Sei sulla pagina 1di 22

ANNUAL

REVIEWS Further
Quick links to online content

# # ! # 



   
"# ,A>A "# 
#  #  # # #  #

   




    

Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

 
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

"!4  0'-&4

Gsds t Zlyv _}s~ t K}od Md}s}s


L}od 308--

swv?v?

#!$# * #* "#$(* *  *  &!* # )  * * 4


'* &#"* * #* "#$(* * "#!)  * * 
! "* #* #           * * *
#* $!* %"#"         * * 
>ZR%lq9R~[lh~>lPB



  * * 


<lgRB~[I5q[hI[peR~ lVRZB[lqBe#le\lh







 

 * 
!!$#&*  &!         * * "
)lqglhR RZB[lq
lpeB[lh [h<lI[BelhR



* 
 !# *  &!* *  (* "#!$#$!*




* *3
0BRqhBeRZB[lq









*3
5BqRhBeBqRG*hP[[PBe~4ZRq>ZBh ZR0lZRq



 * * 4
>ZR(RhR~[ lV%Bg[e<qIqR






*
" * "! #        
 * *
,[h![~Iq[g[hB[lh






*;
0BRZl[IR




*
#                * *
$""         * *"

          




?  K         K


 I c     K    1 
   KV K8  I? 

6=+
[[MMb[&&[~[7`[D&U[([[
Dn  "?

     =2     


9
?  1       9
?    1 1  
        IO   1 
              
       9        
 B   9 x   xB  v2 ?1  
       B         
  2      C s      X
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

     v J      9 ?   


  1   =  1         
V( Q  AD[     2  
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

=       IH


       AM[ 9 W7N[ 1    X
     z        T 
)AND/I H   1      1    1   
          9
J          (
?             
= ( F      1     1 
    V9 F         
 1 2    1        )  l
 Anr/C ?       V      
   (
?    ). *,.      
         (H    )ANM/  
     B          9
d            F 
)7nb/ 9 d  W  (F  X
            I J F 
 1          1   
      (O1      
=   1           
p  =    `      
  ( ?        
       z=      2
      I
j  B )I9 y J Q F   v
J    J     F   J Q  g
Q/          
   (?[  V    f   
 ? "  
"? D&b

   F 


 
   
`o 


1   
 
  

 

   


 1
 1  X

 ( H



    
 
 
  
 
 B
(
J        

 
 1 

 (?



B(B
1
  
  
f 
 
   

  
( F1
  B

 
 z
 
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

( F B


  

 1  _1 


 

1  1h

1  
 1    1 
 

by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.


 

 
1 
 
1 
1 
1 
 
1 
1
  
C J

1   



 
1     

 C W 
     

   

         }   (
T 
 1

 

 u ?
WV F   f j
  )WFfj/ 
  
A&b( W
 
L     B 
 1  


   


     

  ?( f9
F C ?   
   



 
)
 
 f 7&D H  7&N c 7&M/( J 1 
 B 1   
 
 ` 
 

 
  
    1    





    

( ? Ffj 

       F   
 


o 
   
  
 1  
  
C ?




  B

  
       
 ( ?  X


  
    
  
  

     
      o 
 

B
  

 
  vo ? 
 xB( f 
 

     
X
o
  
(
J  
 
   

 
  
      
( W  7N[
1
  
        
 ? 7&[

 
       
( O1   
  

 
 1 
 

 



 
o a

     
u _   
D&r  "?

8 ,     >    6  *    )F  


U&MR> 2*  ** )d    H * A&NR> *     8
   ,  8  * )c* *  T* A&MR   , ,
 ,,( ? A&&   , 
#&. -! &). . '*' . 
      ( W* * >   8  *
 * ,8 *,,8>  8  ,*
**  a (

       


Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

?  *  *   8     *    , *8


      ***  ? )UN/   * 
*   2 . #&. . &. .'  -. Q  )A&DR
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

*     *8> ,  * 8*


   * *   * 8*( ?   2      
    w 2 O* * QV J8> 8   *  h
2*2 IF  ,  *F*)U&UR
* l* )A&M/C Q2 )U&AY A&b/  =V8  >
8* * * 2 Z*    , * >  * B
   8 *, *  *   * ,    (
? ,   8 8 * , (?
* **= *****, *>
 ,   *     ,  V* ,   , 
* * *  *  *}  *= ,* 8
*T8 TWW(F ***8>* ,8> 
   g8 )UNR> f )U&D/> * g8 2* )U&DR(
l  )U&r/  *     X
     **   * *   * 
*.*   *   , *8   8  8
,* *   8 *  ?(W *  
  * ,    > *   2X
  Q >  8> *> F *8> F*> * 2 > , 
 ,  8   , *8    (
w 2 *    ,    8 *    2 ,
*     )l  A&r/ *    * ,    
*   * *V*   )?  A&N/(
?z   ** * *  *
,  * * ( Q2 )A&r/=*  8* ,   
* A&N[ * Ab[( W* *  2> c  )U&N/ *  
   8*  8 (c   B  
,  , *,8*, * * (
O l** F*  2, *  8*, 
 ? " 
"? D&D

,   K} ,    L  c


L HL 
L 
Q ; 
;   K ;
9
W    K;  2
 
 
K
 9 J    ,K jK 
)7&Ne
K ,  aK

x W   


  LjK 
B
x
 V
;;  ,    , 
 


  
 
 

  9 QK2 )A&&e
KB

 ;
 ^2,T L:
,
 K
 ,  9 K  dKK )A&Ne 
  H
d T
KV ; = ,
K , J 
  

9
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

w   


 
 , Q2
)7&De  J  
B  TX
; )A&&e  H J       )7&re  ,K X
    
  

l d9 T  L k9 T
H
1 9
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

x  2L   
9 kKV k  
     2 
X
 
`B 
  ,^ { {^P  ^ C y
  ;,K  :
:K 
 l
K)7&De K 

  2
, xBL kL T
L  

p  ,
g   A&De  K  
 Q   c 9

  

L
,:
: LW: ^
 L K
  
L  
KB 
9 W 
   

L :  
L  : :
  



 
 
   ,
 
   c  )A&De      )7&7C  :^X

 
 ;
  
   Q    Q  
)A&&e9 k `
  
 , : :
  

 
 , ; 
   2    

)T 
TA&De   )  w7&Ne9 K
 
,L

K L 
 W   
)7&De9 W,    K , ^ 



KB  
 )A&De9  :
: 


 ,K h
   
 )99 w2  l  7&Ne9
k
K  , V 
  , K
KK  
 , h
 
  9 c  2L  
L 
;   KX
 
,;  
K 
L 
:   
 2

K   

K    
  =
)Q 7&& gK A&
lz  g ,A&beC c:
= 
,:  , 

   ;
   =  K 
K 
,  
 


)g   7&DeS
 ; ; 
)j  7&&p T
  
A&De,; ,  
)A&Dp A&beL
D&M  "?

