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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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International General Certificate of Secondary Education

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* 6 8 7 7 0 3 5 6 9 2 *

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12

Paper 1 May/June 2012
1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.

DC (SJF/SW) 46970/2
UCLES 2012 [Turn over
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1 Look at the photograph below showing two power stations. For

Examiners
Use

A B

(a) (i) Name the energy source used at A.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Suggest one reason why this location was chosen.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) B is a nuclear power station. Nuclear energy does not contribute to acid rain or
global warming. Name one source of energy which does contribute to both of
these problems.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Describe two problems with nuclear energy.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) (i) One form of renewable energy that is growing in importance is biomass. For
The pie graph shows the breakdown of energy use in the USA at present. Examiners
Use

total = 100 quadrillion Btu total = 7 quadrillion Btu

solar 2%
geothermal 6%
wind 8%
petroleum
37%
HEP 34%
renewable
energy
natural gas 7%
25%

coal nuclear biomass 50%

23% electric power
8%

What percentage of all USA energy does biomass provide? Show your working.

% [2]

(ii) Renewable energy is one alternative to burning fossil fuels, which cause pollution.
What changes can people make to their daily lives that will reduce the use of fossil
fuels?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................. [3]

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2 (a) Measures of human well-being include infant mortality and life expectancy. For
Examiners
Look at the graph below which shows how infant mortality changed in the USA between Use
1950 and 2005.

35.0
infant mortality rate (per 1000)

30.0

25.0

20.0
15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
19 0
1952
1954
1956
1958
19 0
1962
1964
1966
1968
19 0
1972
1974
1976
1978
19 0
1982
1984
1986
1988
19 0
1992
1994
1996
2098
20 0
2002
04
5

0
19

year

(i) Describe the changes shown by the graph.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

Look at this graph which shows changes in life expectancy in the USA over the
same period.

80.0
78.0
life expectancy (years)

76.0
74.0
72.0
70.0
68.0
66.0
64.0
62.0
19 0
1952
1954
1956
1958
19 0
1962
1964
1966
1968
19 0
1972
1974
1976
1978
19 0
1982
1984
1986
1988
19 0
1992
1994
1996
2098
20 0
2002
04
5

0
19

year

(ii) How does the trend for life expectancy differ from that for infant mortality?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
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(b) (i) Human migration has occurred throughout history. For

Examiners
People move because they do not like where they are (PUSH FACTORS) or Use

because they think somewhere else is better (PULL FACTORS).

Listed below are some push and pull factors.
A Not enough jobs
B Attractive climate
C Poor medical care
D Desertification
E Better educational opportunities
F More services and amenities
G Drought
H Better job opportunities
I Political freedom
J High levels of pollution
K Poor housing
L War
Write the letter for each factor under the correct heading in the table below:

PUSH PULL

[4]

(ii) People may move from one country to another or within a country. Movements
within one country are usually between urban and rural areas.
In which direction is the movement of people happening in most developing
countries?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

What name is given to the process?

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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3 (a) (i) Over 99% of the atmosphere consists of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. For
Which of these is a pollutant? Examiners
Use

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Other pollutants enter the atmosphere as a result of human activity. The list below
shows some of these and some of the activities. Link each pollutant to the correct
activity by writing one letter from A to E next to the appropriate activity.
The letters may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Pollutant
A CFCs
B methane
C sulfur dioxide
D oxides of nitrogen
E lead

Activity creating pollutant

burning coal or gas

using aerosols

growing rice

burning refined petroleum [2]

(iii) Which pollutant causes a reduction in the thickness of the ozone layer in the
atmosphere?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Give two sources of this pollutant.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(b) (i) How might the ozone hole affect the environment and humans? For
Examiners
.................................................................................................................................. Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Describe strategies that have been used to reduce the problem of the ozone hole.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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4 Study the graph below showing changes in tourism in Kenya between 1990 and 2004. For
Examiners
Use
1600
number of tourists (thousands)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
year

(a) (i) What is the percentage increase in tourism to Kenya between 1990 and 2004?
Show your working.

% [2]

(ii) Suggest some advantages of this increase in tourism in Kenya.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

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(b) (i) Some of the tourists visiting Kenya are ecotourists. Some of the features of For
ecotourism are listed below. Examiners
Use
Wildlife is protected.
Masai tribespeople, employed as guides, share in the benefits of the tourist
trade.
Ways of life are maintained.
National parks are set up.
Describe how these features show ecotourism.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) In Kenya there is great potential for ecotourism which will benefit the country. There
are large game reserves where the Big 5 animals (elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo,
rhino) are protected for their tourist value. Explain why there is a conflict between
local people and tourists about protecting these animals.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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5 Look at the graph showing changes in the population of Bluefin Tuna in the Western Atlantic For
from 1970 to 1991 when fishing became uneconomic. Examiners
Use
10
Key:
Tuna numbers
200 catch 8
Blue Fin Tuna population

(in thousands)
Tuna catch
(in thousands)

100 4

0 0
1969 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91
year

(a) (i) In which year did tuna population numbers start to decline?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Suggest one possible cause of this decline.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) What strategies might have stopped this decline?

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

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(b) (i) The table shows the sources of marine pollution: For
Examiners
Use
source of marine percentage of total
pollution
atmosphere 33
transport 12
dumping 10
offshore oil and gas 1
runoff from land 44

Use the data in the table to complete the pie graph and the key below:

0
key:
90 10

80 20

70 30

60 40
50 [3]

(ii) Describe how pollution from marine transport might be reduced.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................. [2]

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6 The graph below shows variation in precipitation over a 95 year period at a weather station in For
Australia. Examiners
Use

100
80
60
long-term average (%)
rainfall difference from

40
20
0
20
40
60
80
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
year
0 = long term average precipitation

(a) (i) In which ten year period was it much wetter than average?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) How long was the longest continuous period of below average rainfall?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fluctuations in rainfall can be balanced with fluctuations in demand, by storage and
release of water. This can be done by building dams across rivers. On the diagram, X, Y
and Z show three possible sites for a dam.

(i) Which site is the best?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(ii) Explain why the site you have chosen is better than the other two. For
Examiners
.................................................................................................................................. Use

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) Water is essential for life, but in some parts of the world it can carry diseases. Complete
the table below listing water-related diseases.

disease type

Bilharzia

water-borne

Malaria
[3]

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UCLES 2012 0680/12/M/J/12