Modul Berbicara 1

Unit 1: Greetings and Introductions
Almost all conversations start with a greeting. There are several expressions that are
commonly used as greeting, some formal and some informal. Which to use, of course
depends on the situation. Look at some of these expressions.
Greetings
Formal Greetings Responses
Good morning Good morning
Good afternoon Good afternoon
Good evening Good evening
How nice to see you! Yes, its been quite a while
What a pleasant surprise Yes, its been quite a while
Hello, Robert Hello, Kathryn
Informal Hi, Bob Hi, Kathy
Introductions
When you meet and greet someone for the first time introductions are needed. There are a
number of standard expressions that can be used for introductions. Take a look at some of
them.
English Expressions
Expression Response
Hello, Im ( ... Ms. Jaines). Hello, Ms. Jaines, Im Susan
Appleton.
My name is ( ... John Grey). Nice to meet you Mr. Grey, Im
Mrs. Sukjoy.
Im (... George Franks. What's My name is Sopida, Sopida
your name)? Hakam. Its a pleasure tomeet you
Mr. Franks.
Allow me to introduce myself. My I'm delighted to meet you
name is ( ...Frank Jeffers). Mr.Jeffers. My name isPornpan
Orasa.
Introducing others
On occasion, you may find yourself in a situation where you have to introduce one person to
another. Look at these possible expressions that are used for this.
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English Expressions
Expression Response
Sam: Peter, I would like to introduce Peter: Hello Miss Cranston,
(... Miss Helen Cranston). nice to meet you.
Helen: Nice to meet you too
Mr. Kellogg.
Bob: Min Ju, this is ( ... my friend Min Ju: Hi Ms. Watson, a
Betty Watson). pleasure to meet you.
Betty: Same here.
Alice: Harry, let me introduce Harry: Mr. Lee, its good to

(...my supervisor, Mr.Lee). meet you.
Mr. Lee: Good to meet you too.
But please, call meSammy.
Point to remember
Many beginning learners use the expression Nice to meet you even when they interact with
a person they have already been introduced to. This expression (Nice to meet you) is only
used at a first meeting, not after that. Instead, if greeting a person for the second time, use
Nice to see you again
Farewells
Just as there are several standard expressions for greetings, there are also expressions of
farewell. The farewell itself is generally very short- one or two words. However, many times
people add something to the expressions, depending on what they want to happen in the
future or the situation.
Expressions Response
Until the next time Good-bye
Good-bye Good-bye
Good night Good night
Have a nice (weekend) You, too
See you later So long. Take care
Talk to you later Bye. Take it easy
I have to be going now So long
I have to run Catch you later
Later dude Bye
Point to remember
Bye Bye is an expression that very young children use when they are first beginning to
learn totalk or on very rare occasions by women, but almost never by most adults.
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Well Being
After the greeting are finished the conversation should be continued in some way. One of the
most common ways is is ask about the other persons well being. Again, there are several
expressions that can be used for this. The responses to such inquiries will, of course,
depend on how one actually feels. Lets take a look at these.
Expressions Responses
IF GOOD
How are you? Great.
Hows it going? Couldnt be better.
How are things? Fantastic.
IF SO-SO
How are things going? Could be worse.
How have you been? I cant complain.
How do you feel? Not bad
IF BAD
How goes it? Ive had better days.
How are you doing? Not too good.
How's life treating you? Lousy.
How to Address People in English
English learners often feel confused about how to address people Surname
properly. Many feel uncomfortable asking the question, "What Family name
should I call you?" Even native English people find this question First name Last name
awkward. For example, many women don't know how to address
William Shakespeare
their boyfriend's mother. On the other hand, some parents don't
know what to call their children's teacher. Hilary Clinton
Note that:
for Mr. we say "Mister"

for Mrs. we say "Misses"
for Miss we say "Miss"
for Ms. we say "Mizz"
Why is "What should I call you?" such a difficult question to ask? Perhaps it's because you
are asking the other person to provide their status or position in the world in relationship to
yours. This position may involve age, job, education, religion and even marital status.
Asking the question
If you are unsure of what to call someone, it's best to use a formal address or simply ask one
of these questions:
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What should I call you?
What should I call your mum / the teacher / the manager?
Can I call you [first name] ?
Is it okay if I call you [the nickname you've heard others use] ?
What's your name? (use in a casual situation like a party or classroom where first
names are used)
Answering the question
You might not be the only person wondering about titles. Students, colleagues or
acquaintances may not know what to call you. If they seem unsure about how to pronounce
your name, or you want them to call you something more casual, help them out:
Please, call me [first name]

You can call me [nickname or short form]
Formal Titles in English
In business situations, use formal titles unless the people you meet tell you otherwise. To get
someone's attention you can say: "Excuse me, Sir" or "Pardon me, Madam/Ma'am." To greet
someone you can say: "Hello Sir" or "Good morning, Madam/Ma'am."
The phrase "Yes, Sir!" (or "Yes, Madam/Ma'am!") is sometimes used by native speakers in a
sarcastic way. For example when a young child tells his father to "close his newspaper" the
parent might say, "Yes, sir!" and laugh. You might also hear a mother saying, "No
Madam/Ma'am" to her daughter's request for something unreasonable.
Here are the formal titles English speakers use:
1. Sir (adult male of any age)

2. Ma'am (adult female - North American)
3. Madam (adult female)
4. Mr + last name (any man)
5. Mrs + last name (married woman who uses her husband's last name)
6. Ms + last name (married or unmarried woman; common in business)
7. Miss + last name (unmarried woman)
8. Dr + last name (some doctors go by Dr + first name)
9. Professor + last name (in a university setting)
Informal Titles in English

Casual or very close relationships require an informal form of address:
First name (friends, students, children)
Miss/Mr + first name (sometimes used by dance or music teachers or childcare workers)
Titles of Affection
When addressing a child, a romantic partner, or a close friend or family member (usually
younger) people often use these terms of endearment, also known as "pet names":
Honey (child, romantic partner, or younger person)
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Dear
Sweetie
Love
Darling
Babe or Baby (romantic partner)
Pal (father or grandfather calls male child)
Buddy or Bud (very informal between friends or adult-to-child; can be seen as
negative)
English Dialogue
Students should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading
one part, the other student reading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and
the progression of the conversation. The dialogue can be used as a model to have similar
conversations.
Sam : Hello, you look lost. Can I be of assistance?

Mary : Oh, thanks. Youre right, I am lost. Im looking for the Student Union building?
Sam : Youre close; its just across the lawn. Its the three story brick building over there.
Mary : I see, well thanks a lot. Youve been a big help.
Sam : Excuse me for saying so, but youre not from around here, are you? Are you British
or what?
Mary : Actually Im Australian. Im a new transfer student. Youre an American, I assume?
Sam : Yes, by the way Im Sam, Sam Jones.
Mary : Im Mary Donald. Pleased to meet you.
Sam : So how long have you been in the States, Mary?
Mary : Ive been here about three weeks now. So, whats your major Sam?
Sam : Im a pre-med student. Whats yours?
Mary : Im not sure yet, but Im kind of interested in sociology.
Sam : So, do you live in the dorm?
Mary : Actually no, I have a small apartment about five blocks from here. Well, I have to
run. Thanks for your help.Maybe well bump into each other again sometime.
Sam : Could be, its a pretty small campus. Nice to meet you, Mary. See you later.
Mary : So long.
After reading, close your book and tell your partner a summary of the dialogue. Then switch
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about two
people who meet...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is
about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give information or test your
reading skills.
Conversation Activities
1. Pair work- Role Play
The situation: Meeting new people
Working with a partner, role play the situation, using the information below
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The roles: See items below
1. One partner is a new student at a university meeting his/her major professor for the
first time.
2. One partner has recently moved to a new neighborhood and is meeting their next
door neighbor for the firsttime.
3. One partner is a new employee at a company meeting a coworker for the first time.
4. Both partners are strangers at a mutual friends party meeting for the first time.
5. Both partners are meeting blind dates.
2. Pair work
Interview someone in the class you do not know well. After the interview is over, the
interviewer could give ashort introduction of the person to the whole class or to small groups
of 4 to 6 people. Questions youmay want to ask during the interview include:
- name - age
- where they are from - job or major
- number of people in their family - hobbies
- his or her goal in life - religion
- what their family members do - marital status
- favorite kinds of music (or food, movies, etc) - why they want to learn English
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Unit 2:Schedules and Routines
People frequently talk about their daily or weekly routines and schedules, especially with
family or friends. They may do so just out of curiosity or because they want to plan for some
event.
When talking about daily schedules and routines adverbs of frequency are used to indicate
how frequently you do things. Look at these common adverbs of frequency.
100% 80% 50% 20% 0%
always usually sometimes seldom never
all the time most of the time occasionally rarely not at all
Everyone has some kind of schedule or daily routine. They get up at a certain time, eat at a
certain time, go to work at a certain time. For some people, schedules are very fixed and
regimented. For others, schedules may be very flexible and varying. Most people have
things on their schedules that have to be done, no matter what- like go to work, feed the
baby, or taking medicine. Sometimes these things happen daily, sometimes weekly, and
sometimes less frequently. No matter when or how often things are done, there are several
expressions that can be used to ask or talk about about schedules, routines, and expressing
obligations.Look at the examples below.
English Expressions
Expression Response
Asking About Schedules
What time (... do you go to work)? I leave the house at 7:30.
When do ( ... you usually do laundry)? Usually on Saturday afternoons.
Where do ( ... you exercise)? I go to a gym in my neighbor.
Expressing Obligation
I must go to ( ... class this morning). Why? Do you have a test?
He has to ( ... be at work by 8:00 AM) What happens if he is a little late?
I'm expected to ( ... visit my grandmother Does she get upset if you dont
everySunday afternoon). show up?
On Friday afternoons, I am supposed to ( Will you get fired if you dont?