@  
)Q"" 7&&R1
  "


 @ @  h


  )g @7&DR1 `"  
@ @
"
)HX
B   7&DR1

""
 )? 2  x 
A&DR1 
"" @
 )O 
7&rRC

    

da"@P"?
)7Mb@a
"
 
"  

@ B "
"  @  C ?

 ""@
" 
 
P  J  " 

@
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

 " a


 

@ " " 
"  "
)CC =" 
"R  "  "   "
@P  )(C
 "" 
"R@C H}  P 1 
" ="
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.


"1  
"  "  1
"  
 @ " @ "
 "@  " 
C 
"
@ "P
"
 " @@   " 
 " " " "
 
  C 

"
@ "
"PPP
"" "@
P
C 

" 
@  "
@  1 " 
P
@    "
@ 
  
"   "    " 
P
@
 @
   P"   "  "  
I


" 
@ "P
}  "PP" 
@
   

1 "
@ "
"  "
@P 
"
P " 
@   
C

4 "-$4 -()"!(4 "24


O
"  1   
P"
"
 "  " @ 
   " @ "

"
1  P"2
"="  ""


"

"P" C  P"
1 1 P


@ 2
 P "
" @ " ="  "  "" 
@P"
""P 
PC ?
1 @ = 1 Q   


 "


"  " "P  
@P @"`@@
PX
"  @
" 
@ 

P
@
 
1 "   B "



 


 )CC QP "  7&MC " 
@ 

   @ P "
 P "" " "" @ " =h
" " "")(C @  H7&NRC ?
"" @@ "@
" " @ @ "1 " " P%P" " @ @""1 


"""  "" "  " @ ( ?

" "  
" 
  
1  

" 4 (4 $!#(4 "4."$4 /"-)"!4


? "
"  @   " P  " 
" @
""P   
 "7N[
C ? V
"  
"
@
 ? "  
"? D&

4 

L 0   4  


4L  2
4(
v
42
000 .



     0 =(Q L 0 


 0 0

0
 4


0040

44.



  
I 


 4   . 4

44

L 00 ]
 


   0
   

 . 44I 0 = 0 ]0 
4 
.L ]0 0  .
 0 ]0 .
  h


0. ] 0 4
 
4I
J44.]0
44
0 040
4
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

4
( F i( T 
7~/ 0 4  0
4 
2
 00.
.4
I 0
L 

0] 
0
44. 40

0.9 J000

by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

 44  
.4 4 
L 
 ]

 0
4
(&0&2#--=? <12,3? #5? 5)&? -&9&-? 1'? 6)&? */%+:*%7#-? )14&? */%*;+%8#-4? .146? &''&$>
0
.
 
00

.4   
  0 0 00
 

I
02
4
. ]O)7r/(w
0


04

(0=04040


4
 
L  4

0.
 
 

  
I 0 44.  4
 

4.
 
0 

 4  . 4L ]L  0


4 
  4
 

 4
 
(
0
 44.

 ] .. }0 4( 0 .  
0

4
0.
0 4
4    
 ..

 0 ]0 
0 . 4  0 4  0
 
0
 ]
 . 4 4. 

( J00 ]0

4 ] .L 0 
 .4 0 .= 4

4
4
.I c0L ]0 .
4  h
4
 

 
0. ] 
4 ]  ] .=h
 ] 9 0L  
 
 4  .
.
4L 

 .
.
ig   7Nep
 0 

0 ] 
  
 4
]  .
44I

    

0 4]    a



 ]0 .=  
4
L . 40L 4

44=L  
 
 4
  
.4

   
0  0  
 4

 4
 . 4 ]0I T!0 4

4.B   4a
L 

 ]0 ]4 
.44I 4

.0
4  4 40a
L 
.4 0
D&&  "?

; ' ' ,  <<'''>    ; ' o   ,


< 8''9 ?' < '   < 8  
    ;'> '<     ,    ; 
tT,  H A&NR9 O< '' , ;< , ' tc'8  
A&NR<'''8,8 9 T;lv,;^tO; A&NR
<''  ,V;<,  '
;' < ;  <;u

"$ "!/"$4 *"!'#'4


H   '     '  , ^< h
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

'' ;  ' ' t99 8  A&DR9 O^<%'  


 ;' ;B      8<  ' 
 ; ,,   ' t ' V8   A&Deu y  
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

, 8<<<< ;,''' ,^<';' 


,< > <'   ,<;B <'  B;9 ?'>
,< ,< ,'  '' ,% 8' <'>
 V'  8   <  ,<   <'  ' 
' < '' W; '   < '<<;
'_ t9   ; '_ <'<'R> < '   8 '_ 8
<'    ,<B t o'c A&DR9 y <;
 ' '',, 8_8 ,;   ; ;9 d> ;
<' B <, '   <,  h
; ;p ;'  '' ' < < _  ;   tH
A&DR9
f< '' ''V,   8
,   "       ' , ''   ;>
<B ' ' '  '89 f'  H tA&MR < ;'
> ; ' '' ; ,    <  <"  ;>
 '' ;   ; VI  '>   ''  X
V>   ' 8  <' ,<   '' ^
' ;  _ ''9 y' '' ; V ^'   ,
' ;' '  '  s %  '   '2>   <   ^,
 ; '' ' , <; ,< V;9 H% ' 
 <'  ' <   ts'  H A&MRI
F ;';  '    V> ' ' B ,% '> 
' 8 >  <8  ' 9 y'>
<;  '  8    '    '  
< ,'   9 W, <8 '     
^^ <  ^;< ' ^ '  ; < 
;   ,   ^<'I w <'  ^,8  8;B
8';' ' '   <;  , ' ;'u
w <2  _< ' , < 8'Z  
 ? "  
"? D&

38 9 w    D           


       9 O3S   2  8X
2   _   33   
  3      3  _8    
   )f  H7&Mf 7&NR9 d    38X
8   8     9 ? 38
_      %       
        3  ")d2
7&M g  2   A&NR9 W       _    
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

 8 8    ) R   8


)R )F 7&NR9 F_ 3       
 S  0   ``  0 3   
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

   9 d      3    


38 S  _  S     S   >   
09 3 3
           >     0 8
    0        
   3 03 )T  H 7&NR9

"#-)"!4 !4 "4 "!)1)4


W                   
_u F_8   S       
        f 
   9 J   [         3 
z 0)f  2A&R0 
            )f     A&DR(
8      3  3 0 
0S 0 0    S  
9 ?  3 _
       9 W       X
               
          )l 
7&R9 T0      S       
    2     3       
)F   TA&MR9 F 8    
       a  z   0     
     8       0 8
  S   " 3 ) 7&MR9 ?
V   3    
    )  J  A&R9 F        
  3        V  
   3 W            3
   S       _ 9 ? V 
D[  "?

