PNP AND NPN TRANSISTORS

A component consists of a P or N semiconductor between opposite types. Transistor

The function of emitter in the transistor. Supplies free charges
The function of base in the transistor. Controls the flow of charges
Collects the charges from the
The function of collector in the transistor.
emitter
With the N-type base, the transistor is _________. PNP
Most small transistors are _________ type. NPN
Most small transistors are made of ___________. Silicon
In schematic diagram of transistor, the arrow indicates the flow of current to the __________. Emitter
In the transistor schematic diagram, if the arrow is pointed to the base, the transistor is _________ type. PNP
The NPN and PNP types are called __________. Bipolar Junction Transistors
Three terminals of BJT. Collector, base, emitter
Bipolar junction transistor is a __________ device. Current-controlled
With three electrodes, the transistor is considered a _________. Triode
Practically, all __________ in electronics circuits use transistors. Amplifiers
Transistors are the main components in _________. IC chips
The transistor was invented in ______ at Bell Telephone Laboratories. 1948
The name transistor is derived from ________, meaning that it can transfer its internal resistance from
Transresistor
low resistor in the emitter-base circuit to a much higher resistor in the collector-base circuit.
This junction has forward voltage applied across the PN or NP junction in order to allow the free charges
Emitter-Base Junction
of the emitter to move into the base.
Typically, ________ is a normally off device because it needs forward voltage applied to start
Junction Transistor
conducting.
The function of this junction is to remove charges from the base. Collector-Base Junction
Practically, _____ transistors take dc supply voltage at the collector for reverse voltage. NPN
The typical values of dc supply voltage of transistor depending on the power rating of the transistor. 3-100v
No majority current can flow
The reverse voltage across the collector-base junction means _________.
from collector to base
The ________ has heavy doping to supply free charges. Emitter
The ________ has only light doping and is very thin. Base
The ________ voltage is relatively high. Collector
For typical amplifiers, the actual _________ may have a lower value than the supply voltage because of
Electrode Voltage
voltage drops in the circuit.
Typically, _________ or more of the emitter charges provide collector current. 98-99%
It is standard practice to consider _________ into semiconductor as the positive direction of current. Hole current
For most transistors, ____ is in microamperes or milliamperes. IB
_______ is in milliamperes or in amperes in power transistors. IC and IE
The factor why a transistor can amplify signal input is because the base current controls the _________
Collector
current
The increase of base current means increase of ________. Collector current
To produce current, the emitter-base junction must have at enough ___________. Forward voltage
For a silicon transistor, the typical values of VBE are _______. 0.5-0.7v

With enough VBE to provide emitter current, the transistor can produce __________. Amplification

FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FET)

This semiconductor device is an amplifier with the same function as a junction transistor.
Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
It is a unipolar device.
FET input resistance is very high. The typical value is _______. 15M
FET is a ___________ device. Voltage-controlled
Three terminals of FET. Drain, source, and gate
A part of FET that serves as a platform on which the other electrodes are diffused. Bulk or substrate
This is the terminal where the charge carriers enter the channel bar to provide current through the Source
channel.
This is the terminal where current leaves the channel. Drain
This terminal controls the conductance of the channel between the source and drain. The input voltage
Gate
is generally applied to this terminal.
Terminals that has no polarity since they are just ohmic contacts. Source and drain
________ Voltage at the gate induces negative charges in the channel. positive
It consists of a metal electrode for the gate separated from the channel by a thin layer of silicon oxide. Insulated-Gate FET (IGFET)
In IGFET, _________ is used to apply a voltage to the gate to induce charges in the channel. Electrostatic induction
Depletion and enhancement
Two type of IGFET.
mode
The depletion type of IGFET is a normally _____-device. On
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type C requires _______. Positive gate bias
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type A takes _______for a middle value of drain current. Negative gate bias
In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type B can operate with _______. Zero gate current
JFET means ___________. Junction Field-Effect Transistor
Chapter 29: Electronic Circuits

INTRODUCTION

Two common types of semiconductor devices that make it possible to have so many applications of
Transistor and Diodes
electronics.
One of the main applications of transistors. Amplifier Circuit
A device that increases the magnitude or amplitude of signal variations to make the desired signal
Amplifier
stronger.
_________ combines transistors and diodes in one unit. Integrated Circuit (IC) chip
Transistor or diode that not in an IC chip because the part is complete itself. Discrete Component

ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

__________ consists mainly of amplifiers for voltage or current variations that are smooth and
Analog Circuits
continuous.
__________ provide electronic switching of voltage pulses. Digital Circuits
The analog form is generally called a ________ type of IC unit because analog information deals with
Linear
proportional values.
The ________ in electronic circuits are changes in voltage and current that corresponds to the desired
Signal
information.
The electrical variations have a direct relation to the changes that represent the information. Analog Signal
A _________ consists of a train of pulses for the voltage or current. Digital Signal
The pulse in digital signal is called ___________. Bit
Group of bits is called ___________. Word
A word can have up to _______ bits. 32
An 8-bit word is called __________. byte

AMPLIFIER GAIN

An amplifier circuit has ability to _________ the amount of signal. Increase

Defined as the ratio of output signal to input signal. Measurement of amplifier circuit. Gain
___________ is a general form of symbol of amplifier. Triangle
Typical values of voltage gain for transistor amplifier circuits. 10 to 2000
The amplifier can be considered as a _________ circuit because it can reverse the polarity of the signal. Inverter
It is more important in amplifier is the ________ of the output signal. Current Gain
True or false: there are no units for current gain it is a ratio of the same two units of current. True
Typical values of current gain with transistors. 1 to 500
The product of the voltage gain times the current gain. Power Gain
It can drive a load that requires
A high value of power gain for an amplifier means _________.
appreciable voltage and current
False, discrete is higher than the
True of False: IC chips have higher power rating than discrete transistor.
IC chip
Each amplifier circuit with one transistor is called ________. Stage
When the output terminal of one stage drives the input terminal of the next stage, the two stages are
Cascade
connected in __________.
In amplifier stages that are in cascaded form, the total gain is __________. Multiplied

CHARACTERISTICS OF AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS

Transistors are called a _________ because it can amplify the signal. Active device
Resistors, inductors, and capacitors are considered _________. Passive device
The ________ reduces the amount of current. Resistance
Resistance provides a __________ which is equal to IR. Voltage drop
A ________ can charge and discharge with changes in voltage. Capacitor
Capacitive reactance _________ for higher frequencies. Decreases
Capacitor is practically a __________ circuit. Open
To block dc voltage, couple ac
The functions of capacitors in amplifier circuits are; signal, and bypass the ac signal
around the components
Typical value that is commonly used for a coupling or bypass capacitor in audio amplifiers. 5F
Typical value that is commonly used for RF circuits. 100pF
A ___________ allows direct current with dc voltage applied. Inductor
The amount of inductive reactance _______ with higher frequencies and more inductive. Increases
Inductors are used where it is desired to have _________ for alternating current. High impedance
Both inductor and capacitor can be used in _________. Resonant circuits
The range of audio frequency. 20 to 20,000 Hz
The frequency range for high-fidelity audio equipment. 50 to 15,000 Hz
 The range of audio frequencies in telephone. 100 to 3,000 Hz
Four bands that included in RF range. MF, HF, VHF, and UHF
Range of AM radio broadcast service. 635 to 1605 kHz
Range of FM commercial radio service. 88 to 108 MHz
Range of TV broadcast stations. 6 MHz
RF amplifiers are usually tuned with _______ resonant at the desired frequency. LC circuits
A ___________ is a special case for amplifying audio and radio frequencies. Wideband Amplifier
The amount of gain in a tuned RF amplifier is its ________. Sensitivity
__________ is how narrow the response is in terms of the band of frequencies that are amplified. Selectivity