... deposit the stores weekly sales income in
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the bank).
All applicants are required to ( If your vision is poor, will they deny
... have an eyevision test before you a drivers license?
getting a drivers license).
** Expected to and supposed to are primarily used to express intentions,not

absolutes. Use have to to express something definite.
Do you ever ( ...bowl). Yeah, once in a blue moon.
English Dialogue
conversations.
Claudia : What time do you usually wake up Bridgette?

Bridgette : Usually Im up by 6:00, even on weekends.
Claudia : Why do you get up so early?
Bridgette : I always exercise for an hour before getting ready for work.
Claudia : When do you go to work?
Bridgette : I leave my house at 8:30 and arrive at the office a little before 9:00.
Claudia : When do you eat lunch?
Bridgette : It depends on my schedule, anywhere from 11:30 to 2:00.
Claudia : Where do you eat?
Bridgette : Usually at my desk, Im too busy to take a full hour for lunch. I either bring
my lunch from home or orderfood and have it delivered.
Claudia : What time do you leave the office for the day?
Bridgette : I try to get out of there by 6:00, but sometimes I work until 6:30 or 7:00.
Claudia : What do you do after work?
Bridgette : I go home and cook dinner, feed my cat, and watch TV or listen to music
until I go to bed. On weekends I usually go out with friends.
Claudia : What time do you go to bed?
Bridgette : I go to bed by 10:30, but I read for at least a half an hour before I fall asleep.
people talking about their daily routine. One person gets up at ...This may seem silly, since
you both already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your
English, not to give information or test your reading skills.
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1. Pair work- discussion
Tell your partner what you daily schedule is like. Be specific and detailed. Discuss what you
do from thetimeyou wake up until you go to bed, on weekdays and weekends.
Use the table below to write your daily schedule
Time Monday ..... Saturday

7:00 a.m.
8:00 a.m.
9:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m.
11:00 a.m.
12:00 noon
1:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
3:00 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
5:00 p.m.
6:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m.
8:00 p.m.
9:00 p.m.
11:00 p.m
2. Pair work-discussion
Tell your partner some of the things that you have to do or are expected or supposed to do
during theweek.Your partner should continue the conversation by asking questions about
when, why, and what happens if you do not do the thing.
3. Pair Work- discussion
Do you ever play tennis? Ask your partner if they ever do any of the activities listed below.
Ask other questions to get more information about when and, what time, where, how often,
with who, cost, etc.
Swim in the ocean Go on double dates Write poetry Buy expensive clothes
Go camping Study all night Drive a car Ride a roller coaster
Sing karaoke Wake up late Argue with parents Cook pizza
Sky or scuba dive Ride the busway Go bowling Watch foreign movies
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Unit 3: Likes and Dislikes
During the course of many conversations discussing your likes and dislikes may come up
With someone you don't know well you may want to find out the kind of food they like or their
favorite kind of movies, or what genre of music they like least. There are several expressions
that can be used to ask these things. Look at these examples.
English Expressions
Expression Response
What do you think of (... jazz)? I cant stand it.
Its so-so.
How do you like (... soccer)? Im crazy about watching it, but
not playing.
I think its a boring game.
Which do you I prefer ice cream.
prefer (... ice cream Actually, I dont like either, I
orcandy)? prefer yogurt.
Do you like ( ... apples)? Yes, I love them.
No, not really.
What is your favorite ( My favorite food is Korean food.
... food)?
English Dialogue
the progression of the conversation. The dialogue can be used as a model to have in similar
conversations.
James : What kinds of music do you like, Susan?

Susan : Im partial to classical music. What about you?
James : I like jazz and 50s and 60s rock and roll.
Susan : What is your favorite kind of food?
James : Mexican food, without a doubt. Whats yours?
Susan : I dont really have a favorite. I like all kinds of food, except Thai food. Its too spicy
for me.
James : Who is your favorite movie star?
Susan : Brad Pitt, hes so handsome. Who do you like?
James : My favorite actor is Sean Connery and my favorite actress is Jody Foster.
Susan : What sport do you like to play best?
James : I really like to play golf, but Im not very good at it. What about you?
Susan : I dont really like sports and have never played them. I like games though.
James : Whats you favorite game?
Susan : Dont laugh, but its tiddlywinks.
James : Tiddlywinks! Thats a kids game.
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Susan: I know, but Im very good at it. I play with my nephews and nieces and I beat them
every time.
James : Dont you ever let them win?
Susan : Never.
people talking about what they like and don't ...This may seem silly, since you both already
know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to
give information or test your reading skills.

What are your favorite things? Discuss with your partner whether you like or dislike
the items below(and why or why not). Your partner should ask questions to
get more information.
Basketball Reading TV soaps Eating Pizza

Exercise Watching news Blind dates Going to class
Romance movies French food R & B music Watching boxing
Traveling Studying Ping Pong Playing chess

The situation: See the situations below
Working with a partner, role play the situations, using the information below
The roles: you, your partner
1. At a movie and you cant stand the violence. Try to convince your partner to leave the
movie because youdont like it.
2. At a restaurant and the food is terrible. You are eating a hamburger, French
fries, and chocolate icecream.The waiter (your partner) comes by and asks how the
food is. Tell him/her why you dislike it.
3. At home and you just opened a birthday present that you really hate. Your partner is
the familymember whogave you the present. Tell him/her why you like the present
even though you dont.
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Unit 4: Invitations
When friends get together, they usually do so by an invitation from one person to another.
An invitation may be very casual, such as asking a friend to go out for a drink or dinner after
work or more formal, such as a wedding invitation. More formal invitations are usually written
and may require an RSVP (French abbreviation rpondez s'il vous plat meaning please
reply). There are several expressions that can be used when extending the more common
and causal oral invitation. Look at the samples below.
English Expressions
Expression Response A- Accept, D- Decline
Are you free on (... Friday night)? A: Sure, what did you have in mind?
D: No, Im going to my
grandmothers 80th birthday party.
Would you like to go to ( ... a A: That would be great, thanks.
picnicon Sunday afternoon)? D: No can do, I have a soccer game.
How about going to ( ... the A: That sounds great. What time?
movieswith me this Saturday)? D: Sorry, but Ive already made
other plans.
Id like to invite you to ( ... the dance A: How kind of you to ask, Id
this weekend)? be delighted.
D: Im sorry, but I have a
previous engagement.
Do you want to go to ( ... the rock A: Sure. When?
concert with me)? D: No thanks, loud concerts give me an
earache.
English Dialogue
conversations.
Bob : Alice, what are you doing Sunday afternoon?

Alice : Not much, what did you have in mind?
Bob : The Fourth Avenue Street Fair is going on downtown. Would you like to go?
Alice : Sure, sounds like fun. What is it anyway?
Bob : Just a bunch of vendors selling food, clothes, and what not, kind of like a carnival.
There are alsostreet musicians and performers. It's interesting to just walk around
looking at the people and the sights.
Alice : What time and where do we meet?
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Bob : The fair opens at 9:00, but I'm busy in the morning. How about 1:00?
Alice : OK, should I meet you somewhere there?
Bob : Why don't I pick you up at your house?
Alice : Sounds good, see you then.
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about one
person inviting another person to...This may seem silly, since you both already know what
the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give
information or test your reading skills.