  5+  5+ 5 )  F &r/(  8    


55 +      +52 5   +
=+  +  + + 1  5 5)  H 5  2 `+z7&b/( H 
  5++ 5  5+    +  ( T  5 
+55 1   + 5+     )  O     O  7&r/9
k  +  + = + C j+ 5  5
5   5     +^"    5+5V   +
  + )+ &M  7/9 T    )7&b/++ 
 S  Y   5  =B  + 5 55 
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

+ 5+5+ +  + (+5  5 


+"    5 5+1  +Y   +52  +  +
55 5   5       + 5+ + )H5f +52
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

7b T     7&b/( w  5+       5  (


H5   5  5        +=      
+    5+ ( k  56+5 5++ + =  5+ 
5+    +(

 
    

T  5 +    5  +Y    5+  +    


   +      =B + 5 55 ( k +
        "      +  5+ p  
 +5    5+    " (j  
      +5 5  V + "$'. +&''.
  5    + + + Y +   +
)k /( k   +   5+    +  
 5+ (y   " P  +     
8  +    5 +   5   D[  
+ ( k   + + =5 +  5+5 )k 7r/1
 =   + 5 5+5  %  +

)$!4 /"$4
k+   +   +  +( +
    +  + +   5   +  = 1  V 5  
       (   5 + ++  5+
= + 1 +=  5+  + 5+5 5+     
  ( W +  Y 5 + +   1  +    
  1   + Y  52 +(5      + 5
 Y 5  \ +  "+ 1  5 5 
5+5     5 `   )g  7&[/(k
+  +    5    +   5+ 
5  ++  + ( k  +  5   
 ? !  
!? DA


 Y
 



8 2 tJ
7nM/(H  `

 

   
)
 xAnb/C W
   

      



 

 

Y      
 Y 

   )C O   7n O h

 7nM/9
J

 
     

   

  
2(y


 




 
 B
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

tQV
    7nM/9 H`  

 

 


 
 6

 
Y

     


6
(
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

{  
 



  )d2{  H g7nC v{{  {
   Y 
       X
Y  
  )v 
 7n/C

$!)4 $4 24


!/-(4 +$4 !4 )4 ")$4
c 2
    
    _p  
 "
Y 

Y 
Y  
Y {Y
 _ 
   

)Q7nD/C V

  
p `  


6 YY 
 2 

 


)F   F 7n~ T 7nM/(
s      
 6 

    X
Y  
 
a
_ 
  2
    
  ({ 


 

  BB

    lC J"
 



)(u T   dB 27n/
  

Y 
      _Y
  


tH 7n/  2  


)
An7/C
{ {          

  IJ _Y  



   a 

( y       
   
Y  _Y 
       2{  

Y     
    
)F  v
7n/9 J   Y 
     }  

  
 

 
 

    
  
 

 
 
  
 a
 
) 
 7C  
   
Y  
 2Y 
 
 
   Y

D~  ?"?

  ^ >         2


  Ik    > 
       > 
=          X
      )F A&D> A&N/9 H    
       (
f         
    (d = >     h
        2     
            
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

)l   T 7&&/( J =    > 


   V      = u
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

4 !''4 "44 ,34 *%-*-%4

Hz               


        Z        9
J          B      > 
nr|u |c|c jrr urrc|u kx r c er  c
 B   ( d^ = > H      !  X
      >   2   
 2 I k      >  
 > >           
   )H 7NrH B  H 7&Mpf 7&M/(W
^  ^      > ^   >   ^ 
 )f A&M/>   >  
  ) 7&~/>        >   >
 >      )l A&&/u k 
     Z    B  
         9

      

J        2       2  


         >  !     X
     IW    
=B       
    2 > >   2>   
   ( k a    _  B    
              X
              
 ? !  
!? Db

( ?   


-

  - !S
  

 
 !!S
 !S -S
-S  -!- i
-- s  7/C J
 
 ! 
!-
!

  -
!!
iO-7~/>
-
!
 ! )
! 7&b/\   ! !  V-!   E
)QA&M/(?!
2 ! !-  SE-S 
!
-  !-
!(

!4 '$ !)"!4


d E O !
)7Mr/ -- -!  ! !  2
 - !S !
  ! !!   
 -!  - ! 
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

!E 2(
!
!!
S = !!-  S !
! E
 =   !( ? - !   !-! 

 2

! .
! 
!!E 2 - ! 
! 
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

  !  ! ! 


 - . 

 !-!
- !E  

 
-
!-
E !-E -2
 !-! S E !  !
!
!!!

- ! !- 
E !  !!  !
- !
 
 !  

!!2 !-   

! !  E
!- 
!  -
iF  O 
7/C ?- 
! 
!

 -  -
-
! ! =
!- -    !
-  




 
id -   H - 7N/(
 
!
  -  
 !
 !

i
 d !   H  7N/(  -= S ! a-  E! E 
 
E! -
   
! -! !!
! -!- 
 
@ !  ! - -@ !   !- 

)g- 7N/( WX


  --E2-
-- !! 
 !  
!--!E--
! 

!-
  

!-
)g!B  F! 7M/( d -
 



--  E  - -   -
!!   !  !!
! ! E!   
 
 - !  !   z- ! 
-
 !-   ! i
 7N/(
s
 -
!  
  -! 
!2 2 !
 - ! ( ?  


-   - ! S
-
-!h


S  
- !-  
-
!- - 
 !! 
! -- -! 
=-  )Q 
!  wO7M/ OES !    -=  
! 
 

- 
iT 7M/(T 
-
!
!!!


 !  2    !  !! --  !  


  !
!
 E!  2   - 

!-! E!    -
 
(
F  - ! 
! a!
C     !-  


 !    !
E E
S Q-  !  )7M/ 
-! - ! E- - -  E  
- 
i 
E E

 2
E E
/ ! !  !E -
 !
- 
)
E E

Dr  "?

E E E /( ?=       G


E   |    E E  G  
  I ?      3  G  1 E  3 
3  B   | 3       I
?  3 G   o m G    
G m )I(j"A&/I W         1
o     GI c  a  G X
 o   B (d G  a   E
 3         GG
  IJ  G        
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

        G (


F   o     a 3 E m 
      G)O   F7&/(j 
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

         |1 3  G    ( T
|    1 E31    `   | E 
     1      I d1  Q 
 a     m   G    
        ( F  3 m  o  m
     = )O 7&M/(
c    3   o |   
  G       )II j   7&&/( T
 3GGm  mm   m
     G     G  I F 
           j     o G
|   ?` " I

)4 "4
   |     |_ |     1  3  |
 3  G    3  
  E m  E m  I?  
   1  m E    3
m 1    G  3EmG
3      E      3     I
Jm3        G =  E G   
  )  Q  &b/( W  1    3 3   
o m     m          G =X
 )Q G &/( J   G     1 
         )  lE G A&/9
   "    ( OE3  m   
 E   31        E
o     I Q  E    3  |   
 ? !  
!? DD

 
$ % % .

