Lecture-1 (Introduction)

Scalar & Vector Quantities

Dr. M. Imran Malik
School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Pakistan
Introduction:
Applied Physics
Course Code: PHY-101 Semester: 1st
Credit Hours: 3+1 Prerequisite
Codes:
Instructor: Dr. M. Imran Malik Class: BEE-8AB
Lecture Days: Tuesday, Wednesday, & E-mail: imran.malik@seecs.edu.pk
Friday
Knowledge Applied Physics Updates on LMS: Before every lecture
Group:
Books: Topics to be Covered:
1. Waves and Oscillations
Text 1. Physics By Halliday, Resnick & Walker
Book: (7th Edition) 2. Charge, Coulombs law and Electric field
2. University Physics by Sears & Zemansky 3. Gauss law
(4th Edition) 4. Electric potential
Reference 3. Physics for Scientists & Engineers by 5. Electric current and Magnetic field
Books: Serway Jewett 6. Amperes law
(6th Edition) 7. Faradays law
http://gen.lib.rus.ec
8. Alternating current and electromagnetic
Library Genesis
waves
9. Nature and propagation of light
Course description and Objectives
Course Description:
The course comprises the topics of Physics, which are directly related to
Engineering and Technology. These include Motion, Friction, Moment of inertia,
Oscillations, waves and propagation, Electric Charge & Coulombs Law, Electric
Field, Electric Potential, Capacitors & Dielectric, Current & Resistance, AC and
DC, Magnetic fields, Amperes Law and Faradays law. For understanding of wave
theory, Maxwell equations and Traveling waves are also included.

Course Objectives:
The course aims to give students both a theoretical and a practical foundation for
engineering courses, like; Engineering Mechanics, Electromagnetic Field Theory,
Systems and Signals, Control Systems, Transmission Lines and Antennas &
Microwave Devices. The course gives the students a sound knowledge of Physics with
its applications to problems of practical nature. After studying this course the
students will be able to apply Physics as a strong tool to understand and develop the
problems which they come across in Engineering/Technology.
Physics Laboratory (SNS)
Lab Experiments:

Lab 01: Introduction to Lab

Lab 02: Understanding Errors

Lab 03: Mini-launcher (Exp. 1,2,3)

Lab04: Mini-launcher (Exp. 4,6)

Lab 05: PAScar with Mass (Exp. 1,2,3)

Lab 06: PAScar with Mass (Exp. 4,6)

Lab 07: Compound Pendulum

Lab 08: Heat Engine/Gas Laws (Exp.1,2,3)

Lab 09: Ripple Tank

Lab 10: Faradays Law

Lab 11: DC Electronics

Lab 12: DC Electronics

Physics Laboratory (SNS)
Grading Policy:
Quiz Policy: The quizzes will be unannounced and normally last for ten minutes. The question framed is
to test the concepts involved in last few lectures. Number of quizzes that will be used for
evaluation is at the instructors discretion.
Assignment Policy: In order to develop comprehensive understanding of the subject, assignments will be
given. Late assignments will not be accepted/graded. The students are advised to do the
assignment themselves.
Lab Conduct: The labs will be conducted for three hours every week. A lab handout will be given in
advance for study and analysis The lab handouts will also be placed on LMS. The students
are to submit their results by giving a lab report at the end of lab for evaluation. One lab
report per group will be required. However, students will also be evaluated by oral viva
during the lab.

Plagiarism: SEECS maintains a zero tolerance policy towards plagiarism. While collaboration in this
course is highly encouraged, you must ensure that you do not claim other peoples work/
ideas as your own. Plagiarism occurs when the words, ideas, assertions, theories, figures,
images, programming codes of others are presented as your own work. You must cite and
acknowledge all sources of information in your assignments. Failing to comply with the
SEECS plagiarism policy will lead to strict penalties including zero marks in assignments
and referral to the academic coordination office for disciplinary action.
 Lecture-1
Scalar & Vector Quantities
SCALARS
A scalar quantity has only magnitude and is completely
specified by a number and a unit. Also, a scalar quantity
has no direction in space.
Examples are: mass (2 kg), volume (1.5 L), and frequency
(60 Hz).
Scalar quantities of the same kind are added by using
ordinary arithmetic.
Vectors
A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude
and a direction in space
Examples of Vector Quantities:
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Vectors diagrams
A vector is represented by an arrowed line whose length is proportional to the
vector quantity and whose direction indicates the direction of the vector quantity.
Resultant of Two Vectors
The resultant is the sum or the combined effect of two

vector quantities
Vectors in the same direction:
6N 4N = 10 N

6m
= 10 m
4m

Vectors in opposite directions:

6 m s-1 10 m s-1 = 4 m s-1

6N 10 N = 4N
Resultant of Two Vectors

The Parallelogram Law

When two vectors are joined
tail to tail
Complete the parallelogram
The resultant is found by
drawing the diagonal

When two vectors are joined

head to tail
Draw the resultant vector by
completing the triangle
Resultant of Two Vectors
The resultant, or sum, of a number of vectors of a
particular type (force vectors, for example) is that single
vector that would have the same effect as all the original
vectors taken together.
Resolving a Vector Into Perpendicular Components
When resolving a vector into
components we are doing the opposite
to finding the resultant
We usually resolve a vector into
components that are perpendicular to
each other