OSCILLATORS

The process of ________ means that variations in amplitude are repeated continuously at a specific
Oscillation
frequency.
A mechanical example of oscillation. Swinging Pendulum
A ___________ generates ac signal output without any AC signal input from an external source. It is an
Oscillator
AC generator for audio or radio frequencies.
True or false: the oscillator output can generate without using energy. False, it cannot generate
The _________ means that the AC signal for oscillator feedback must be in the same phase that an AC
Positive polarity
input signal would have for amplification.
The ________ results from the two phase reversals of 180 each. Positive feedback
This type of circuit uses a tuning circuit and amplifier which provide feedback. Tuned RF feedback Oscillators
The tuned circuit is often called a ________ because it stores energy. Tank Circuit
Set the frequency of the
In the oscillator circuit, the capacitor is the tuning capacitor which is use to _________.
oscillator output.
These are named for the inventors of the two main types of circuits for an RF feedback oscillator. Hartley and Colpitts Oscillators
In this type of circuit, the feedback is provided by a tapped coil which serves as an AC voltage divider
Hartley Circuit
for the output voltage and feedback signal.
In this type of circuit, similar results are obtained with a capacitive voltage divider. Colpitts Circuit
In this type of circuit, a piezoelectric crystal is used as a resonant circuit. Crystal Oscillators
The __________ means the crystal can vibrate mechanically when excited electrically and produce AC
Piezoelectric effect
voltage output.
Typical values of resonant frequency of crystal oscillators. 0.5 to 30 MHz
Very high Q which results in
The advantage of crystal over the LC circuit is _________.
good frequency stability
This type of circuit is used for audio oscillators. RC feedback Oscillators
Typical frequencies for the RC feedback oscillators. 20Hz to 200kHz

MULTIVIBRATORS

The ________ is in a class by itself as an oscillator because it is important as a pulse generator in

Multivibrator (MV)
digital electronics.
Multivibrator serves as a __________ to synchronize the timing in a digital system for the switching of
Reference clock
pulses.
The voltage levels oscillate between the high and low levels because of the changes between
Relaxation Oscillator
conduction and cutoff in the MV circuit is sometimes called _________ because of the periods of cutoff.
True or false: the Multivibrator operates as an oscillator without need for any input signal. True
The Multivibrator is a ___________. Pulse Generator
In Multivibrator, _______ in a stage means it is turned on with driving voltage at the input. Conduction
In Multivibrator, the OFF means that the stage in not conducting because of _________ at the input. Cutoff Voltage
In Multivibrator, the ON means that the stage is conducting and the output voltage is _______. Low
The __________ is a type of Multivibrator which is not stable in terms of the ON and OFF states of their
Astable Multivibrator
stage. This circuit is a free-running oscillator.
The __________ is a type of Multivibrator that can be made to remain stable with either stage OFF and
Bistable Multivibrator
the other ON. It has two stable states.
The function of forcing the stage into conduction when the circuit stays in one of these states until an
Triggering
input pulse is applied to the off stage to make it conduct.
The name _________ is used for the bistable Multivibrator circuit to describe this idea of switching the
Flip-flop
ON-OFF states one way and then the opposite way by means of input trigger pulses.
Monostable or One-shot
This circuit has only one stable state. An input pulse is needed to trigger the OFF stage in to conduction.
Multivibrator

Chapter 30: Transistor Amplifiers

INTRODUCTION

Any _______ operates by having a small input able to control more power in the output circuit. Amplifier
Amplifier circuits for __________ operate with a combination of AC and DC values. AC signals

CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS
 This description specifies which electrodes in the amplifier are used for input and output signals. Circuit Configuration
The ___________ usually is the one that does not have any signal in the circuit configuration. Common Electrode
True or false: all the circuit configurations of the transistor have reverse voltage for the collector and
True
forward bias for the emitter-base junction.
The _________________ circuit is the one generally used for amplifiers because it has the best
Common-Emitter
combination of current gain and voltage gain.
The only advantage of __________ is that it has the best stability with an increase in temperature. Common-Base
Collector current must be less
The common-base circuit has no current gain from the input to output because ______________.
than emitter current.
A transistor circuit which input voltage is applied to the base with respect to the grounded emitter. Common-Emitter
Collector current is much larger
The common-emitter has current gain because _____________.
than base current.
The disadvantage of common-emitter circuit is that _______________ is amplified in the circuit. Reverse leakage current
The only amplifier that inverts the polarity of signal voltage. Common-emitter amplifier
A circuit configuration of the transistor which input voltage is applied to the base with respect to the
Common-collector
grounded collector.
The output signal provides
There is no voltage gain in common-collector circuit because __________. negative feedback to the base
input.
The name __________ is generally used for the common-collector circuit. Emitter-follower
The emitter-follower circuit is often used for ____________. Impedance matching
The circuit configuration consists of two emitter followers connected in cascade. Darlington Pair