$% $% 6
 % $.% $ 6
G$%)((c
7N/C O$\ %6%  
$$ %
$ $%
 
$ 6
$
 
C ?6
6
 $ 6 $% . $
!(. )(#. )Q
$%A&b/\  $ %$ 6 6%  

6$
.
$. %$6

(.%
a..$ $
= G 6\ .% $  6 
 $
%
( ?6 $% .} $ $.
$ %
.$% % ..
 (O$\  
.$
%

 
$2Z%
6.%  6$  
 ` .  $%
  C
%

6
% .% % %$%$6 6$Z 
 .Z\$%6

6. $ 6  % 6$  $ 2%
6. % .   $ .
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org


 
C d$
 
% 6 6 z
 $ $.
 $. \ 6 6$G $
$.$ Z% %%$2 $ .Z%%G
} )l
G
A&&/(
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

TZ6 

$ %\ %$
% G. 
$%

% . p %h
 
 .%Z6$6
.% %$%6 $% 6 


( %  
 . 
6 
Z $ ).$
 

$
%/ $ % $ )%Z 

$ Z%/ 6



C J

$X
 % % .$
Z\ 
$$% % $6 %$%6% % 6%
.$.$%
?6

%  g A&[p Q

7&D/p 6
G $ $.
$ %C
J$% 6 $
 2 Z%
% 
$  6$   6$
 
 $%
6Hz$ OZ
$ $.ZZs$.= )HOs/$ 6$
  )Q 6. 
 A&Dp B2   NM/C ?6 HOs %
 % 6 O`~ $% $
6$$
$ 7N Z% 6$
   % $  $ %  G % }6 %



$6$ (O$
  % Z
%$%% Z 
%
% O` G.
\ %.Z%$ Z6.%
%$
6

C ?6
G .%.$ %6$
.%66 . G
$ 
.$% $  Z  % $ %Z%
C H  .. $ 2 6
 

%$%

 $% $ $
6  $% 6 % O`~G.
C s$%
%
%
$ $$ 
\ Z% 6 
.  $ HOs\ .$  
Z%G$ $
6 %  Z
% G$6
)Q$%A&N/(?6
HOs$%
2$% %%  
pG  
. 

$ 6 6 

%
$ % %  
(
J
$$%67N6 6$$
$$6$
 \ % %2 $6HOs\
6
? $ 
C F$ `
6  6 % 6$$BG$
=
 %% .$.
$%
\ $.Z $ 6%
$ $Z$%G$$

(H% 
6$
   
% %  .%G 6 .%
% 6
%%  G. 
6 6% 6$
 6$BG$
$ 6 $


C O$\ 6
6.% %
..
% .% %$
O` G\ 6 
%$ 6 
 $ 
)  x%%$% 7&Dp
x%%$%   7&D/(
DM  !?

J 
       3   #  
#
    #   3 #
   #
# # 
9 F 
 # #
    # 
 # # # #8

   3
 

3 #
#  #
 3   9 J
 #3 
    


#

 )H#

# U&M/I


  
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

J 
3  #
#
##3##  )g# 
h
 U&/L  #  # ##3
 8
 
 # #

    I ? ##  #
 
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.


 3 



3 
)(IT#

#U&U/#
#
V   
 ##3 
  I
f3 = ##
## ##   #3  3#

#
 
  = ##
2
( ? 
#   w  )U/

##8   #
 # #8 #B
#
 
 #   # 

##I  
#3
 
  2  
i# 
U&/\  # ##  

iO
U/\ 

  #
##
# i   # U&/\ # 
#33#

 
il#3
 HU&~/C J=  3

8# 
3   c # )U&/C
J 2   3 33# Z ## #3 #
    
  
 
 ##` 2 6#31   T#

# )U&U/ h



 


 #
 3  3 ##3
  
## 

 )9 ~M/ l

 1 
 

 g# 


)g#   g# U&D/\ c#
iF#3#c#
U&M/L# j# 2
ij# 2 j# 2U&b/#3# ## \3
  ## #   #  
 
 

# #
)?# # U/C c =


 
1

  #
 #B
iF#3#c# # U&D/\  
)Oh
#  # U&/\
# 
iF #   U&M/\ # # #
ijU&b/ #3 

3(
 #



# #

  
#   3 #   
#
1
  #
#X
#  # #
  #B
ij# 2 U&b/ # # a
  #

#     # # )j U&/I
 3 33# #

       
 
##

1 # \ # 




 ##3
X
  # 3  ( H#
 )U&[/ 3
 ##3
 
  #
 #

#3 

  ##3 
   )(
M/IT   j# 2)U/3 3   3
  #3
  ? " 
"? DN

  : : l)7&b/    X


       :  :    2  
  :::   9 g : )&D/ q:   :
  2   : = :         qX
       :  :    
 ( g )ANM/ :       S :: 
   q   :   } 
q           9 y    
 q   : )H  ANM/(
y      :q=:   : 
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

          (J }  


    :          :  
         9
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

 a     :    : =  :  


 ( H             h
  u F 1      :     
 a      1     :  S     h
 9 J: ::=    
:: ::    )7&N/(J     
   =        
)   &M/(  :   : =: 1   
2                 
 : ( W     q      : 
  : =     :  
 q :  9

 

J     S         7N[ S  =
     L     : :   
    :  :    S        
   u y        (J    1 
     ::S ::      
    (x      q
   =:          S
 : qq    9         
q :    u c q 
 :     )  F  7&b/9 W    h
      :   q
            q   
        : u
D& Q

DEQVW`SJHTJV^

    QvF&D~[7&v


 F    9 W 2 9 Q1 QI  1 9 C   (1 D$
F 1  F D$ ?           (

'%')%. '.
2 Q?& > 4  * @ '<I /& 6 4   :d $  #LI
$!d (( : 2    #  =K] g q 433
1  *& '' )0" /L& ? >&   4  * G #!+
2 & @ P 4  ) | P! !< ( g Amme *""0 )
' $ U PCiJS ]i ?SrSGtCS /LN l >& :!& G /& l& / 4  "
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

2SsmSZmemY   O >L= ? C'$& P!  !$'#< $8'd 


- U& '' 4 3))0* R A G ! $!8
< $ ( + I
2 = @ P  = G(((N -^& 6<& ? H=   <  b 6Z]meSZC 3k*0")
1  * )BiPGmmd mWSZB]mtCe3StmG]mem /! = 6 7=   1 * &miPB]mi mW
X  h " ;SpsmPJ]mi @L `Qk mgpCuC]S #ZmemY @L `Qk h
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

G @ ?!