When was the last time you invited someone someplace or were invited someplace by
someone? Tell yourpartner about it using some of the ideas for the discussion below. Your
partner should ask questions to getmore information.
where was the invitation to
when was the invitation extended
what was the occasion of the invitation
did you/they accept or decline the invitation
if accepted, was it fun
2. Pair work- practice

The situation:
Invite your partner to the activities below. Your partner should accept some of the invitations,
but decline others. If they decline, they should offer polite reasons for rejecting the invitation.
If they accept theinvitation, both partners should continue the conversation to get ore
information about the event, such as:
the day and time
where they should meet
how much money it will cost
what kind of dress is required
how long the event will last
if anything special is needed to participate in the event
To a museum
To a lecture about finance
To an amusement park
To traditional dancing lessons
To a formal dinner
To a friend's birthday party
To a band show
To a horror movie
To go fishing on the river
To go window shopping
To go karaoke
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Unit 5: Expressing Opinions
Just about everyone has an opinion about most things. We seek peoples opinions all the
time. You may want to know a friend's opinion of a movie that you are thinking of seeing. A
teacher may ask you your opinion of a homework assignment. A co-worker may want to
know what you think of a job related suggestion to improve sales. An acquaintance may
seek your opinion on a political candidate. There are several expressions that can be used
when asking someone's opinion. Look at the examples below.
English Expressions
Expression Response
What did you think of ( ... the I thought it was boring.
movie)?
Do you concur with ( Yes, but with minor reservations.
...the board's
recommendations)?
What is your opinion of ( I dont think it will help the
... the presidentsproposed economy too much.
economic package)?
Do you agree with ( ... Pams I cant say that I do, I think it will
proposal)? be ineffective.
After an opinion is given, either you agree with it or not. Look at the expressions below to
indicate agreement or disagreement.
Question/Statement Expression A- Agree, D- Disagree
I think classical music is boring A: You said it.
to listen to. D: I couldnt disagree more.
The president needs to raise A: I think youre right.

taxes to solvethe problem. D: I dont think thats the answer
at all.
Abortion is nothing less than A: I believe so too.
murder. D: In my opinion, ( .. abortion is
nothing more than freedom of
choice).
I think the presidents economic A: I'll go along with that.

policies aregood? D: Well, we dont see eye to eye
on that.
I think studying English is a A: I'm with you.

waste of time. D: I beg to differ.
I like this red dress. How about A: It works for me.

you? D: I dont really think (... that red
is your color).
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Titanic is the A: I'll buy that.
best movieever made D: I disagree, (... Harry
Potter was much better).
English Dialogue
conversations.
Alice : What did you think of the movie, Peter?

Peter : I thought it was boring.
Alice : Really? I loved it. Why did you think it was boring?
Peter : It was too predictable. You knew what would happen in the end. The same old
thing- boy meets girl, boyfights with girl, boy marries girl.
Peter : Did you like the sound track of the movie?
Alice : No, I hated it. It was too loud and too hard rock for me. What did you think of it?
Peter : I thought it was great, but then, I like hard rock.
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a man
and a woman giving opinions about ...This may seem silly, since you both already know
what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give
Do you agree or disagree with your partner about the following topics? Discuss these topics
with yourpartnerand give reasons why you agree or disagree.
watching soccer is exciting
governments should spend less money on social services
tests are a poor method of assessing students acquired knowledge
watching too much TV is bad for a childs mind
children should be seen and not heard

What are you and your partners opinions about these topics? Discuss them. Give detailed
reasons for youropinions.
The acting skills of Robert Your partners hair style Using cell phones while
Pattinson Dangdut music driving/riding motorbike
The movie Batman Your partners Attire The death penalty
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Unit 6: Getting People's Attention And
Interrupting
There are certain occasions when you must interrupt people who are in the
middle of doing something else. It is important to know how to do this, as well as
when it is socially acceptable to do it. In this lesson, you will study interrupting
people and getting people's attention, two functions that are very closely linked.
Dialogue 1
Jean: ..............................and then she told me that he didn't even say he was sorry!
Sue: No kidding.
Max: Excuse me, but could I ask you a quick question?
Sue: Sure. What is it?
Max: Do you spell "address" with one "d" or two? Sue: Two.
Max: Thanks a lot.
Sue: Sure. (to jean) Then what did she say?
Discussion
1. Who are the speakers and what are they doing?
2. How does Max interrupt? What is the reaction?
3. Why does Max interrupt?
4. Paraphrase Sue's response to Max in line 8.
5. How formal is this conversation?
Dialogue 2
(The telephone rings.)
JoEllen: Linguistics.
Ralph: Yes, I'd like to speak with Dr. MacDougal, please.
JoEllen: Who's calling, please?
Ralph: Ralph Zimmermann.
JoEllen: One moment, please. (buzz)
Dr. MacDougal: Yes?
JoEllen: Excuse me, there's a Ralph Zimmermann on the line. Do you
want to talk to him?
Dr. MacDougal: No, have him call back later. I'll be in a meeting is
now until twelve o'clock. Would you please hold my calls?
JoEllen: Of course, Dr. MacDougal. (click) I'm sorry, sir, but
Dr.MacDougal is in a meeting right now. Would you like to
leave a message?
Ralph: Could you tell me what time he'll be free?
JoEllen: Well, the meeting's scheduled to last till twelve. Would you like to
call back then?
Ralph: Oh, I'm afraid I can't. Could you ask him to call me this afternoon
at home?
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JoEllen: Your number?
Ralph: 512-8946. Thank you very much.
JoEllen: You're welcome.
Discussion
1. Who are the speakers, and what are their relationships?
2. Why doesn't Dr. MacDougal want to talk with Ralph at this time? (This is one
situation in which an interruption is not tolerated
except in an emergency.)
3. Who apologizes in this dialogue, and why?
4. What function does JoEllen serve for Dr. MacDougal?
5. Do you think this is a formal situation?
Getting people's attention and interrupting people are important skills in any
language. These are sometimes difficult to do in another culture, where the gestures or
ways of speaking are very different from your own. As always, the formality of the
situation and the relationship of the speakers will affect the way people talk to each
other.
Getting people's attention

In general, it is most polite to be as unobtrusive as possible when trying to get
someone's attention. In most situations it is best to wait until the other person
is looking in your direction and then try to "catch his eye." However, that does not
always work. Here are some other ways.
In a restaurant or store
As the waiter or waitress is going by, raise your hand, palm out, and say "Waiter" or
"Miss" in a voice just loud enough to carry above the restaurant noise. Customers in
restaurants do not snap their f ingers.
In a store, if the salesperson is visible, but is not looking at you, you can say, "Excuse
me."
In class
To ask a question in class, you can raise your hand and wait to be acknowledged. If
the professor does not look up often, raise your hand and call the professor's name
using the title + last name form. It is not customary to snap one's fingers or to address
the professor as "Teacher."
On the street
Unless you can catch the person's eye with a wave, it is better not to try to get
someone's attention on the street. Shouting and whistling attract too much attention
and are considered rude.
In an office
In general, if someone is at work, but not in private conference, his or her office door
is open. To get that person's attention, knock on the door and wait to be
acknowledged. Do not enter the office until given permission to do so. If the door is
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shut, you may be interrupting something by knocking, so follow the guidelines in the
next section.
Interrupting people
Most people do not mind interruptions if they are short ones. Read the dialogue
below, for example, it shows Max interrupting a conversation with a quick
question. The following is another example of a brief interruption:
Jackie: (on the phone) He walks up to me and... Just a minute.

(to Ted in the office) Can I help you?
Ted: Excuse me, Jackie, but can I ask a question?
Jackie: Sure.
Ted: Has Dr. Betts sent that letter out, do you know?
Jackie: I think so. She sent a bunch of letters out this morning.
Ted: OK. Thanks.
Jackie: (on the phone) Now, as I was saying, this guy walks up to me last night
and says ...
If the interruption is not a quick one, and if it is not an emergency, there is something
you can do. You can ask to make an appointment with the person.
Mr. Andrews: (talking to a salesperson) ... which means that the ratio will be all
wrong. Excuse me. Yes?
Mr. Davidson: (standing in the doorway) Excuse me for interrupting, but
could we make an appointment for later this afternoon sometime?
I want to go over that engineer-ing report with you.
Other Interruptions
Calling on the telephone is sometimes an interruption. If you call someone at
dinnertime or late in the evening (after ten o'clock), you should first ask if it is a good
time to talk. If not, you can arrange to call back later.
Joe: Hello?
Ned: Hi, this is Ned. Are you busy?
Joe: We're eating now. Can I call back in half an hour?
Ned: OK. See you.
Joe: Yeah, bye.
In conversation it is considered impolite to interrupt in the middle of a sentence - you

should wait until the sentence has been completed. This is called "turn taking" and
helps minimize the confusion that comes from not listening to what the other person is
saying.
Interrupting strangers is normally not done, since it is not considered polite to
"eavesdrop," or listen in on someone else's conversation. However, it sometimes
happens on occasions when someone is being helpful. In an elevator, for
example, if you hear people discussing which floor they should get off on and they
have the wrong one, you can interrupt to give them the correct information.
Discussion
18
Is whistling at someone considered an appropriate way of getting their
attention in your country? Are there gestures you use to attract people's attention?
When is it all right to interrupt? How do people react to interruptions?
USEFUL PHRASES
Directions: Practice saying the following phrases The phrases near the top of
the list are generally more formal than the ones near the bottom.
GETTING SOMEONE'S
RESPONSE
ATTENTION
More Pardon me, Dr. Yes? What can I do for
formal Nathanson. you?
Excuse me, Bill.
Oh, Miss? Yes? (Can I help you?)

