SPRING STIFFNESS TEST

AIM:
To find the spring constants for some sample springs and
to compare the estimated spring constants with those obtained from
theoretical.

.
The springs used in the experiment are shown above.
Springs used in the experiment:
Sample 1:Cylindrical spring under compression
Sample 2:Cylindrical spring under tension
Sample3:Conical spring under tension

THEORY:

Generally for a spring(Linear spring) the force and deformation are

linearly related.
F k L
Where F is the force
KL is the linear spring stiffness
is the deformation
 A spring gets either elongated or compressed when a load is applied
at the ends. But the overall deformation is due to torsion/bending of
the spring wire.
To find the theoretical value of the stiffness of the spring we use the
following formula

Gr 4
kL
4nR 3

Here,
G is the shear modulus of the spring,
n is the number of turns in the spring,
r is the radius of the spring wire,
R is the radius of the helix

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Sample 1- cylindrical helical spring under compression

Dimensions are R = 1.932cm

r = 0.140cm
n = 11
G(mild steel) = 77Gpa
By calculating from above formula the value of KL= 9.322 N/cm
 Loading Loading Unloading Unloading
Mean
S.no Load (N) (Vernier) (Deflection) (Vernier) (Deflection)
Load Deflection (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(kg)
1 0 0 12 0 12 0 0
2 0.5 4.9 11.7 0.3 11.8 0.2 0.2
3 1 9.8 11.4 0.6 11.4 0.6 0.6
4 1.5 14.7 11.05 0.95 11 1 0.975
5 2 19.6 10.7 1.3 10.8 1.2 1.25
6 2.5 24.5 10.4 1.6 10.4 1.6 1.6

From the graph, the slope gives the Kl experimental = 14.799 N/cm
2. Sample 2- cylindrical helical spring under tension.

Dimensions are R = 1.614cm

r = 0.154cm
n = 34
G(mild steel) = 77Gpa
By calculating from above formula the value of KL= 7.573N/cm

Loading Loading Unloading Mean

Unloading
S.no Load (kg) Load (N) (Vernier) (Deflection) (Deflection) Deflection
(Vernier) (cm)
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

1 0 0 41.2 0 41.3 0.1 0

2 0.5 4.9 41.7 0.5 41.8 0.5 0.5
3 1 9.8 42.5 1.3 42.7 1.4 1.35
4 1.5 14.7 43.5 2.3 43.6 2.3 2.3
5 2 19.6 44.3 3.1 44.5 3.2 3.15
6 2.4 24.5 45.4 4.2 45.4 4.5 4.15
From the graph, the slope gives the Kl experimental = 5.739 N/cm

3. Sample 3- conical spring under tension

Dimensions are R1 = 1.640cm

R2 = 1.080cm
r = 0.153cm
n = 32
G(mild steel) = 77Gpa
By calculating from above formula the value of KL= 13.104N/cm
 Loading Loading Unloading Unloading Mean
S.no Load (kg) Load (N) (Vernier) (Deflection) (Vernier) (Deflection) Deflection
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

1 0 0 11 0 11 0 0
2 0.5 4.9 11.05 0.05 11.1 0.1 0.075
3 1 9.8 11.1 0.1 11.3 0.3 0.2
4 1.5 14.7 11.2 0.2 11.5 0.5 0.35
5 2 19.6 11.5 0.5 11.6 0.6 0.55
6 2.5 24.5 11.7 0.7 11.7 0.7 0.7

From the graph, the slope gives the Kl experimental = 33.184 N/cm
MEASUREMENT OF BENDING STRESS USING STRAIN GAUGE

AIM:
To measure the tensile bending stress at the root of a cantilever
beam subjected to tip transverse loading using a strain gauge.

The experimental setup is as follows:

THEORY:

A strain gauge consists of a metallic foil pattern whose resistance

changes with even a small change in length. This change in resistance
is proportional to the change in length, which is detected by the
strain gauge indicator.
The relation between strain and the normal stress is given by
Hookes law as-

xx E xx
 Where xx is the normal stress.
E is the Youngs modulus of elasticity
xx is the strain due to the normal strain

Theoretical value of the tensile bending stress is calculated from

Flexure Formula which is

Mb E
xx
I zz y
Where,
Mb is bending moment developed at the location of the strain gauge
Izz is moment of area of the beam cross section
xx is normal bending stress
y is distance of the plane from central axis
E is Youngs modulus of elasticity
is the radius of curvature of the beam under bending

The deflection and the applied transverse load are related as

PL30

3 EI zz
Where is the applied deflection on the screw gauge
L0 is the length of the cantilever beam
P is the transverse load

And the bending moment at the gauge location is given by

M b PL1
Where L1 is the distance of the gauge from the free end

OBSERVATIONS:

From experiment, we have

L0= 25.5 cm y = 0.25 cm
L1 = 23.8 cm
b = 2.5 cmh = 0.5 cm
 IZZ = bh3/12 = 260.41 (mm) 4 = 2.6041 10-10 m4
Stress Stress %
Deflection Strain Strain
S.no Display (Experimental) (Theoretical)
(mm) (Experimental) (Theoretical)
(Pa) (Pa) difference

1 0.5 53 53 10 -6 53.8 3.657 10 6 3.712 10 6 -1.4

2 1 109 109 10 -6 107.65 7.521 10 6 7.428 10 6 1.25

3 1.5 165 165 10 -6 161.45 11.385 10 6 11.140 106 2.1

4 2 222 222 10 -6 215.26 15.318 10 6 14.853 106 3.13

5 2.5 282 282 10 -6 269.11 19.458 10 6 18.569 106 4.78

6 3 343 343 10 -6 322.91 23.667 10 6 22.281 106 6.2

7 3.5 405 405 10 -6 376.76 27.945 10 6 25.997 106 7.4

8 4 467 467 10 -6 430.57 32.223 10 6 29.710 106 8.45

9 4.5 531 531 10 -6 484.52 36.639 10 6 33.425 106 9.6

10 5 597 597 10 -6 538.23 41.193 10 6 37.138 106 10.91

P Mb
S.no Deflection (mm) (transverse
Load) (N)
(Nm)
1 0.5 1.625 -0.39
2 1 3.251 -0.78
3 1.5 4.876 -1.17
4 2 6.501 -1.55
5 2.5 8.127 -1.93
6 3 9.752 -2.32
7 3.5 11.378 -2.71
8 4 13.003 -3.1
9 4.5 14.629 -3.49
10 5 16.254 -3.87
 Inference:

As we are applying transverse load on the cantilever beam it leads to

a bending moment through out surface which results in bending
stress.

By using the above stress strain relation we can calculate stress at

the point,so we are using a strain gauge to measure strain from
which we calculate stress.

Theoretically , stress can be calculated from the flexure relation

and we observe that the experimental and theoretical stresses are
nearly in close agreement

GROUP NO. 35
ME16B135 - Battula S S Pranav
ME16B136 - B Teja Vishnu Vardhan
ME16B137 - B N V S R Mahesh

TITLE: Stiffness of spring and measurement of stress using strain gauge

TITLE CODE: G