CLASS A, B, OR C OPERATION

The amplifier class of operation is defined by the ________ that is able to produce output signal. Percentage of the input signal
DC bias compared to cutoff
The class of operation depends on this two amplitudes: value and the peak AC signal
compare with DC bias.
The class of operation determines the ____________ of the signal may be produced by the amplifier. Power efficiency and distortion
In this type of operation, the DC bias allows an average output current of about one-half the maximum
Class A
value.
True of false: output current of class A operation can cut-off. False, It never cut-off
In this type of operation, the output current flows 180, or approximately one-half of the input cycle. Class B
In class B operation, the negative half-cycles of input signal are cut-off in the output because
Output current then is zero.
_____________.
True or false: class b operation requires more DC bias and more AC signal drive than the class A. True
Class B operation with a single stage corresponds to ___________ of the AC signal input. Half-wave rectification
In this type of operation, the output current flows for less than one-half the input cycle. Typical operation
Class C
is 120 of output current during the positive half-cycle of input.
Class C operation is used for ______________ because of its high efficiency. Tuned RF power amplifiers
In class A operation, distortion is ______, but also are AC power output and efficiency. Lowest
Typical values of percent distortion of class A operation. 5 to 10
Typical values of efficiency of class A operation. 20 to 40%
Typical values of efficiency of class C operation. 80%
The ___________ operation allows the greatest AC power output but with the most distortion. Class C
With audio amplifiers, _________ must be used in a single stage for minimum distortion. Class A
A _______________ amplifying an amplitude-modulated signal must operate class A for minimum
RF stage
distortion of the modulation.
Most small-signal amplifiers operate in ______________. Class A
The circuit used in class B which in each stage of which supplies opposites half-cycles of the signal
Push-pull amplifier
input.
Audio power output to a
Push-pull circuit is often used for _______________.
loudspeaker.
In class C operation, __________ circuit can provide a full-sine wave cycle of output for each pulse of
LC circuit
the output current.
Output current is very low
Class C operation have high efficiency because ___________. compared with the peak signal
amplitude.
A ___________ operates as a class C operation. Pulse clipper circuit

ANALYSIS OF COMMON-EMITTER (CE) AMPLIFIER

Typical values of VBE are in _________ for junction transistor. Tenths of a volt
The required bias at the base for a class A amplifier is _________ for silicon. 0.6 to 0.7 V
The required bias at the base for a class A amplifier is _________ for germanium. 0.2 to 0.3 V
A __________ means that the amplifier conducts current of 360 of the signal cycle for minimum
Class A operation
distortion.
The maximum AC input signal without overload distortion. 0.1 V
Without any forward bias, a junction transistor is cut off by __________. Barrier potential
The __________ is the lowest VBE that allows appreciable collector current. Cut-in voltage
 The __________ is the highest VBE that allows it to produce proportional changes in collector current. Saturation voltage
True or false: at saturation, the maximum collector current does increase with an increase of forward
False, it doesnt increase
voltage.
The transistor amplifier itself is usually labeled ________. Q
True or false: one supply voltage is used for both collector and base in the common-emitter circuit. True
The signal changes in _________ produce variations in the voltage drop across the collector load for
Collector current (iC)
the output circuit.
In signal analysis of the common-emitter circuit, positive signal voltage in the forward direction
Increase
__________ the base current.
True or false: the base bias produces the required collector current with the specified RL. True
Each of the cascaded amplifiers increases the __________ enough to drive the next stage. Signal current

COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

The _________ shows the volt-ampere characteristics for the collector and also provided by the
Characteristic curve
manufacturer in a transistor manual or application notes.
For the common-emitter circuit, the collector curves are for different values of __________. Base current
For common-base circuit, the collector curves are for different values of __________. Emitter current
For more collector current, the transistor needs more ________. Base current
This specification for a junction transistor indicates the amount of current gain in the common-emitter
Beta () characteristic
circuit.
False, because it is a ratio of two
True or false: there is a unit for beta ().
currents.
This ratio compares collector current to emitter current. Alpha () characteristic