Sir?
Waiter? Yes?
(cough)
Less
(clear throat) Yes?
formal
Hey, Beth. Yeah?
Rude Hey you! (In most cases one would

receive no response or a
Hey!
ruder one.)
(Whistle)
INTERRUPTING A RESPONSE
CONVERSATION
More formal Pardon me, but... How can I help?
Pardon the interruption,
but...
I'm sorry to interrupt

you,
but...
It's all right. What can I do
I don't want to interrupt
for you?
you, but...
I hate to interrupt,
but...
I'm sorry, but.. . It's OK.
19
Excuse me, but.. .
Oh, were you in the middle

of something? No. It's all right.
Less formal Am I interrupting?
INTERRUPTING AN OVERHEARD RESPONSE

CONVERSATION
More formal Excuse me, but (I think you want the eighteenth Oh. Thanks.
floor, not the twenty-eighth)
I'd like to say something, if you don't mind. Go ahead.
It's none of my business, but... Do you mind if I
say something?
Less formal Can I butt in here? Sure.
Excuse me, but...
Using what you've learned

Directions: For each situation that follows, read the cues given, then discuss the
relationship among the speakers and the level of formality. Using this information,
complete the dialogues orally with phrases above or with any other appropriate
response.
Example:
A: Those are great boots
B: Why, thank you. I got them yesterday on sale.
C: Excuse me, but do you have the time?
A: Nine thirty
C: Thanks
A: You're welcome.
Situation 1
A: What happened next?
B: Well, I started down the dark alley ...
C: .........................................
B: .........................................
C: Do you have change for a ten?
A: .........................................
C: .........................................
B: As I was saying...
Situation 2
A: .......so I think parents should not allow children to watch TV at all!
B: Well, I'm not sure if I agree. I think ...................................
C: ......................................... , but I overheard you talking about.......................Can I
say something?
20
A: .........................................
C: .........................................
B: .........................................
C: .........................................
Situation 3
A: ...So I guess I'll be seeing you later.
B: .........................................
C: ......................................... . Have you got a minute? I.........................................
A: .........................................
C: .........................................
A: .........................................
C: ......................................... . That helps a lot.
Cued dialogues
Directions: After looking at each situation carefully, discuss with your partner(s) the
relationship among the speakers and the appropriate level of formality. Then practice,
using any words or expressions appropriate to express the functions given. Your
teacher will ask you to perform the dialogue for the class.
Situation 1
A is a student in the English program, and B is A's lecturer. A goes to see B in B's
office. When A gets there, B is talking on the phone.
B A
1. excuses self (to caller), greets A 1. greets B, apologizes for
2. accepts apology, closes the phone interrupting
conversation 2. asks for appointment
3. suggests a time 3. rejects the time
4. suggests another time 4. accepts the time, thanks B
5. replies to thanks 5. gives closing
6. replies to closing
Situation 2
A is having lunch with a friend, B. A must be back at the office in an hour. The restaurant is
not crowded, but service is slow, because the waiter stops to chat with other customers. A
tries to get the waiters attention to order. When the food finally arrives it is cold, and A has
to call the waiter again to pint this out.
Situation 3
A is having a conversation with a friend, B just outside a shop on the sreet. C is walking
down the street in Yogyakarta, looking for the nearest ATM booth. C sees A and B, then tries
to catch their eye to ask for directions.
21
Unit 7: Shopping
Shopping! Everyone loves shopping, right? Well, maybe not everyone. But everyone has to
do it from time to time to buy the necessities of life- like food and clothes. Whether you enjoy
shopping and spend a considerable amount of time at it or you hate it and get it over with as
quickly and painlessly as possible, there are standard expressions that are used. Look at
these examples.
English Expressions
Expression Response
By a Clerk
May (can) I be of assistance? Yes please, I'm looking for
kitchen utensils.
How can (may) I help you? Could you tell me where
childrens wear is?
May I assist you? No thanks, Im just browsing.
Could I help you find something? Yes please, Im looking for a pair
of gloves.
Will there be anything else? No, that will do it.
What size of pants do you need? I wear a 32 inch waist and a 34
inch length.
By a customer
How much are (... the blue jeans)? They are $39.99.
Could you tell me ( ... the price of Of course, it $249.59.
that camera)?
Do you have this in another color? Yes, it also comes in green, red,
and blue.
Do you have ( ... this in a larger size)? I'm sorry, that's the largest size
we carry.
conversations.
Connie : Oh look honey, isnt that a great looking picture?

Vinnie : The one with the ducks? I think its ugly.
Connie : Well I think it would look great in the spare bathroom.
Vinnie : Whatever. How much is it?
Connie : Let me see, $75.99.
Vinnie : Youre kidding, right. $75.00 for that!
22
Connie : Okay, maybe it is a little expensive, but what the heck, we can afford it. Dont be
such tight wad.
Vinnie : What about that set of pictures? You get three for less money. Theyre only $39.59.
Connie : The ones with the airplanes? They dont match anything in the bathroom.
Vinnie : So?
Connie : So we wont get them. Period. End of discussion.
Vinnie : Dont you think that duck picture is too big for the bathroom?
Connie : I hate to admit it, but you may be right. But I really like it. And it goes with everything
else perfectly.
Vinnie : Well, if its too big, its too big. Lets keep looking.
Connie : Wait, I have an idea. We could remodel the bathroom and make it bigger so the
room fits the picture.
Vinnie : Honey, I love you, but you are out of your mind!
people shopping for ...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is
reading skills.

When was the last time you went shopping? Tell your partner about it using some of the
ideas for discussionbelow. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.
where did you go
what did you buy
how long did you spend shopping
who did you go with
do you like shopping- why or why not
The situation: At a store

The roles: a clerk, a customer
The clerk should ask questions about the size, color, brand name, etc. of the items preferred
by thecustomer. The customer should ask questions about the price, materials, warranties,
rebates, discounts,etc. Be creative and use your imagination. For example the clerk may be
out of some items or thecustomer hates black. Improvise and have fun.
Suit Kitchen knives Sofa Evening gown

Calculator Frying pan Ear rings Tread mill
Pet dog Car Fountain pen Computer
scanner
23
Unit 8: Making Comparisons
At times you will need to compare one thing to another. A friend may ask you to compare
two movies that you have seen to decide which one he should watch, a colleague may want
a comparison between two vacation spots you have visited, or a stranger may ask for a
comparison between two restaurants. When you compare two or more things you are
indicating which is better or worse between two things. When the superlative is used, you
are indicating which is the best or the worst.
Comparatives are formed by either adding -er or -ier to the end of a word (Add -er if the word
ends in aconsonant. Add -ier if the word ends in a y (change the y to i and add -er) or by
adding more or lessbefore the word.
A simple rule to follow when deciding whether to use -er (-ier) or add more or less is: if
the word is three ormore syllables, use more or less. If the word is two syllables or less use -
er (-ier ).
This rule is a guide only and some words do not follow it.
big bigger small smaller

heavy heavier busy busier
beautiful more beautiful common more common
Superlatives are formed by adding -est to the end of the word or by using most or
leastbefore the word. Thesame syllable rule applies here in deciding to use -est or
most or least.
wise the wisest fast the fastest

quiet the quietest simple the simplest
anxious the most anxious diligent the most diligent
English Dialogue
conversations.
Jasper : Where do you think is the best place to go on a vacation?

Randy : Hawaii, without a doubt.
Jasper : Why Hawaii?
Randy : Because it has the most beautiful beaches and the largest number of girls in bikinis
in the world.
Jasper : That may be true, but it is also one of the most expensive places to go on a
vacation. It also gets a lot of rain.
Randy : What place do you think is best?
Jasper : Miami. Miami also has some great beaches, has lots of girls, gets much less rain
24
than Hawaii, and it isless expensive.
Randy : True, but Hawaii has better golf courses and they are cheaper than the golf courses
in Miami.
Randy : I wouldn't say they are better, they are just more difficult to play.
Jasper : What about the setting? Hawaii is a tropical island with more lush vegetation than
Miami, not to mentionthe most amazing sunsets anywhere.
Randy: Maybe, but it takes less time to get to Miami than Hawaii. I can be on the beach
soaking in the sun,while you're still in the airplane.
Jasper: Maybe, but once I get there I would have cleaner, fresher air to breath, unlike
Miami, which has a littletoo much smog if you ask me. And the streets are safer to
walk on in Hawaii.
Randy : I'll admit that's true. Miami does have a higher crime rate.
Jasper : So where are you going on vacation this year?
Randy : Alaska. I want to see a polar bear.
people comparing vacation spots. One man thinks ...This may seem silly, since you both
already know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English,
not to give information or test your reading skills.