2#
= Ob ? 1  b @L +L ( 'I /Q! & ? H O 4  1  g !$
((' !' U "SSempgSiBe ( !<   $($ $' 
2Stm6KZmH]memY   H P 6I mipSJ mi)]mw   - H T+=
!= O 7 OQ& ''b " b @L O P 2 [8 = 1 9 1  7$=
`Qk 2$ 8$ U@k / : c+
2 =  G  & / +& : 7 1 * g /Q! & ? H O 1  ) P! +'8
 w $+ (($ ( md (  +
< !<  #me]mi
   #  #!+9 < Wtmg0meSJeS 0Si   F : / =
)mtg SZB 4 0 ''b  0 C#  C#  c+
/Q& > 7 4  * H  C<  2  G
! C!$ $! ( 8 #!+ ) /Q!  lH O 4  C!gH!
)] SZB =K] 4 )**) 8& H$ C&  ! #$
/& Gb&   1  ) 0BS Zm]KS C  < ( 8 #!+  ! c
# t C8#  c+ G :& 1  01  * U >ZSgSs]KBi "S
/} G 4  )# g'8 #  : SempgSi mW]memY   ? ?N [
/ 4  )& '' *"0"" /N O 7$! G! '!9
/$!8'& 6 [& `8nQN [  = /<&  c+ G G U '
2 4  * P!m $!8< $ ( /<& @& [#y 6N ? 8= G
$  + < =J] g *)x 4 9  1   U( ( $   !
 $'$($ '($ ( n# ($!
/$!& 7& 7 +& 7 /& :  N G i]gSZC )3e**
[= R$!N G 4  $$  ' /& -^ 7 1  * T 8 $
( 'z((' $  LI g =J] ") 9"0* 4
L $p^m_ *4 "0) C Lu & #* C 1   $ '$
/& U := >! = C 4   P! I ( ! + ( 28$ $'+
($ ( !'  $n   8 '<$!< U SZC]msCe
+ #!+  ! 8Q< #me]mi BiP *iSYtC]S -SSe   6
0CLBMCgeDBi^gSZE )")0" 6w#N * P#$!N '' 4 *]  T
/8& 7 > 4   h
#{+I & @e >#8
# $' U*iSee]YSiJS BiP#m C  N -^ [ 4  " P   mg
e]miBv]memY   T O O& U R pBuB]S 6s]gBS ]memY + / S
O& '' * 4 0" /A :'mI ZC]ms mYi]]mi BiP0m]C]mi   6 
h 7$!=  >L= '' *0 1 3)@L `Qe
/$! = - i" /$! N ? O 1   R
>!d'8m ''$!  ! #< C'} O G 4  * g $8'+ '<I
(  ii ;S 6JZm )e)0 $!<  $#< mi 6KZme
/& 2 l& Tuu& [! [   [ )"""0"
$   ' =K] g C
& C :&6nN R RN C!{G& 7
*x 4 91 3 0 1  1   l!' #Lm $ I
Q= ?  4   &tmg "Cs]i]g m S n  #!+  $<  
ZC]mt]g 7LZmemY CiP ZS 0]iP mW 8w8 888 P =P SZB
i]gCe C8# e C8#  c+ 4 e 1 30*
G C!<& -= :(! ?& :8= / 4  
 ? !  
!? 

: i %.    


.i W #%W
 
 i
 % .
  =K` ShKS )o  )  0  SZB (ShS   95 50)
 - 7  6( / 6 Y
r  )J /I
F% a
 -  Hi%
 7    7

  
   
   
29 
 .

   9

 .  .
 .
* )` ~  SZB =K`  9 3 0 h` g . SBsh SZB 1  A  5 Z
F
v   \ >  /
D  : 6  Ha V -
 Y r ?   \%S K%BA
2  T> 7  6  f J F  5 7 \% 2  (
% : B K 2
#%+
K  z
#jDW . 
/%+
 )  h` g SZB )A
2SpZ` eB KeB` pT ~ _ p
.WB   3  Z  
 
 %. * lgpn 5~KZle
t 3] >  f J  R :   5 ? .  K
     
(( KK \I
Fj/
S \ T  6  p >   2#  Tj  B. SZB (ShS 
: -  ;T P!ST sT ZB` ls BhP#Klel 1 5 9 "05
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

X lV > l=T S~
F%9 c+ F% > : P& g
 R H 1"" >M
V
 d   % + K 
F V  ) lgpBx B`S =lK` Be  M  =K` ShKT "9 50 )
;SKlXh`` lh @D `
SA HB > . -  6
 \ V  H  7 >  
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

F.
 Y /  5J F.
W . B%B HS
 7 J R   :  
 %M _ >lp`N ~ ` h ZS)` ~ l| lV %
 . ( . 
% 
5~KZlelX  6 2 f# f  1BKBN B geBB  . 1 BKBKB
 $ ~  ~ 50  $ VPC bgzmp   +k
  8x]gBof 
>
# "53"0 1 "
F
D  -  "J Fi %.   d 
#S  R 2 J  76
 7 \   2
a
=K`  g 5"q9 1   1
.
 + +  j

F
D  -  7
  7 F   >W ( #%+
 W
+ SM  A 
 I
%  
  #%+

 (  

=I`Uj IU )    1 0 5  %. 
.i  h]g
U ZB

F# - - ___ 7 ay : V J  )  "  3] 1


7  H  2  : 
% > ^ @    p%
 - YJ i#  7%
 F - J  
-((
 D =B` g`x` ~K` xT ~   ",` h;SKlXh`` lh` hh c gBe~ F%% I
Bee]KSG~ glelKZ  .%B  
HB

 . W A . 
%+

S R 6r   : 
a K%
* lgpn 5~KZle 1 33A) 5Z . %B z lK B KslO B __ -I
-M 7  H  7 1   \% -
D  
.
  h` g SZB

. M%M(  
+. I )A  5  3] "
 J 2SGx =gp 1oy`  )5t 1 4  6 / 6 Y
J 4  5 -
   

-+  T   7 YJ  F # #%W
 .%DB  %  
  I
%+
  o  
 + 5~  KK +  hh2@ KBP
=K` 
KZle
ee  95"0" 1 )9 3)01 5
- - F  ) _ B   6  F ?    2  hh
+ %Bo % V  .
I ;T  6IZlf
3  550 
 K  T ZBsF` h=K`  9))0 6. 6 6 Y
  5 -    
3 . %
% 
D 2T sl~K`