LETTER SYMBOLS FOR TRANSISTORS

Symbols in capital letters and subscripts are used for _________. Average DC values
The supply voltage that does not
Double subscripts that are repeated in VCC indicate __________. change.
The symbol _________ is used to denote the DC supply voltage for the emitter. VEE
Instantaneous value that vary
The small letters are used for ___________.
with fluctuating DC waveform
A small letter in the subscript indicates the _____________. AC waveform
A capital letter with a small in the subscript indicates the _____________ RMS value of the AC component
The symbol ____________ denotes reverse leakage current. ICBO
Small letter h stands for ___________. Hybrid parameters

FET AMPLIFIERS

This circuit corresponds to the common-emitter with junction transistors. With an FET, the input signal is
applied to the gate which is the control electrode. Amplified output signal is taken from the drain. The Common-source circuit
source is the common electrode
In this circuit, the input signal is applied to the source, with output from the drain. Common-gate circuit
In this circuit, the input signal is applied to the gate, with output from the source. Common-drain circuit
Common-drain circuit is named ________, corresponding to the emitter follower with junction
Source follower
transistors.
The circuit configuration used most often for FET amplifiers. Common-source
This factor is important for the FET because it specifies how the gate voltage controls the drain current. Transconductance (gm)
The unit of gm because it is a ratio of current over voltage. Siemens
The ______ indicates a mutual conductance relation of how the effect of the input voltage at the gate is
gm
transferred to the output current in the drain current.

TYPES OF DISTORTIONS

The __________ has been introduced in the amplifier when the waveform of the amplified output signal
Distortion
is not exactly the same as that of the input signal.
The _________ is produced by operating the amplifier over the nonlinear part of the transfer
Amplitude distortion
characteristic of the amplifier.
This distortions occurs when the input signal or drive is excessive Overload distortion
Any _________ in a class A amplifier is a measure of the amount of amplitude distortion. Shift of DC level
The change of the relative amplitudes is the same as introducing harmonic components not present in
Harmonic distortion
the input signal.
A ___________ is composed of a fundamental sine wave at the same frequency plus odd-harmonic
Square Wave
frequency components.
Typical values of harmonic distortion at full power output. 1to 5%
The effect which results in harmonics introduced in the amplifier can combine with each other or with
Intermodulation distortion
original frequencies to produce new frequencies that are not harmonics of the fundamental.
____________ is the reason for the rough, unpleasant sound of amplitude distortion, because that
Intermodulation
distortion is not harmonically related to the signal.
The distortion that results when the gain of the amplifier varies with frequency. Frequency distortion
 The uniform gain at the center of the curve. Flat response

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

___________ means coupling part of the amplified output signal back to the input. Feedback
The result when the feedback is in phase with the input signal. Positive feedback
Positive feedback is used in _________. Oscillator circuits.
The result when the feedback is out-of- phase with the input signal. Negative feedback
The amount of feedback is determined by __________ which is also can vary the feedback for different
Feedback network
frequencies.
The amount of amplifier gain with feedback. Closed-loop gain
The amount of amplifier gain without feedback. Open-loop gain
There is partial cancellation of
The reason why negative feedback reduces distortion is because ___________.
the out-of-phase signals
False, it has more negative
True or false: such signal frequencies have more positive feedback.
feedback
True or false: both amplitude and frequency distortion are reduced in negative feedback. True

Chapter 32: Integrated Circuits

INTRODUCTION

This is actually microelectronic circuits. Integrated Circuits

It is used in computers, calculators, and digital clocks as well as many other digital devices. Digital IC
It is used in analog-type circuits such as audio amplifiers, voltage regulators, operational amplifiers, and
Linear IC
radio frequency circuits.
False, there are low-power
True or false: most linear ICs are high-power devices.
devices.