What is your favorite vacation spot? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for
discussionbelow. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.
where is it
how often have you been there
why do you like it
why is it better than other places
Which things are better? Discuss and compare the following items, stating the advantages of
one overthe other, using comparatives and superlatives. The notes in parentheses are
possible ideas forcomparison. Feel free to add to the list.
Going to Bali or Bandung for vacation
(weather, pollution, tourist attractions, expense, entertainment, people)
Renting a house together or an individual boarding room
(price, spaciousness, maintenance, convenience, parking, safety)
Traveling by bus or train
(price, comfort, speed, the view, people you meet, services)
CD/DVD's or MP3 files
(price, availability, quality, storage space)
Automatic motorbike or manual gear motorbike
(price, convenience, speed, appearance, gas mileage, maintenance)
Jogging or bike riding for exercise
(health benefits, exertion required, calories burned, cost)
Watching soccer or badminton on TV (level of excitement, speed of the game)
25
UNIT 9: Lending and Borrowing
Everyone has family, friends, or colleagues who at one time or another will want to borrow
something that you have. It may just be a pen to write a note, or money for lunch, or
something more substantial like your truck for a day so they can move or the use of your
lake-side cabin for a weekend getaway. Whatever it is, there are standard expressions that
can be used. Look at these examples.
English Expressions
Expression Response
Could you lend me Of course, my pleasure.
(...a dollar)? Sorry, Im broke.
May I borrow Sure, go ahead.

( ... your text book)? Yes, but only after Im finished with it.
Do you mind if I use Not at all, help yourself.

( ...your pen)? Im sorry, but this is my lucky pen and I never
let anyone use it.
Will you lend me Maybe, where are you going and when will you
( ... yourmotorbike)? be returning?
No way.
Lend and Borrow
Lend and borrow are frequently used incorrectly by non-native speakers. They are very
similar in meaning, but can not be used interchangeably. It may help if you think of borrow to
mean receive or take something. When using borrow, the subject of the sentence is
receiving something Think of lend to mean give something. When using lend, the subject of
the sentence is giving something.
Can you borrow me your book? Incorrect

Can I borrow your book? Correct
Can you lend me your book? Correct
English Dialogue
conversations.
26
Alfred : Olive, can I borrow your new Stones CD?
Olive : No.
Alfred : Why not, Ill give it back. I just want to make a copy.
Olive : I know; I trust you. Its just that I only got it this morning and havent listened to that
much yet. Ill lend it toyou in a couple of days.
Alfred : Ok, that will work.
Olive : Will you lend me your truck on Saturday morning. I have to take a load to the dump.
Alfred : Sure, as long as you return it by noon and put a few gallons of gas in it before you
return it. My sisterwants to borrow it to help her friend move.
Olive : No problem. Do you want me to return it to your place or your sister's?
Alfred : Better make it my place. She could change her mind, you know how she is.
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a person
wanting to borrow...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is
reading skills.

Do you lend or borrow things often? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for
discussionbelow.
Your partner should ask questions to get more information.
what do you lend/borrow
how long are things borrowed or lent for
how often does it happen
have you every had problems getting it back or returning it

Ask your partner if you can borrow some of the items below, using the expressions above.
Your partner should ask how long you intend to have the item and when you plan to return it.
If yourpartnerrefuses to lend the item, find out why and try to persuade him to lend it anyway.
Cell phone Clock Dictionary
MP3 player Bicycle Truck
LaptopComputer Camera Money
27
Unit 10: Describing Things
Sometimes you may be asked to describe something, what it looks like, and it's function or
purpose. For example, You may to talking to a person not up on the latest technological
devises or telling someone about the newest time saving kitchen gadget.
When you are describing objects you use adjectives, (words that describe nouns) such as
the size, color, shape, material made from, thickness, texture, etc. Look at the expressions
below that can be used when asking for descriptions of things
English Expressions
Expression Response
What does it look like? Its big, with eight hairy arms.
How big is it? Its 3 meters, by 4 meters, by 5 meters.
How much does it weigh? It weighs 75 kilograms.
What color is it? Its bright yellow, brighter than a
banana.
Whats it made out of? Its made of plastic and aluminum.
What is it? It's a garlic press.
What does it do? It puts a sharp point on wooden pencils.
What the purpose of The purpose of a refrigerator is to keep
a refrigerator? food cold soit does not spoil.
What do you use a (... cheese A cheese grater is used to make small
grater)for? strips ofcheese from a larger block.
How does a (... water Water is collected in a large tank and
heater) work? heated byeither gas or electricity.
English Dialogue
conversations.
Randall : Do you know what a grandfather clock is?

Horace : Yes, of course.
Randall : I assume it is a kind of clock, but what does it look like?
Horace : Well, theyre usually big, about an average persons height, and maybe 20 to
24 inches wide.
Randall : And...?
Horace : The clock face is at the top, usually a round face, and many have Roman
Numerals.
Randall : Go on.
Horace : Below the face is a pendulum which hangs from a chain, or something
similar, which swings back andforth as the clock ticks.
Randall : Im sorry, whats a pendulum?
28
Horace : A weight hanging from a chain, cable, or string.
Randall : I see.
Horace : In all the grandfather clocks I have ever seen, the cabinets were made out of
wood, usually stained brown.
Randall : Why are they called grandfather clocks?
Horace : I dont know. Maybe because they are an old style of clock that was
common in our grandfathers days.
Randall : The clock in your fathers office is a grandfather clock, isnt it?
Horace : Yes, but he calls it his grandmothers clock.
Randall : Why?
Horace : Because his grandmother gave it to him.
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is one person
describing a clock. It is ... This may seem silly, since you both already know what the
dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give information or
test your reading skills.
Do you or your family have a grandfather clock or any other antique items that has been
handed down fromone generation to the next? Tell your partner about it using some of
the ideas for discussionbelow. Yourpartner should ask questions to
what is it
its age and its history
why it is significant or important to your family
who in your family will the item be handed down to next
why that person will get the item

Work with a partner and describe the following items are and how they work. The
listening partner should askquestions to get more detail or clarification. Obviously most (if
not all) people already know what these thingsare and how they work, but the purpose of
the exercise is to practice using the language. So... the partnerasking about the items
should pretend to be very, very stupid or from a very remote, uncivilized location
thathas never been exposed to these modern conveniences.
Pencil sharpener
Bicycle
Toaster
Clock
Calculator
Camera
Stethoscope
Bow and arrow
29
Unit 11:Describing People
When you want to know what someone looks you, you are going to ask for a description.
Descriptions can be very simple (he's ugly) or very descriptive and detailed. (She's 5 feet 4
inches tall, with straight flaming red shoulder length hair, sparkling dark green eyes, a
dazzling pearly white smile, with a cute dimple on her left cheek, and lightly tanned facial
skin as smooth as a baby's behind, with the body like Marilynn Monroe).
When asking for descriptions there are a number of expressions that can be used. Look at
the examples.
English Expressions
Expression Response
What does ( ... she) look like? She looks like a model.
What color is ( ... her) hair? Its black?
What kind of hair style does ( ... he) have? He has short curly hair.
What color are (his) eyes? Theyre blue.
How tall is (she)? She is five feet, four inches tall.
How much do ( ... you) weight? I weight 75 kilos.
It's none of your business.
Does (... he) have He has a scar on his left cheek.
any distinguishing characteristics?
How old is ( ...your mother)? Shes 45 years old.
Does (... the professor) wear glasses? No, but he wears contacts.
What is (... she) wearing? She is wearing a red T-shirt, tight
blue
jeans, and sandals.
Below are adjectives that can be used when describing peoples physical characteristics.
Hair :long, short, straight, curly, permed, ponytail, bangs, crew cut, shoulderlength, bald,
receding hairline, salt and pepper, blond, gray, bald, wavy
Nose : crooked, pointed, wide, turned-up, broad
Skin : (color) black, brown, dark, fair; (other) wrinkles, freckles, pimples.
Eyes : (color) black, brown, blue, dark, green, hazel; (kind/shape) oval, round, wide-set,
Slanted, deep-set.
30
Other : a squarish face, a round face, an oval face, a pointed chin, a small mouth, a
wide mouth, a low forehead, hollow cheeks, prominent ears
Facial features: mustache, beard, side burns, pimples, dimples, round eyes,square chin, big
nose, wears glasses, round face, mole
Fair and dark can be used for hair, complexion or skin.
Shes got straight Shes got long, wavy Shes got curly hair Hes got a
hair and shes thin- hair and shes and is dark-skinned crew-cut.
faced (or shes got a round-faced (or (or shes got dark
thin face). shes got a round skin).
face).
Hes bald Hes got a beard and Hes got receding He used to have
/bld/ and moustache hair and a few black
has freckles. /ms_t_/ wrinkles /_riklz/. hair but now its gone
and has a chubby grey, almost white.
face.
Height and build
a slim woman
a rather plump or an obese couple /_bi_s/
[positive]
stout man [negative, very fat]
a skinny person
[rather negative]
Build : (men) a good build, muscular; (women) a good figure, petite; (both) stocky, a
medium
Build.
Height : tall, short, medium-height.
Weight : medium-weight; (underweight) skinny, slender, slim, thin; (overweight) heavy, fat,
chubby, plump, beer belly
Fat may sound impolite. Instead we often say a bit overweight. If someone is broad and
solid, we can say they are stocky. A person with good muscles can be well-built or
31
muscular. If someone is terribly thin and refuses to eat, they may be anorexic.
When giving descriptions, it is also sometimes useful to talk about what the person is
wearing. There are many words that can be used to describe and identify apparel. Looks at
these examples.
Types of Clothing
Tops Under Garments Women's Wear Outer Wear
casual shirt underwear (men) skirt jacket
dress shirt briefs (men) dress coat
tee-shirt panties (women) pant suit wind breaker
sweat shirt bra (women) blouse sweater
Top stocking (women) v-necks
nylons (women) turtle necks
socks (women) pull-over
Bottoms Accessories Clothing Material