-D #
B - 2J   -
S ` lGSZB ;S
9)]
.
B #%+
  KK
 6  ?    5 lG` lXsBpZ` S~` h

.
 ^ :
;S` la  5"A  )505 #pSs` gSh Be 5~KZlelX
T  @YA
-D #
B - 2  # >    >
#
 % g 2B 1  A3  0  3 6
 Y J  R 
 V :  /
 aj? 
-D #
B - 2   lgpBsB` S5~ p  -  - 2 1 5 2
 %
MK
KZo eoX ` h ZT >Tj`T Z Tj }  @D W
  kj  Ua IBQ 
`
S9 h @ 
 ?% )A 0 
-D #
M - 2 J    # ' lhPB` lh~ lV 6

 / P6

 ? 2^ 5 : K
lgpBsFb S5~KZlelX @D `
S h v v 
 ( 
 %.a
@ 
 ?% 5Z`l~ >x Bh~ ;
=lK / lhPlh =Sx  
-D #
M - 2    5 .T BPSx ~ ` h ZS )3 A 1 50"
= P lV h` gBe T ZB` lx  l 6a H 7  :% f / 1  TM #
G` lX{ BpZ` IBe5 Sx ~pT K` S~ RD #
 V29 S
A  (   
/S + V
 .%M. h` g SZB )o   1 "0 
-D #
B - 2   \% .
+ 6#
 2 @   V% ? Y J  2 
 @ \
. M%M ( M 2SGz  =gp
  3 V .
 .
B  
1 l` )5  53 #%W
 @
DB
  


D #
B - 2   # f  
   h` gSZB 9 5
M[[  !?

Wtm f$ U $  2CB=% fw w v zzww$ , #yb  4n}GQ]X   [TZ K


w z tmmw t$ Z  Q@ 4i]G 30E<3 87=
K[prh ]M 4n}GQ]X]P} @n 7GTK[GK wv% f& Yx j$ W &  fwm b% j% 3 CB7$ gw
]t T% U&^wm % @8BB7$ `wkE w z wt wtw
_tWmY zv w% Z ?]]X 77E<C3= 3 @
Wum f$ U $ Vm ^$ W $  Tmv N Yv f $ R & 3C@C$ Zzmtvw m mmJ
_ '  f U' e '  fw  b' ]' 3 CB@' Q Qww  umzum
mvwmmz
vwwvw mmwmtmw w w tm z w wvtw m
wwwv m zwmw wv wm- ww zzwmw% #pQ]X 7]GT]FT]X 3 E 3 8;0
4i]G 2@pX G@J 7GT ;7 B;E8;<;;@ [w T % Sw T % 3 CB= $ iwwqmw
Wwq W$ 3 C@C% Smmw u wwK vw~ mv mmv%
mv w$ [ 9QK %Tinp !K[prm ]M #y [[ 6Ks 2Kri]nGT BE<=@C<
bKiTZK[p@X 4n}GQ]X]P} wv% U$ Ywm $ \mw V$ \' \% 3CB7% `w mw z
3 ;@@?% Yvmw `\E Uqm mv w 0TGi]prn Z][p@[rn wv
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

Wv \% ^$ 3CB?- gw q z wp% m% - 0@ZZ@X ?8M<C>CB


[[ 6Ks 4n}GQ]X 8@E 3 ?8C7 \m O h$ _% 3 CB 3 % Uum m m
Wv f% \ % ^w e$ S% 2C@C- gw mEtwmw qwwv mwvwm
mvw z fm _mt mvw bmm tw% 7GTK[GK 7 3 7E=@ 3@8
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

mmvF m uw z w mvmm \w Y $ \$ 3CB= % [w qm w-


omv% 4i]G 6 7]G .][J][ 7Ki  3z]iJ 7riv #s]X T]V 7 L 3 078;
70= G=B2CB \ e% U& 3 CB8$ Swtm m mv
Wwwqw ^% 3C@C% Wwwu tw z wvtw qwm% fww imvwqw
qww v wt$ 7GTK[IK 3 CB8 % 88@
70?E2 0C=C@ ]m Q) S $ eqm Y* ^$ 3CB= % gw wu
W} T& e% 2C@?+ gw 5rKnpT][ ]M [TZ@X z zm qwmE tm z
x@iK[Knn `w kE etwzww h$ mm wp mv w% [[ 6Ks
dw Yfw 27B (5( 7@
Ym j- W $  aw e$ j$ 3 CB@$ Tw ]m Q% S %  fmw g$ T % wv' 3 CB 3 %
wwm uqE wmm %]i@PT[P KQ@sT]i `w lL Wmnv
mm  nv wm mm mwu z qw ]wvw ]& e $ Tw e% ^ % ]ww X e %
mm vwww% [[ 6Ks 4n}GQ]X 3 CB@ % \mmww m tm wp wt
8BEC337B umww$ 7GTK[GK 78@L 3 3 C>C@
Ym j % T & 3C?;$ gw wwtm w ^w f % Uv ]% 3CB=% Vwmw v
zumsym( [ mv [[' ) ]wq]jq ' um z mw v uwmyv
T]V @E 3=7 mw ww m w g tG mww
Ymzmw W %  Yv f% R % wv% 3CB;% )[ gu Y7 u mmqP KQ@s
M@[pTGTJK `w kH Qvw &K[Kp 3 =L=9?@
Ywvw `% T% 3 CB?% bvu wm ^y _% 3 CB8$ Swun uum
qwww ttm tt w wmt% fww imvw
mvwwttmmuwEmmmzum qw 3CB8 & 8C@@
wtw mt uw- KQ@v ^wm ]$ U- 3CB@% ] wt
&K[Kp 3 ?I70370 qum ov mum w
Yww X W% 3 CB?% ] wtE zu vww v 'KZTXKbTnprn iK@rZriT fww
mv wtm m ww% T]V 6Kw Vwtw  _uww 3 CB@ % 3 7 370B
? 2 E?8C8 _mum U$ _- 2CB@%ewwzRwmm
Ywn ^% _ &  eumv T- X % j A c% U nv [wmw ^ww+ 5 -
3 CB<$ Sww zwwuw qq #yb 4n}GQ]X 8CRLC@CB
3wwv v$ !]P[TpT][ 3?I 3 7C7 2 C _mw _ % U% ` %  aTmv b%  ]wp b%
Yww e % O 3 C@C% Qt j$ U$ Zwmv Y ' 3CB?$ Wwwt mv
wwmm mv vtm wwm w { zwmw uuw$ 2@priK 8 7 3 E
z m mm ttw% - #yb 4n}GQ]X 3 ?;?@
[TZ KQ@s 4i]G = E 3 3 ?7C _mtwm]  Q- 3 CB8$bwmuqu
Y j% W% 3 CB@- T`Q zw mwv q ww% fww imvwqw
mm mv qv m$ 2@prjK 3 CB8 $ 3 > 3A<
87@ECBCC _m j% Q$ 2C@;% Somw vw z
Y|ww [% 3 CB7% eww z zwmw um qwm !@XXTGKFrn mv 7@TZTiT
qm w  XKpQiT][]Z}n PX@iK]Xrn Rwm z mwzwmw m$ %]XT@ 4iT
vm qvmw twt~u mw Z@p]X 77E 3 B
ov w v vm q _m j$ Q% 3 C@?' jv w
vmw mw% KQ@s 2Kri@X T]V 8?I v% 7GTK[GK 3 C<IC808 3
3@BBB _m j$ Q, 2CB0% _v rw$
Y ]-^& 3CB;% gw qum zt z Z 4n}GQ]X 8=LC?<?@
bmmtvH w qw vwzww m _m j $ Q -  ^ T % V' 3C@?% U
 ? !  
!? M[A