Here a vector v is resolved into

an x component and a y

v
y
component
x
Practical Applications
Here we see a table being
pulled by a force of 50 N at
a 30 angle to the horizontal N
y=25 N 50
When resolved we see that 30
this is the same as pulling x=43.3 N

the table up with a force of

25 N and pulling it We can see that it
horizontally with a force of would be more
43.3 N efficient to pull the
table with a
horizontal force of
50 N
VECTOR
A vector COMPONENTS
in two dimensions may be resolved into two
component vectors acting along any two mutually
perpendicular directions.
Calculating the Magnitude of the Perpendicular Components
Calculating the Magnitude of the Perpendicular Components

If a vector of magnitude v and makes an angle with the

horizontal then the magnitude of the components are:
x = v Cos
y = v Sin
v
y=v Sin y

x=vx Cos
Proof:
x y
Cos Sin
v v
x vCos y vSin
Trigonometric Identities

opposite adjacent
sin cos
hypotenuse hypotenuse
opposite
tan
adjacent
Pythagoras' Theorem : hyp 2 opp 2 adj 2
a b c
Sine Rule :
sin A sin B sin C
Cosine Rule : a b c 2b c cos A
2 2 2
Vector Addition
VECTOR ADDITION: COMPONENT METHOD
To add two or more vectors A, B, C, by the component
method, follow this procedure:

1. Resolve the initial vectors into components x and y.

2. Add the components in the x direction to give x and add the

components in the y direction to give y .
That is, the magnitudes of x and y are given by, respectively:

x = Ax + Bx + Cx
y = Ay + By + Cy
3. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the
resultant R from its components by using the Pythagorean
theorem:
R = S +S 2
x
2
y

and

Sy
q = tan -1

Sx
 A force of 15 N acts on a box as shown. What is the horizontal
component of the force?

Solution:

12.99 N
Horizontal Component x 15Cos 60 7.5 N

Component

N
15
Vertical
Vertical Component y 15Sin60 12.99 N
60
7.5 N
Horizontal
Component
 A person in a wheelchair is moving up a ramp at constant speed. Their total weight is
900 N. The ramp makes an angle of 10 with the horizontal. Calculate the force
required to keep the wheelchair moving at constant speed up the ramp. (You may
ignore the effects of friction).

Solution:
If the wheelchair is moving at constant speed (no acceleration),
then the force that moves it up the ramp must be the same as
the component of its weight parallel to the ramp.
Complete the parallelogram.
Component of weight 28 N
156 . 10
parallel to ramp:
900 Sin10 156.28 N 80 10

Component of weight
perpendicular to ramp: 886.33 N
900 N
Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a vector of length 1.
They are used to specify a direction.
By convention, we usually use i, j and k to represent the unit
vectors in the x, y and z directions, respectively (in 3
dimensions).
i=<1, 0, 0> points along the positive x-axis
j=<0, 1, 0> points along the positive y-axis
k=<0, 0, 1> points along the positive z-axis
Unit vectors for various coordinate systems:
Cartesian: i, j, and k
Cartesian: we may choose a different set of unit vectors, e.g. we can
rotate i, j, and k
Unit Vectors
To find a unit vector, u, in an arbitrary direction, for example,
in the direction of vector a, where a=<a , a >, divide the vector
1 2

by its magnitude (this process is called normalization).

a 1 1
u a a1 , a 2
a a12 a 22 a12 a 22

Ex. If a=<3, -4>, then <3/5, -4/5> is a unit vector in the same direction
as a.
Dot Product
The dot product of two vectors is the sum of the products of
their corresponding components. If a=<a1, a2> and b=<b1,
b2>, then ab= a1b1+a2b2 .
Ex. If a=<1,4> and b=<3,8>, then ab=3+32=35

If is the angle between vectors a and b, then

Note: these are just two ways of expressing the dot product
Note that the dot product of two vectors produces a scalar.
Therefore it is sometimes called a scalar product.
Dot Product

Convince yourself of the following:

a b a b cos a cos b proj ( a.on.b ) b

Conclusion: After you define the direction of an arbitrary

vector in terms of the Cartesian system, you can find the
projection of a different vector onto the arbitrary
direction. By dividing the above equation by the
magnitude of b, you can find the projection of a in the b
direction (and vice versa).
a b
proj ( a.on.b )
b
Cross product
The cross product is defined as the vector perpendicular to two given
vectors A and B separated by an angle and is shown by:

||A x B|| = ||A|| ||B|| sin

The magnitude of the cross product equals the area of the parallelogram
that the initial two vectors span
Anti-commutative:
a x b = -b x a
Distributive over addition:
a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
Compatible with scalar multiplication:
(ra) x b = a x (rb) = r(a x b)
Not associative, but satisfies the Jacobi identity:
a x (b x c) + b x (c x a) + c x (a x b) = 0
Cross product
The cross product a x b of two
vectors a and b, unlike the dot product,
is a vector.

For this reason, it is also called the vector product.

Note that a x b is defined only when a and b

are three-dimensional (3-D) vectors.