Jeans hat/cap wool
Pants tie polyester
Trousers belt cotton
Shorts scarf denim
cut offs gloves plastic
glasses leather
jewelry silk
Descriptions of people are not limited to physical descriptions but also to their character and
personality. There are a number of expressions that can be used when asking about some
ones personality or character.
English Expressions
Expression Response
Whats (... your room mate) like? Shes very friendly, but shy.
What kind of ( ... boss) do you have? Hes very intelligent, but very
demanding and somewhat of a
perfectionists.
What kind of personality do ( ... you Someone who is assertive, but

look forin a spouse)? not aggressive;outgoing, but
not dominating; confident, but
notinsecure.
Hows (... your co- Shes fairly helpful and considerate,

worker), personality wise? but extremelyopinionated.
32
There are also countless words that can be used to describe a persons personality and
character. Look at some of them below.
shy outgoing demanding easy going
confident insecure pushy laid back
domineering meek intelligent stupid
attentive neglectful concerned carefree
passionate indifferent hot blooded mellow
strict lenient tolerant intolerant
Very often, when describing someone, compliments may be paid. Every one likes to hear
compliments. Compliments make people feel good about themselves, and we all need that
at times. Compliments can be made about how a person looks, about their dress, about a
skill or ability, or about a behavior. There are a number of expression that can be used to
compliment someone. Look at the examples below.
Expression Response
What a beautiful (... new dress). Thanks, ( ... I'm glad you like it).
You look absolutely ( ... gorgeous). How kind of you to say so.
Your daughter can (... certainly Thank you, ( ... I'm glad you
play the violinwith best of them). appreciate her talent).
Nice (... tie). Is it new? Yes, (... it was a birthday present
from my wife.
She has great taste).
Your (... presentation was Thanks, I appreciate that, (... but I
superb. The entire was so nervous).
audience was spell bound).
English Dialogue
conversations.
Matt : What does your girl friend look like?

John : Shes very beautiful, with dark brown eyes and flaming red hair.
Matt : How long is her hair?
John : Her hair is very long, it goes down to the middle of her back.
Matt : How tall is she?
John : Shes my height: five feet, four inches.
Matt : And is she slim, plump, average weight, obese?
John : Shes slim, like a model. And she has a great figure.
Matt : And shes in her early twentys, right?
John : Yes, shes the same age as me.
Matt : What kind of clothes does she usually wear?
John : She almost always wears blue jeans and T-shirts to school. Usually the T-shirts are
blue, thats herfavorite color.
33
Matt : Does she wear glasses?
John : Yes, sometimes she wears small gold rimmed glasses, but usually she wears
contacts. Why allthe questions about my girl friend?
Matt : Just curious. Besides, I think thats her over there across the street.
John : Where? I dont see her.
Matt : Under that big tree. Isnt she the one holding hand with the man in uniform?
John : What! Gloria!
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is a person
describing his girlfriend. She has... This may seem silly, since you both already know what
the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give

Describe people (family, friends, classmates, teachers, well know personalities in your
country) youknow to you partner. Include in your description the persons:
height and weight

eye and hair color
hair style
approximate age
any distinguishing features
type of clothes they normally wear

Give compliments to your partner about the following. Your partner should respond
appropriately, butwith humility.
A new dress or shirt
Their performance at a mini concert
A new hair cut
A nose job
An oral presentation in front of the class
3. Pair Work-discussion
One partner selects a prominent personality in your country or the world,
without naming him or her tohis partner. The person may be a TV or movie star,
sports figure, politician, corporate head, renownedacademician, etc. Describe the
person until your partner can guess who is being described. You maytell what kind of job
the person has, the style of clothes they usually wear (if known), and what they arewell
know for.
Example statements include:
This person is very tall, but kind of thin. This person has long blackhair and ...... This
person is an entertainer and is well known for his role in the movie....
34
Unit 12: Describing Emotions
When you meet family and friends, even strangers at times, they will ask about your well
being. It's a polite thing to do. When talking about your well being, you may not only discuss
your physical condition, but also your emotional state of mind. There are hundreds of words
that are used to describe or identify emotional states. Look at some of the more common
ones below.
happy elated sad gloomy depressed
down angry peeved embarrassed excited
anxious bored content unsatisfied satisfied
shocked nervous scared frightened over-whelmed
flustered quiet shy demure moody
cheerful bold passive offensive aggressive
At times we all get upset or angry at someone or something. It's only human. If you happen
to interact with someone that appears upset there are a number of expressions that can be
used to ask the person what the problem is. Look at the examples below.
English Expressions
Expression Response
Whats wrong with you? Im very upset with you for not telling
me mom was sick.
Are you OK? No, Im really ticked off that you dated
my girlfriend.
What's the problem? Im fit to be tied. How could you

approve the Jamesons account without
my approval?
You look upset. Is any thing Yes, Im really annoyed that you did
wrong? not come to myparty.

Sometimes when people are upset they say and do things that they later regret. The polite
thing to do in those situations is to apologize for your behavior. Apologies are appropriate
not only for things you may have said or done to offend others, but also for things that may
happen that are out of your control or things that happened by accident. Look at the
expressions below that can be used in those situations.
35
English Expressions
Expression Response
Please forgive me, ( ... I didn't mean to imply No problem.
that youwere stupid). Forget about it
Please accept my sincere apology Never mind
I apologize for ( ...calling your father fat). Thats OK, I forgive you.
Will you ever forgive me? Of course I forgive you.
I'm so/teribbly sorry ( ... I spilt the milk on Don't worry about it.
your new carpet).
I'm sorry for ( ... being late). Think nothing of it.
Thats all right
Im sorry, thats my fault It doesnt matter
English Dialogue
conversations.
Kevin : How's your new job going Gertrude?

Gertrude : Well, it could be better.
Kevin : Why, whats the problem?
Gertrude : One of my subordinates isnt very nice. He seems to think that he should
have got the job instead of me so he has a big chip on his shoulder. How
are things in your life?
Kevin : Couldnt be better. My wife Mary just got a promotion, our daughter was
accepted into Harvard, and I justmade a killing in the stock market.
Gertrude : Thats great.
people who meet...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is
reading skills.
When did you last experience some of the emotions listed above? Tell your partner about it,
using some of theideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to get more
information.
when it was
where it was
who you were with
what caused you to feel that way
what you did to overcome that feeling (if it was a negative feeling)
36
Have you done something recently that you regretted and later apologized for? Tell your
partner about it, usingsome of the ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask
questions to get more information.
when and where it was
what did you do
who was involved
why you regretted it
what you did or said to apologize
was your apology accepted

The situation: The three emotions below
The roles: See below
A. Anger You are a college student and your partner is your parent. You
want to go to the beach for a one week vacation with some
classmates.Your parents are adamant that you stay home and study
English.
Student's ideas Parents ideas
need a break need to be fluent if going to study
abroad
have not had a vacation in 5 years need to get very high scores on
Englishproficiency tests
got A's in English last semester so afraid you might get in trouble if
don't needto study
your friend will pay for everything don't like the people you are going
with (theyare bad influences)
need to recharge your batteries so you can't swim and are afraid you
you will not will drown
burn out
have worked hard all semester and
deserve a reward
B. Fear You are afraid of heights and your partner is trying to convince you to
look over the edgeof the Grand Canyon.
Person 1 ideas Person 2 ideas
you will fall over the edge and die the railing will protect you
you can see well enough where you you should over come your phobia
are
you will have nightmares if you look you will regret it forever if you don't
37
look
you will buy a post card for the young children will laugh at you
memory and makefun of you
you will get sick and throw up if you don't be a chicken
look overthe edge
C. Greed You are an eight year old child and your partner is your friend. You are
at a candystore and you have lots of money, but your friend has none. You buy a
big bag ofcandy, but refuse toshare with your friend
Child 1 ideas Child 2 ideas
you bought it, so you will eat it all if he/she doesnt share, you won't
like yourfriend anymore
you are very hungry you are very hungry too
if you share, your friend will get fat your friend will get fat
if you share, it will ruin will ruin your friend's teeth
your friend's teeth
your friend didn't share her ice cream you will tell his or her mommy
the daybefore
will tell all their friends that she or he
isgreedy and mean
38
Unit 13: Giving Directions
Not everyone knows where they are going and may need help with directions from time to
time. Directions may be needed to get to a near by town, or directions to the newest mall in
town or directions to the nearest rest room in a large building. Where ever you are going the
expression below can be used when asking for directions.
English Expressions
Expression Response
Could you tell me how to get Go to the next light and turn right.
to( the library)? Go two blocks, itson the left.
How do I find ( Just go straight, its on this street,

cityhall)? on the right, about amile and a half.
Which way do I go to get to Drive to Jackson Street and turn