Zc `ZZoe `nl [[ 6Ks ^eecol Zc zeoe Zo o Z


4n{GQ]X 7@N4 7D!=; Zo i lZe 7GRK[GK 71?N
H`3o`| H C 3 DB:. LneZ elZ 3 31 3:
o i ne ZoZ ``e' enZ`ee Meoc M E 3DB?. Meoe i 2enZoZ
eo Zc `n Nee TZce 5o [c =elZoe Ffe [RZ
^eln 3DB:  2 3 :;D KQ@s :;N:51
HecZ N  L  HZ V 1 3DB?. LZeZ Mo`nZc M A  3DB@$ "@exR[ @[J pQK #ZKe
cooo i Z^ Zc coiieeoZo i PK[GK ]M#s]XrpR][@g| 9QK]eRKn]M0R[J@[J
ZZ`ne o ZlZrZe @X KQ@sR]e 3no`Zl# Ro 3no`Zl
XRGKErn Z]X]GQ [RZ KQ@s :;E 2 ::?#@ Moe E 
VZe N C   NZ`|e ; L
Hee 5  H A  A 3 3DB=. N`oZ 3DB@. HeZee ie`eec eoc o
iZlol o Ze |e Zc ne 0@G@G@ [KZKnpeR[@ Z - 4eRZ@p]X 37G
eo i oeole`e 4QR]n 9k[n 6 D 3311
7]G .][J][ 7Ke  :1B E 3 ;==B Mo^Z <  E  3 DB@. )[pe]JrGpR][  ]Z
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

HenZ L 4 3 DB@. N`oZlZoZo o b@e@pRsK]P[RpR][ NZ7Z`o`' 7eeZ


yZ`|Z  Z 7GR @=G:??@= M^eeo 4 =   VZlnZ M V   ec
He 3 E 3DB=. 1nean^olo`Z 3 DB?. #G]X]PRG@X nbKGpn ]M 7]GR@X #s]Xr
oe i eZ coiieeoZo "Ks 6Ks pR][ Lo`e% Lo`e Ro Le
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

= O 2 B== NZZleM^Zln 5 N 6DB?. bK .@[


Io` I 1 3 DB?. =iZ ne Zc Pr@PK%e]Z ][JRpR][KJ6Knb][nKp]7{Z
ne ieZe Nee N e Z 3 DB?  E]X Ie W|# 3^oZ So Le
11%. # !!$   $ !!$ F *
K|ZZC   4ol M A 3DB@. <eZol o H`4Zc C  3DB=. EZlZle e\ol o
Zepe [c pZ`oe _pc Z ` ebpe i Ze Uqh{ R]EKQAt
ZZoeciZ^eZcZ|ecZco 6Ks DE?=:?=
nenc - ]Zb^ 4n{GQ]X 3 1 3 N@ N`Z^ln 5   7 E 3DB@. ;[p]XJ
2= .RsKn 9QK %Renp &K[Ke@pR][ ]M ZKeRG@[
K 4  N  3D@@. NZoZ e 7GR Z =]ZK[ 4n{GQ]X]PRnpn Ie W|& 3
7:??NB7DB ^oZ Ro Le
LZ L A 3DB@. ][pe]XXR[P .WK -@GdrKn N`neZ  M A   Doele C 3 DB?& 1oir
/]KE @[JpQK#[PR[KKeR[P)JK@X R[ R]X]P{ `qZ ZlZle `eneo Zc oe
Ie W|' Kic Zoo ^ Z 3ZoioZ eZ o
Lee^el = H 3DB:$ 3looone 1ir ?@X]bQrn G@XSN]lR@[rn - ]Zb _ 4n{
`Z le Z' eooZ eoce`e i GQ]X 311E:;B ==
Zco`Z `eneo i ne `Z N`nZlee L E   Ve N A 3DB?.
``e [RZ .K@l KQ@s 3 3 N 3 @DB= N`Z^e `eoo l onoee
Lee^el = H 3DB@. 1`ooo i ne oec lc oe& ne fZoe `r_
Zecoiiee ``e ^ Z 1k`Z le o ie `jo` Zc `eooe Ze
Z 4nRpp@Grn KeRpQ@Grn Ee\ol on eZ`nol KQ@s #G]X 7]GR]ER]X 3DE:=D
ee` `Zeloe i ` nZe Zc ?;
ZeoZ  [RZ .K@l KQ@s 3 =N;7::7 NnZo 4 W 3DB@. 4oiieeoZo Zc
Leoo`n E 3DBB) One e i `oZ iZ` eo i e `nZle o irne R]7GR
o noe`ec Z l ce K[GK :@E;D1D@
ee = 7]GR@X .K@lR[P  ]Z NneZ L V   <e V ; 3DB=. Co
b@e@pRsK bbe]@GQ ec P YeZ  2  ; e`loo' oe Zc eoce`e = #y
;Zei A   7==@B. <ocZe IA! bKeRZK[p@X KQ@sR]e@X #G]X]P{ @[J
5^Z > e 7]GR]ER]X]P{ ec 2  <xc^e H  Eo
Le M < 3DB@. Coe`loo' i`o cZe  ;:@?1. NceZc H1'
Zc ecoZole`nZo ? 7]GR]ER]X]P{ NoZe
@[J 4n{GQ]X]P{ )JK@n )nnrKn @[J b Nne F 7 3DB=. 8cZle o_oc [c
bXRG@pR][n ec 3
 $ 3Zic H  7 ZZ Js 7prJ KQ@s 3 = E 3 =:BB
Non 4 E Ce^  3 @=71:. <o Nneen N A 3DB:. He o ic
cZe IA' 5^Z nZcol ^oc 7GR Z 7;B:N 3 173 1
Le M <   2Zln M 4   HZ|o A V Noe M   IleM 
$ A 3DB@) 3o`ZcoZ
3DBB. KiZ` oje`eneoiZ nn o ZoZ ec`o = 4n{
oeZ`o = Js@[GKn R[ )[M@[G{ 6K GQ]ER]X]P{ ]M 6Kbe]JrGpRsK KQ@sR]e ec
nK@eGQ U = ec E Eoe 3 Mee 4 3e  3 71"@. 5lec 3oii
3oe Ic IA" 1^e = e IA& Leo`e<Z
LeZ`| 4 3DB:. Pne `ce i [ Zc Nole 2 3 DB 3 . <o i ne c i Z
^eZ KQ@s e@R[ 7GR ? N5 7=?@ oZ ^enZo = 9QK 3]eJ ]Zb@[R][
LeZ`| 4   LeZ`| 1 A 3DB:$ 9QK0R[J p] [RZ@X KQ@sR]re ec 4 H`7ZZc
]M @[ bK Ie W|$ I  7==@7$ Kic' Kic Ro Le
MZ C  
"$ C   2Z * 3D@D. @ Non M E  ec 3DB;. 8bKfZ ]ZbKpRpR][
M  !?

