

125V

-
2P.3W
GROUNOING

- 250V
2P. 3W
GROUNDING

Courtesy of Cooper Industr~es,Inc - Arrow Hart Wiring Gevices

- 117A -
Wiring Diagrams
For NEMA Configurations

48OUAC
2p'3w irov
GROUNOING

'_"I
-
..
L 1 , R
\>
LC09

BOOUAC
2P. 3 W
GROUNDING
I
-a"
'
1 - 1
-
I
-
11 IP

Courtesy of Cooper Industr~es.Inc. - Arrow Hart Wlrlng D e v ~ c e s I

- 117B -
Wiring Diagrams
For NEMA Configurations

12512501
3P.IW
GROUNDING

30
4 , ,:.>OR -
i4i:i
-
I4iOI
V
4.6
-
. .
#>:rnl
V
Ll:13?

2501
3P. 4W
GROUNDING

LI1-?OR

Cotirtesy of Cooper lndustr~es.Inc - Arrow Hart Wiring Devices

Wiring Diagrams
For NEMA Configurations

Courtesy of Cooper Industries. Inc - A r r o w Hart Wiring Devices

- 117D -
m
Wiring Diagrams
For NEMA Configurations

Courtesy of Cooper Industries. Inc. - Arrow Hart Wiring Dev~ces

 H A N D SIGNALS
FOR
CRANES AND CHERRY PICKERS

DOG EMERGENCY
EVERYTHING STOP

TRAVEL
BOTH TRACKS
[ C R A W L E R CRANES O N L Y 1

I
RETRACT EXTEND SWING
BOOM BOOM
 H A N D SIGNALS
F
a
CRANES AND CHERRY PICKERS

- R A I S E LOAD LOWER LOAD MAIN HOIST

MOVE SLOWLY R A I S E BOOM A N 0 LOWER LOWER BOOM AND

LOAD ( F L E X F I N G E R S ) R A I S E LOAD ( F L E X
FINGERS)
I

USE BOOM UP BOOM DOWN

WHIP L I N E
 USEFUL KNOTS

BOWLINE RUNNING BOWLINE B O W L I N E ON THE

BIGHT

CLOVE H I T C H SHEEPSHANK ROLLING HITCH

SINGLE CATSPAW
BLACKWALL
HITCH

- .
SQUARE KNOT TIMBER H I T C H SINGLE
W I T H HALF HITCH SHEET
BEND
 American Red Cross
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR FIRST AID:
While help is being summoned, do the following:
+
1) Minimize further injury-move victim only if necessary for safety reasons.
2) Controi severe bleeding.
3) Maintain an open airway and give Artificial Respirat~onor CPR if necessary
4) Treat for Shock
URGENT CARE:
BLEEDING
First Aid:
1) Direct Pressure and Elevation:
' Place dressing directly over the wound and elevate open woundsunless there
is evidence of a fracture.
2 ) Pressure Points:
If bleedlng continues after use of direct pressure and elevation. use the
pressure polnts.
Arm: Use the brachial artery-pushing the artery against the upper arm bone.
' Leg: Apply pressure on femoral artery, pushing it against the pelvic bone.
3) Nosebleed.
Place victim in a sitting posltlon.
Apply pressure by pressing the nostrils toaether toward the middle of the
nose.
POISONING
Symptoms:Vomiting, heavy labored breathlng,suddenonset of painor ~llness,burns
or odor around the lips or mouth, unusual behavior.
First Aid:
~f ;onscious:
1 ) Give water t o drink. %glass for children. 1 glass for adult
2) Call Poison Control and identify poison.
If unconscious or nauseous:
1 ) Call EMS system immediately.
2) DO NOT give anything by mouth
3) Identify the poison.
4) Call Poison Control.
5) Position victim on side.
SHOCK
Symploms: Cool moist skin, weak rapid pulse (over l o o ) , nausea, rate of breathing
increased, apathetic.
First Aid:
1 ) Maintain open airway, have victlm lie down.
2) Maintain normal body temperature (913.6'). If too hot, cool doWn,and iftoocold.
warm the victim, under and over.

BURNS
Symptoms: Small, t h ~ n(surface) burns or large, thin burns: redness, pain, and
swellina.
Deep birns: blisters, deep tissue destruction, charred appearance.
First Aid:
Small, thin burns:
1 ) Run or pour cool water on burn. Immerse if possible. Cool until pain is reduced.
DO NOT use ice.
2 ) Gently pat the area dry with sterile gauze and bandage.
Large, thin burns:
1 ) Cool with water immediately. DO NOT use ice.
2) Dry gently and cover with thick, dry, sterile dressing.
Deep burns:
1) Cover burn with a thick, dry, sterile dressing 8 bandage.
2) Medical care is urgent. DO NOT put water directly on an open burn.
3) Heat Burn: do not remove clothing.
Chemical Burn: you must remove an infected clothing.
4) Elevate the burned areas if this does not cause pain or further injury.
 ELECTRIC SHOCK
Symptoms: Unconsciousness, absence of breathing 8 pulse.
First Aid:
1) TURN OFF THE POWER SOURCE.
2) DO NOT approach vlctim until source of power has been turned off.
3) Drag victim clear, if necessary.
4) Administer Artificial Respiration or CPR if necessary
5) Treat for Shock.