( the post office)? right. The post officeis in the middle of
the block, across from the park.
Pardon me, I'm lost, how do I Go to the second light and turn
get to the( museum)? left. Then go the thirdstop sign.
The museum is on that corner.
Could you direct me to ( I- Take Pinal Avenue north about

10)? 8 miles Youll run intoit.
Which is the best route to Take Washington Street north to

( the stadium)? the Papago freewayand Head west.
You cant miss it.
Asking for directions: If you dont know

Can you tell me how to get to the post office? Im sorry. I dont know.
Can you tell me where the post office is? Im from out of town.
Do you know where the post office is? Im afraid not.
the museum I dont live here. Im just a visitor.
the theater Im afraid I cant.
I really dont know the city very well
How do I get to the bank?
to the zoo If you know
to the school Sure. Its not far from here.
to the train station Yes. Its quite close to here.
Its only about a ten minute walk from
here.
39
Start describing
Walk straight ahead until you get to Main
Street.
Walk down the street
Walk three blocks
Walk up the block
Keep walking in this direction until
Asking how far Response

How many blocks is that? Its about two or three blocks.
How far is that? Its about a five minute walk.
Continue describing
Its the first traffic light you come to.
Its the second intersection you come to.
Turn right
Turn left.
Itll be on your right side.

Its on your left.
Its next to the Sweets Ice Cream Shop.

Its beside the bank.
Its between the pharmacy and the bank.
Its across the street from a big church
Its in the middle of the block.

Its at the end of the block.
Its on the corner.
Assuring
You cant miss it.
Its easy to find.
Offering to repeat the description Response

Do you want me to repeat any of that? No. Thats okay. Ive got it.
Is that clear? Its okay. I understand.
Do you understand? Yes. Its very clear.
Suggestions for giving directions

Giving street directions is really very easy when you remember to follow these points. When
giving directions you are actually giving two sets of instructions.
In the first set- "Go To" - you are telling the listener what street to go to or how far to
go.
In the second set- "Then", you are telling the listener what to do when they get
there. (turn right/left, go straight, on the left, etc.)
Giving even very complicated directions is just a repetition of these two basic steps.
40
Another good idea is to use easily identifiable landmarks; instead of the amount of time to
get someplace(time is relative, after all). Easily identifiable landmarks are street lights, stop
signs, parks, tall buildingstanding alone, roundabout, etc.
Prepositions of location most commonly used when giving directions:

go straight go to turn right turn left
cross on your right on your left beside
next to behind across from in front of
caddy corner
on the corner of (to be very specific NE, SE, NW, SW corners)
English Dialogue
conversations.
Dialogue I
Wally : Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the city hospital?
Sally : Sure, the hospital is on Tenth Street, about 20 minutes away by foot. Go south on
this street twoblocksuntil you come to the stop light.
Wally : Go south two blocks to the stop light.
Sally : Correct, then, turn left and go three more blocks, until you come to the end of the
road. A park will bein front of you.
Wally : Turn left and go for three blocks to the park.
Sally : Right, then turn right again and go seven blocks, to Lipton Avenue.
Wally : Turn right and go seven blocks to Lipton Avenue.
Sally : Next, turn left on Lipton Avenue and go two blocks. The hospital is on your left,
across from thebaseballstadium.
Wally : OK, let me see if Ive got this straight. Go south on this street for two blocks to the
stop light. Turn left atthe light and go three blocks to the park. Turn right at the park
and go seven blocks to Lipton Avenue. AtLipton Avenue turn right and
Sally : No, turn left on Lipton Avenue.
Wally : OK, turn left on Lipton Avenue, the hospital is two blocks down, on my left.
Sally : You got it.
Wally : Thanks.
Dialogue II
Andrea : Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the post office?
Man on the street : No, Im sorry. I dont know. Im from out of town.
(a minute later)
Andrea : Excuse me. Do you know where the post office is?
Second Man : Sure. Its not far from here. Walk straight ahead until you get to
Main street. Then
Andrea : Sorry to interrupt you. How many blocks is that?
Second Man : Its about two or three blocks. Its the first traffic light you come
to. When you get to Main Street, turn right and walk one block to
41
Broadway. Then turn left and go about half a block.
Andrea : Which side of the street is it on?
Second Man : Coming from this direction, itll be on your right side. Its in the
middle of the block, next to the Sweets Ice Cream Shop. You
cant miss it. Do you want me to repeat any of that?
Andrea : No. thats okay. Ive got it. Thanks a lot.
Second Man : Youre welcome.
After reading, close your book and tell your partner a summary of these two dialogues. Then
switch and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a
person asking directions to This may seem silly, since you both already know what the
dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to give information or
test your reading skills.
Have you given directions to anyone lately? Tell your partner about it using some of the
ideas for discussionbelow. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.
who did you give directions to
where did you give directions to
how often do you give directions
have you ever not known the directions to a place asked about

Work with a partner and ask for and give directions to the following places in town. Decide
between you on a starting point. Use some of the expressions for asking directions and the
prepositions of location listedabove.
Movie theater Bus station Supermarket Park Hospital Bus station
42
Unit 14: Asking for Help
Help! I need somebody Help! Not just anybody.
Everyone needs help from time to time and most people are willing to give it in a time of
need. Most of the time of course the help needed is for something minor. But sometimes the
help may be a matter of life or death. The expressions below are generally used for minor
assistance. For any thing really, really major- the need for help is usually readily apparent
and would not require someone to ask- such as in a fire or a serious car accident. Look at
these expressions that can be used for asking for minor assistance.
English Expressions
Expression Response
To offer help
Would you like some help? Yes, that would be great.
Can I give you a hand? Thanks, much obliged
Do you need a hand? No thanks, I've got it.
May I offer my assistance? That would be so kind, thank you.
To ask for help

Could you give me a hand? Certainly.
Would you mind helping me out? Not at all.
Could you help me please? My pleasure
As with help, people need advice from time to time. Your family or friends may need advice
about relationships, financial investments, or how to deal with an irritating co-worker. Look at
the expressions can be used when asking for advice.
Expression Response
When asking for advice When giving advice
What do you think I should do? Why dont you (.... take a taxi
instead, it's faster.)
o Thats a good idea.
What would you do in my shoes? Have you thought about (....

getting somemedicine at the
o Maybe youre right. pharmacy)?
Do you have any ideas about what to I think you should ( .... see a
do? doctor).
o Thanks for the advice.
What would you suggest? Have you considered ( .... the

local markets?Sometimes they
43
o That might work. I hadnt have great deals).
thought of that.
Can you think of anything that One option may be to (.... call
might help? you embassy).
o Thanks, I'll try that.
English Dialogue
conversations.
Barry : Could you give me a hand this weekend?

Larry : Doing what?
Barry : Landscaping my yard.
Larry : That sounds like a big job.
Barry : It might be, it depends on how I decide to do it.
Larry : You dont know yet?
Barry : I cant make up my mind. Im vacillating between desert landscape with cacti or
lush green grass with lotsof flowers. What do you think it should be?
Larry : Well, a desert landscape has a lot less maintenance, but nothing beats a nice green
lawn.
Barry : Thus my dilemma. What would you do?
Larry : Let me ask you this- how much time will you spend out there.
Barry : With my schedule, probably not much.
Larry : Then I would go with the desert. Keeping up a grass lawn is a lot of work.
Barry : Yea, I think you're right.
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about a man
asking for help with ...This may seem silly, since you both already know what the dialogue is
reading skills.