B[J pQK $u]YrpT][ ]O [TZBY 0BpT[P 7}n VZcZ 2 , | 3neo`Z e`l i |o


pKZn KZc, 1`Zceo` e`loo oZZ Zno^oZ =QKZ
N 2  , EX 7Ky B[J %eTK[JnQTb T[ B TGBY 7TP[BYn T[ <KepKFeBpKn 4 $G]Y]P}
F]][n Je X|- 1coe $u]YrpT][
B[J ]ZbBeBpTuK T]Y]P} ec 
N 2  , "X VnZ Ze ioec i. 1Bq 4  4Zu 4  HeN`nZe M  H  No
'Tnp q A;]E geo  EZ s Je X|# Le
N 2   3nee 4 G  NeiZn M H  VZe N C   2ZZn 4 L , ;XMec`
VZlnZ M  V   NnZ|e O  O   ec oe eo ]l ieZe ZZ #
 s 4eTZCpK 7`HTLpTKn 3no`Zm( Ro oo`Zo i ^ogco`oe Zc eZ
3no`Zl Le ee`o ne 5 6Ku T]+ E 9E , ;;
Nc 3 O , ; 6nl `ZZoe VZeZ 6  1  , ,  3ZZoe
`nl Zc ZoZ ^enZo [\ `nle# Zeoei<e 9e
6Ku 4n}GQ]Y ;9;Z Zc <ol ]P[TpTtK 4e]GKnnKn T[[TZBY
Nc 3  O   No N  \. , X LZeZ KQBuT]e , #yb [BY KQBu ;EA ;0E"
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1989.40:581-602. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org

^enZo o oZe = QTYJ1repreD[GK Ve H \ .  Col 1 L ,  E N`oZ loc


ec < 6 9oleZc O 1 Ho L Z`e i `Z e\ol ^ ieZe `^oc#
;Zle ; A;0 ,3 X Je X|) Le ZocZol o i`oZ oloiw`Z`e ?
Ne 1 ,  1cZZle ieZe :TKebn}GQ]Y "39 EZ;E
by University of Guelph on 07/06/12. For personal use only.

ce i Zeoc`ec elZ` co Vnoe L G ,  ^=iZ Zc Zc Ze


o [[ 1>GBJ 7GT "9 , ;E03 Nee N e Z ,   ;;0E"
OeZ`e < N  ,  "  3n|ol ^ Z ole o Vo 5 K , "E 7]GT]FT`Y]P} 9QK1Kx
Z evZ e\ol Z| 1BpreK ; EA ,0E , 7}[pQKnTn  3Z^vcle H1# <ZZc Ro
OeZ`e < N   Leo G 1  NZce  M \ /  Le
2ee O  ;  , " 3Z Z Ze `eZe Z Voe M 6  Voe 3 3 , E 1oZ
ee`e/ 7GTK[GK 3A ,03 ^enZo leeo`, Z eZ`n i ne ^olo
Qnoee 4   ;ell 2  ,  3 <Z `Z icZo i ^gnZo [[ 6Kt 4n}
ZZpg Zpm Zd mggp` gps^s* fw 27B ( : ( / ( <
Z eoZ ee`oe $pQ`Y Volioec \ . i #  He H  3  , " <
7`GT]FT`Y , , , ,03 Z `oZ Zc goeZ iZ` o
One V < ," 9QK3eTPT\nB[J6TnK aO ne ec`oe ^ol iieeool Ze
$pQ]Y]P} Je X|# LZele ^oc =4n}GQ]FT]Y]P} `O 6Kbe`JrGpTuKK
Oo^eZ|e  V G`Z ; 1 1 E  One QBtT`e[#u`YrpT`[Bh~4KenbKGpTuK ec 4 
^Zoi eoo ^enZo' `nZ`e ` 3e  ,  "E^ 6lec 3oii  JB#
ole` o ^oo Zeo Leo`e<Z
oe ^enZo0 , #yb  [BY KQBu 9 Vcii ;   LeZ`~ 4 ,"X =eoZ
"Z `o`Zo o ne `noZee+ ne ce
Oo^ele J , ; K Zo Zc enc i ee i ce`eo  `P[TpT`[ "9;;;Z
enl ? 9TKebn}GQ]Y 3,  
Q^Z`n I   ec , "  (Top`eTHBY4KeocKHpTtKo Vigcg 6 I :pZo` O  V  ,  
B[JpQK*[pKlBpT][BY7pBprn ]O `ZbBeBpTuK 9QK%Y]eUJB7GerF,B} Lo`e' Lv`e
4n}GQ]Y]P} <ocZe JB# 5^Z Ro Le
Ooe M G ," s LZeZ oee Zc Ve6cZc T 3 , X [TZBY"TnbKe
eZ ee`o =7KyrBY7KYKGpT][B[JpQK nT][ T[ 6KYBpT][ p] 7]GTBY KQBuT]e 5co
"KnGK[p `O 0B[ &;9& '?9'  ec 2  3Z ^ln+ Koe  2c
^e  , ;]"X 3no`Zl# 1coe XZZZ|o C  2e 6 1   Ho|h T  OnZ
Ooe M G , "X LZeiiol `iv` e < O HZnoe 2  O   e Z ,"X
 Z  ?]]Y ,9 Z 3 i Zol eiee`e o o`e ^
TZce^eln *    * ec , ; 4QKe]Z`[Kn lee o ne Z{ nt`Zo^oo `
B[J6Kbe]JrGpT][ T[ 0BZZBYn Je X}# e , #yb  0KJ ,9 , ; ];E
1`Zceo`

Potrebbero piacerti anche