-
6) Check for other injuries and seek Medical help.
7) Monitor victim till Medical help arrive.
FROSTBITE
Symptoms: Flushed, wh~te,or gray skin. Pain The nose. cheeks, ears, fingers, and
toes are most likely t o be affected. Pain may be felt early and then subside. Blisters
may appear later.
First Aid:
1) Cover the frozen part. Loosen restrictive clothing or boots.
2 ) B r ~ n gvictim indoors ASAP.
3) Give t h e v ~ c t i mawarm drink. (DO NOT give alcoholic beverages, tea, or coffee)
4) Immerse frozen part in warm water (102-1050), or wrap in a sheet and warm
blankets. DO NOT rewarm if there is a possibility of refreezing.
5) Remove from water and discontinue warmlng once part becomes flushed.
-

-
6) After thaw~ng,the victlm should try to move the injured area a little.
7) Elevate the injured area and protect from further injury.
8) DO NOT rub the frozen part.
DO NOT break the blisters.
DO NOT use extreme or dry heat to rewarm the part.
9) If f~ngersor toes are involved, when bandaging place dry, ster~iegauze between
them t o keep areas separated.
HYPOTHERMIA
Symptoms: Lowered body core temperature. Persistant shivering, lips may be blue.
slow slurredspeech, memory lapses. Most cases occurwhen airtemperature ranges I.
from 30-50" or water temperature is below 70 F
First Aid:
1) Move victim t o shelter and remove wet clothing if necessary.
2) Rewarm victim with blankets or body-to-body contact in sleeping bag.
3) If victim is conscious and able to swallow, give warm sugary liquids.
4) Keep victim warm 8 quiet.
5) DO NOT give alcoholic beverages I
6) Constantly monitor vlctim and give artificial respiration and CPR if necessary.
HEAT EXHAUSTIONIHEAT STROKE

-
Symptoms: Heat Exhaustion: Pale clammy skin, profuse perspiration, weakness.
nausea. headache.
Heat Stroke: Hot dry red skin, no perspiration, rapid 8 strong pulse. High body
.
temDerature 1105'+).
. This is an Immediate life threatening
.emergency.
.
~ i r sAid:
l
Heat Exhaustion:
1) Give victim cool water 11conscious and not nauseous
2) Have victim lie down and loosen any restrictive clothing.,
3) Cool body with cool water, cold packs, fans or air condltloning.
Heat Stroke:
1) Get medical help as soon as possible.
2) Cool body quickly . . t h ~ sis an emergency!
3) Keep body temperature down, repeat cooling process if necessary
4) DO NOT give fluids.
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
IF A VICTIM APPEARS TO BE UNCONSCIOUS:
Tap v c t i m o n the shoulder and shout, A r e you okay?"
IF THERE IS NO RESPONSE:,
Tilt the victim's head, chln polnting up.
Placeone hand o n thevictim's jaw and theother handonthe
forehead, gently l i f t ~ n gthe jaw under the bony part near the
chin, and applying the major force with the hand on the
forehead This will move the tonaueawav- from the back of the
throat to open the airway.

IMMEDIATELY, LOOK, LISTEN, AND FEEL FOR BREATHING:

While maintaining the head tilt, place your cheek and ear close
to thevictim's mouth. Look for the chest to rise, listen for an alr
exchange. and feel for the return of air on your cheek Check
for 3-5 seconds.

IF THE VICTIM IS NOT BREATHING:

While maintaining the head tllt position, pinch thevictlm'snose
with the hand on the forehead. Open your mouth wide, take a
deep breath, seal the victim's mouth wlth your own and GIVE
TWO SLOW FULL breaths.
If you do not get an air exchange when you blow, it may help
to retlp the head and try again.
AGAIN. LOOK. LISTEN. AND FEEL FOR BREATHING

IF THERE IS STILL NO BREATHING:

Give one breath every 5 seconds for an adult; G ~ v eone breath
every 4 seconds for a child; Giveone breath every 3seconds for
an infant

I
FIRST AID FOR CHOKING
-------------------------------
. + DO riot !ilt~rli~rv
ltv,crrrncdrr i i ~ g hspeak, bi~,ilhc

- It ",Cl,rn

0
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m---
cairgh TAKE ACTION:
speak
bredlhe FOR C O N S C I O U S V I C T I M

p -- G1ve6-10
Abdom~nal
Thrusts 7
t t
t Repeat
steps until e f f e c t ~ v eo r u n t ~vl ~ c t i r nb e c o m e s unconscious. --!
TAKE ACTION: FOR U N C O N S C I O U S V I C T I M

t
t --
TRY TO VENTILATE
-Repeat
6 10 MANUAL

C o n t ~ n u ea r t ~ f ~ c ventlation
~al
THRUSTS
steps u n t l e f f e c t ~ v e
or CPR, as ~ n d ~ c a t e d
--
FINGER SWEEP

l r u r t rmay
C ~ U I I O ~ : ~ b d o r n ~ nial ~ cause lnfury 0..no! practfce on people

-1 23-
fmt aid kit

Accidents do happen. Be
ready with an automobile
first aid kit that makes it easy for anyone to treat
almost any emergency quickly and correctly.
Everythings's organized in sealed packets printed with
step-by-step directions.
Your family counts on you to take care of life's
emergencies-big or small-so count on the Red
Cross to back you up with a complete family first aid
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away by contacting your Red Cross chapter. Only $19.95,
and satisfaction is guaranteed! In Houston. Texas
and surrounding counties call (713) 526-8300.
Now you'll be ready, when it's all up to you.

+ American Red Cmm

Greater Houston Area Chapter
P.O. Box 397
Houston, Texas 770014397
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