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

It is a high-gain, direct-coupled, differential amplifier. Operational Amplifier (Op amp)

True or false: operational amplifiers are the most commonly used type of linear integrated circuit (IC). True
Common op amp which different manufacturers produce. 741
The output of op amp is taken at the emitters of transistors which are connected in a _____________
Push-pull
configuration.
The push-pull configuration in the output of op amp allows the op amp to have a ____________. Very low output impedance
The ___________ affects the operation of the op amp at higher frequencies and it is used to prevent
Compensating capacitor
undesirable oscillations from occurring within the op amp.
Typical value of compensating capacitor of the op amp. 30pF
Figure of schematic symbol of an op amp. Triangle
Pin 7 of 741 op amp connects to ________. +VCC
Pin __ of 741 op amp connects to -VCC. Pin 4
Pin ___ of 741 op amp connects to the op amp input. Pin 2 and 3
Pin 6 of 741 op amp connects to the ________. Op amp output
The _____________ of an op amp is its voltage gain when there is no negative feedback. Open-loop voltage gain AVOL
Output voltage to its differential
The open-loop voltage gain of an op amp is the ratio of _________.
input voltage
The typical value of AVOL for a 741 op amp. 200,000
True or false: output voltage of an op amp will be positive if the non-inverting input is made positive with
True
respect to the inverting input.
When the voltage at the non-inverting (+) input is made negative with respect to its inverting (-) input,
Negative
the output is _________.
The upper limit of output voltage of op amp. Positive saturation voltage
The lower limit of output voltage of op amp. Negative saturation voltage
If the output voltage of any op amp lies between positive and negative saturation voltage, then the
Zero
differential input voltage can be considered as ________.
Typical input bias current of 741 op amp. 80nA
The difference between the current flowing for the non-inverting terminal and the current flowing from
Input offset current
the inverting input terminal.
Typical input offset current of 741 op amp. 20nA
The frequency where gain of open-loop equals to 1. Unity frequency
Unity frequency of 741 is approximately ________. 1MHz
The ___________ tells how fast the output voltage can change. Slew rate
The slew rate of an op amp is specified in _____. Volts per microsecond
Slew rate of 741 op amp. 0.5V/s
Slew rate distortion of a sine wave produces a _________. Triangular wave
True or false: the higher the peak voltage of a sine waves for a given frequency, the greater the initial
True
slope.
If the initial slope of the output waveform exceeds the slew rate of the op amp, ____________ will Slew rate distortion
 occur.
The _________ of an op amp circuit is the highest undistorted frequency out of an op amp for a given
Power bandwidth
slew rate and peak voltage.
The output short circuit current of 741 op amp. 25mA
It is defined as its ability to amplify differential input signals while attenuating or rejecting common mode Common mode rejection ratio
signals. (CMRR)
Typical CMRR of 741 op amp. 90dB

OP AMP CIRCUITS

Most op amp uses ____________ feedback. Negative

True or false: op amp circuits without negative feedback are too unstable to be useful. True
It reduces the overall voltage gain of the op amp circuit. Negative feedback
Type of amplifier in which the input and output signals are 180 out of phase when input voltage is
Inverting amplifier
applied to the inverting (-) input terminal.
It provides the negative feedback of inverting amplifier, which in turn controls the circuits overall voltage
Resistors RF and Ri
gain.
Type of op amp circuit in which the input signal drives the non-inverting input terminal of the op amp. Non-inverting amplifier
For the non-inverting amplifier circuit, the input and output signals are always ___________. In phase
The op amp circuit connected to provide a voltage gain of one, or unity. Voltage follower
Voltage follower provides no voltage gain because op amp circuits will ______ the voltage source for
Buffer
the load.

THREE- TERMINAL IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

ICs feature when the internal temperature of the chip reaches a certain temperature, the regulator shuts
Thermal shutdown
down and prevents the chip from getting any hotter.
The range of load current of IC voltage regulators. 100mA 3A
The popular series of three-terminal IC voltage regulators. LM340 series
To ensure proper operation of a three-terminal IC voltage regulator, the unregulated DC input voltage 2-3V
must always be at least ________ higher than its regulated DC output voltage.
This IC has 1.25V reference voltage between its output terminal and adjustment terminal. LM317

555 TIMERS

A very popular IC used in timing circuits. 555 timers

Range of supply voltage of 555 timers. 5-18V
Monostable (one shot)
This circuit will produce a single output pulse when a trigger input pulse is applied.
multivibrator
True or false: in monostable operation, the larger the RC time constant, the greater the length of the
True
output pulse.
In this circuit, the capacitor voltage is initially 0V when power is applied. Astable multivibrator