When was the last time you helped someone or someone helped you? Tell your partner
about it using some ofthe ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to
what was the help for
where did it happen
when did it happen
how often do you offer assistance
44
When was the last time you gave someone advice or asked for advice? Tell your partner
about it using some of the ideas for discussion below. Your partner should ask questionsto
what was the advice for
was it good advice
who did you ask/who asked you
did you follow the advice- why or why not
3. Pair work- role play

The situation: Seeking help on the street. Be sure to express your gratitude. Working with a
partner, roleplay the situation, using the information below
The roles: you, your partner

- Moving a heavy box - Directions to the subway
- Where the jeans are in a store - Using a cell phone
- Fixing a flat tire - Using an ATM (instructions
are in a foreign language)
45
Unit 15: Giving Instructions
Every now and then someone may ask you instructions on how to do something. It may be
something simple like how to operate a coin operated washing machine at a laundry mat or it
may be something more difficult, like programming a remote control for a TV. Giving
instructions may sound difficult, (especially detailed instructions) but if the instructions are
broken into small steps and the steps are clearly identified, it becomes a more manageable
task.
To do this use sequence markers. These are words which guide the listener or reader
through the instructions, by giving them the order of steps to follow. Common sequence
markers are:
first second third forth

after that next before that then
you begin by the last step is now finish
There are several standard expressions that can be used when asking for instructions. Look
at these examples.
English Expressions
Expression Response
How do you operate (...this First, put the can under that sharp
can opener)? wheel and pushthat lever down.
Can you show me how to (...use After putting the paper under the
this cover, enter thenumber of copies
copier)? needed and then press start.
Do you know how to (... use this Sure, put 3 cups of dried rice in, add
rice cooker)? 2 cups ofwater, and hit the start
button.
How do I go about (... baking a Buy a box of cake mix and follow the
cake)? instructionson the back.
It's likely to happen that when giving instructions the listener may become confused and
need to have things repeated. This could also happen in any normal conversation between
people- one person will not hear or understand what the other has said. Of course, there are
other things that hinder communication besides not hearing someone. Examples include
unknown vocabulary words, or idiomatic expressions that the listener does not understand,
or the speaker is just talking way too fast for the listener to comprehend. Fortunately there
are expressions that can be used to cover these situations as well.
46
English Expressions
Expression Response
Im sorry, I didnt catch that. First, fill in this form and take it to window
3.
Could you repeat that, please? Certainly, the answer is no.
What did you say? I said the answer is the planet Pluto.
One more time. What is the chemical symbol for zinc?
Once more. I said put the book in the refrigerator.
Come again. The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.
Could you run that by me After mixing the ingredients,
again? stir vigorously until wellblended, let it sit
for one hour, and then put it in theoven.
Huh? Do you have any money?
Please speak more slowly. Of course, I'm sorry.
Im sorry; I dont understand the It means to answer all the questions or
expression (... fill in this form). supply the information on that piece of
paper.
What does (... ingredient) A ingredient is one thing of many that is in
mean? a dish orfood. For example, flour is an
ingredient in cakes.
I'm sorry, I don't know what you I mean you should be very careful.
mean.
Can you give me an example? Things like necklaces, earrings, bracelets,
etc.
If someone is in the middle of something, say giving instructions, and you become confused,
you may need to interrupt them so they can repeat what they said or make it clearer.
Interruptions in a conversation can be made for different reasons, not only to have
instructions repeated. For example, you may interrupt someone who is working at a desk
and you enter the office to talk to them, or you may interrupt someone who has said
something that you disagree with. There are several expressions that can be used to
interrupt someone. Look at the examples below.
English Expressions
Expression Response
During a conversation
Wait a second, (... could you repeat I said a half past three.
that)?
Excuse me, ( ... I didnt catch that). I baked an apple pie.
Now hold on, (... I totally You have that right.
disagree).
If I may interrupt? Yes.
47
While someone is working
I hate to bother you but ( ,,, could I Yes, what is it?

speak to you fora minute)?
Sorry for bothering you. No problem, what can I do
for you?
Sorry for interrupting, ( ...I just need Ill be with you in a
a second). moment.
Excuse me, (... but could I have a Im really busy now. How
minute of your time)? about in 30 minutes in my
office?
English Dialogue
conversations.
Tommy : Hi David. You look busy? What are you doing?

David : Im trying to figure out how to make these cookies, but I lost the instructions that
came with the box.
Tommy : Making cookies from a box is easy. Want me to tell you?
David : Yes, these have to be done in an hour.
Tommy : Okay, first, pour the cookie mix from that bag into a large bowl.
David : Is this bowl big enough?
Tommy : No, you need a bigger one. Youre going to be adding more ingredients. Use that
one.
David : Okay, now what?
Tommy : Next, add two eggs and a cup of milk to the bowl and beat until very creamy, with
no lumps.
David : Wont the egg shells be hard to eat?
Tommy : You have to break the eggs first, and just put in the whites and yolks. You throw
the shells away. Youve never cooked anything, have you?
David : No, this is my first time. What should I mix it with, a fork or spoon?
Tommy : You could use either, but if I were you, Id use an electric mixer.
David : You mean this? No wonder mom put it out. Thats done, what next?
Tommy : Now, grease the cookie sheet with butter. Then put one tablespoon of cookie
dough per cookie on thecookie sheet. You should space the dough evenly
around the cookie sheet, leaving at least an inch between each cookie.
David : Got it. Now they go in the oven, right?
Tommy : Yes.
David : Okay, theyre in. How long will it take before theyre done?
Tommy : The way you did it, forever. You didnt turn the oven on.
David : Oh yea, I forgot. What temperature and for how long?
Tommy : Cook them at 3250 and for about 35 minutes.
48
and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about one
person giving instruction to another for making...This may seem silly, since you both already
know what the dialogue is about, but the purpose is to practice using your English, not to
give information or test your reading skills.
When was the last time you gave instructions to someone? Tell your partner about it using
some of the ideasfor discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to get more
information.
when was it
what were the instructions for
did the listener understand you
did the listener follow the instructions correctly
was it difficult
2. Pair work- practice

Work with a partner and give instructions on how to do or make the following items. Be sure
to use sequencemarkers in your instructions and to use complete sentences. Also try out
some of theexpressions for askingfor repeats listed on the previous page, even if you dont
need them.
Making an Change oil in a car

omelet
Using ATM Machine Printing a document
Saving a file on a Setting an alarm clock
computer
Use a washing Getting a driver licence
machine
Using a Converting Fahrenheit
camera degrees to centigrade (Subtract 32 from
the Fahrenheit temperature, then multiply
by 5/9)
49

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Unit 1: Greetings and Introductions

Alice: Harry, let me introduce Harry: Mr. Lee, its good to

How to Address People in English

for Mr. we say "Mister"

Asking the question

Answering the question

Please, call me [first name]

Formal Titles in English

Here are the formal titles English speakers use:

1. Sir (adult male of any age)

Informal Titles in English

Sam : Hello, you look lost. Can I be of assistance?

100% 80% 50% 20% 0%

always usually sometimes seldom never

What time (... do you go to work)? I leave the house at 7:30.

When do ( ... you usually do laundry)? Usually on Saturday afternoons.

Where do ( ... you exercise)? I go to a gym in my neighbor.

I must go to ( ... class this morning). Why? Do you have a test?

He has to ( ... be at work by 8:00 AM) What happens if he is a little late?

On Friday afternoons, I am supposed to ( Will you get fired if you dont?

** Expected to and supposed to are primarily used to express intentions,not

Do you ever ( ...bowl). Yeah, once in a blue moon.

Claudia : What time do you usually wake up Bridgette?

1. Pair work- discussion

Use the table below to write your daily schedule

Time Monday ..... Saturday

3. Pair Work- discussion

Go camping Study all night Drive a car Ride a roller coaster

Sing karaoke Wake up late Argue with parents Cook pizza

James : What kinds of music do you like, Susan?

1. Pair work- discussion

Basketball Reading TV soaps Eating Pizza

2. Pair work- Role Play

The roles: you, your partner

Expression Response A- Accept, D- Decline

Bob : Alice, what are you doing Sunday afternoon?

1. Pair work- discussion

2. Pair work- practice

The president needs to raise A: I think youre right.

I think the presidents economic A: I'll go along with that.

I think studying English is a A: I'm with you.

I like this red dress. How about A: It works for me.

Alice : What did you think of the movie, Peter?

2. Pair work- discussion

Getting people's attention

Jackie: (on the phone) He walks up to me and... Just a minute.

In conversation it is considered impolite to interrupt in the middle of a sentence - you

Oh, Miss? Yes? (Can I help you?)

Rude Hey you! (In most cases one would

I'm sorry to interrupt

I'm sorry, but.. . It's OK.

Oh, were you in the middle

Less formal Am I interrupting?

INTERRUPTING AN OVERHEARD RESPONSE

Using what you've learned

Connie : Oh look honey, isnt that a great looking picture?

1. Pair work- discussion

2. Pair work- Role Play

The situation: At a store

The roles: a clerk, a customer

Suit Kitchen knives Sofa Evening gown

big bigger small smaller

wise the wisest fast the fastest

Jasper : Where do you think is the best place to go on a vacation?