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CONTINUUM MECHANICS:
THE STATE OF STRESS
THE MOHR CIRCLE
THE TERZAGHI PRINCIPLE
GEOSTATIC STATE OF STRESS
Chiara Deangeli
a.y. 2015-2016
Continuous medium
Body forces are associated with the mass of the body and are
distributed throughout the volume of a body they do not result from
direct contact with other bodies. Gravitational, magnetic and inertial
forces are body forces.
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xx xy xz
zz
ij yx yy yz zy
zx
yz
zx zy zz
xz yy
xx xy yx
engineering notation y
x xy xz
ij yx y yz x
zx zy z x xy xz
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ij y yz
9 components of stress
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conversely
State of stress relative to Cartesian and
polar coordinate axes
y
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x
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Rotation of the reference system
z
z
zx zy z
yz
xz
xy y
yx
x
y
y
x
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x
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Rotation of the reference system
If we rotate the reference system from (x,y,z) to (l,m,n), for a tensor
of the second order (ex. ij) we have the following transformation law:
* A ij AT
ij
l lm ln lx ly lz x xy xz lx mx nx
ij lm m mn mx
*
my mz yx y yz l y my n y
nl mn n nx ny nz xz yz z lz mz nz
x y z
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l lx ly lz
m mx my mz Direction cosines
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n nx ny nz
Analysis of stresses in two dimensions
x xy
ij
yx y
yx
xy
x x
xy
yx
y
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y
x
Positive sign convention
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Analysis of stresses in two dimensions
State of stress on a general plane
y
yx
y
xy
x x
x
xy
yx
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y
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C. Deangeli Mohr Circles 2D
Principal stresses 2D
OP
3 1
3
y
1 0
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ij
x
0 3
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Principal stresses 3D
1 0 0
ij 2 0
symm 3
3 2 1
3
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2
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y
x
1
Exercise
Given:
1 0 0 0
ij
ij
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
ij ij
0 1 1 0
I 2 1 2 1 3 2 3
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I 3 1 2 3
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Axial-symmetry problems
We address these problems for several common laboratory tests:
2 3
1
1 0 0
3 ij 3 0
3 symm 3
z 0 0
In terms of polar coordinates: ij r 0
symm
=r ij r 0
symm r
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Plane stress problems
z xz yz 0
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Deviatoric stress
In the analysis of some types of rock and soil behavior, it is usual
to split the stress tensor into two components: a spherical or
hydrostatic component, and a deviatoric component.
x xy xz p 0 0 x p xy xz
ij yx y yz 0 p 0 yx y p yz
xz yz z 0 0 p xz yz z p
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Principal deviator stress
Stress deviator invariants
s1 1 p s2 2 p s3 3 p
The principal directions of the deviator stress tensor are the same as those of
the stress tensor
Stress deviator invariants are:
J1 s1 s2 s3 0
1 1
J 2 s1 s2 s3 1 p 2 p 3 p
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
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2 3 I1 I 2
J3 I1 I3
27 3
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Differential Equations of equilibrium
Problems in solid mechanics frequently involve description of the stress
distribution in a body in static equilibrium under the combined action of surface
and body forces.
Determination of the stress distribution must take account of the requirement
that the stress field maintains static equilibrium throughout the body. This
condition requires satisfaction of the equations of static equilibrium for all
differential elements of the body.
x xz xy
X 0
x z y
y yz yx
Y 0
y z x
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z zx zy
Z 0
z x y
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Principle of effective stress in soils Terzaghi (1936)
A basic postulate in soil mechanics
Saturated soil
ij ij u ij
ij total stress tensor
ij effective stress tensor
u pore water pressure
ij Kronecker delta
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Principle of effective stress in soils Terzaghi (1936)
Saturated soil
ij ij u ij
Since in the context of soil mechanics the ability of
water to carry shear stress is negligible, all shearing
stress components are only supported by the solid
phase. It is always:
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ij ij u ij
Biot coefficient
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Effective stresses - Total stresses
Mohr circles
x u xy xz u 0 0 x xy xz
ij yx y u yz 0 u 0 yx y yz
xz yz z u 0 0 u xz yz z
3 1 3 1
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u
Geostatic stresses
The standard convention in rock and soil mechanics is to consider
compressive stresses as positive. Accordingly, if we assume the vertical axis
positive downward, the equilibrium equation in the vertical direction writes:
z
v
z zx zy z
0 0
z x y z
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v z
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Geostatic stresses
The assessment of the horizontal stress is a complex task, because its actual
value depends on the (geologic) stress history of the deposits. The reason is
immediately apparent if we consider the equilibrium equation in the horizontal
direction:
x xz xy x
00 0
x z y x
The horizontal stress cannot be determined univocally from this equation. The
horizontal stress expression is:
ho F z uo
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Geostatic stresses
uo w z z vo
ho
so that the effective vertical stress
(effective overburden stress) can be
computed as:
vo
vo uo
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Geostatic stresses
The function F(z) remains arbitrary. As a matter of practical convenience
we can assign to the function F(z) a structure of this kind:
F z K o vo
ho
ho Ko vo uo
where the unknown coefficient Ko, which may depend on the z coordinate,
is known as coefficient of earth pressure at rest (or coefficient of lateral
stress at rest).
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is to measure it.
Geostatic stresses
When defining the initial stress state, the stress components should be
computed in the following order:
vo z
uo w z
vo
vo uo z
vo vo
K o vo
ho ho ho
ho ho
uo
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Exercise
A 1,5 kg sample of dry sand is poured into an Eureka can (fig 1 (a)) and
displaces 560 cm3 of water (fig 1 (b)).
fig 1 fig 2
1) A second 1,5 kg sample of the same dry sand is poured into an empty measuring
cylinder 55 mm in diameter and occupies 950 cm3 (fig 2 (a))
2) The cylinder is carefully filled with water up to the top level of the sand (fig.2 (b)).
3) The side of the measuring cylinder is tapped several times, causing the level of the
sand to settle to a volume 870 cm3 (denser state) (fig 2 (c)) .
Find:
1) e, d, z (depth of the sand);
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2)
3) e, , z (depth of the sand);
The total vertical stress, the pore pressure and the effective vertical
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